Camellia is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Like warm climate, the suitable growth temperature is 18 ~ 25℃, and the initial flowering period is 2℃. Slightly cold-tolerant, general varieties can tolerate-10℃ low temperature and heat, but the growth above 36℃ is inhibited. Like high air humidity, avoid drying, and grow in areas with annual precipitation 1200mm or more. I like fertile and loose slightly acidic soil, and the PH value is preferably 5.5 ~ 6.5. There are two buds a year, the first is spring buds, and the summer buds sprout from March to April to July to September. The flowering period is long, most varieties are 1 ~ 2 months, and the single flower flowering period is usually 7 ~ 15 days. The flowering period is from February to March.
No excessive fertilization, no concentrated fertilizer. This is the characteristic that camellia doesn't like concentrated fertilizer, otherwise it will damage the root system and reduce the number of flowers. It is best to use organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer of Camellia oleifera, such as fermented chicken and duck manure and animal organs, bean cake, fish bone powder and so on. These organic fertilizers have comprehensive components such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and have long fertilizer efficiency. When it is applied, it can be dried in the sun, ground into powder, mixed with 5-6 times of dry soil first, and then withdrawn from 2-3 cm away from the roots of plants when the soil is turned over.
Camellia likes cool weather and is afraid of high temperature and heat. When forced fertilization is carried out after spring, alum fertilizer must be used for watering. Alum fertilizer water is made by adding100g of green in100kg of clean water, then adding 200g of bean cake powder and100g of dried chicken manure for soaking. Soak in hot days 1 month, and soak in cool days for 3-4 months to decompose.
(1) cutting
The suitable cutting time in East China is in the middle and late June. The second mowing was carried out from the end of August to the beginning of September. The temperature in these two periods is around 30℃, and there are sunshade facilities to control the temperature at around 25℃. Cuttings should be semi-mature branches of the year with rich external tissues of the crown, complete leaves, full leaf buds and no pests and diseases. The cutting length is generally 4 ~ 10 cm. When cutting, there are two leaves at the top and one heel at the bottom. The cutting density is generally 10 ~ 14 cm, and the plant spacing is 3 ~ 4 cm. It is required that the leaves do not overlap, the cutting depth is about 3~4cm, the shallow cutting takes root quickly, the deep cutting takes root slowly, and water is sprayed after cutting. It usually takes about 30 days from cutting to rooting. The key to survival is to keep enough humidity in the early stage of cutting, take measures to reduce hot air convection, avoid direct sunlight, pay attention to spraying water on leaves and keep them covered with a thin water film. After rooting, the sunshine should be gradually increased, and after 10, the seedlings should fully accept the sunshine and accelerate lignification.
(2) grafting
Seedlings are grafted with rootstocks and buds. After the seeds are sown in the sand bed, they grow for about 2 months, and the seedlings are as high as 4 ~ 5 cm, which can be dug and grafted. The scion selects semi-lignified branches that grow well, and cuts them with 1 bud and 1 leaf from bottom to top. Cut the scion into wedges and put it in a wet towel. Remove the mud and sand from the dug rootstock seedlings, and then cut at the position of 1 ~ 1.5 cm above the cotyledons of the seedlings. When the rootstock seedling is straight, the stem and suture line split vertically, and the depth is consistent with the inclined plane of scion cutting; Insert the cut scion into the split of the rootstock, align one side to form a layer, and tie it tightly with a plastic film printed with camellia. Grafted seedlings are planted on the seedbed, and the row spacing is 8cm× 2cm.
Rich and loose sandy loam should be used in bed. After planting, the seedbed should be covered with plastic greenhouse for heat preservation. Generally, healing begins in 10 ~ 15 days, and the membrane can be uncovered at night for ventilation in 20 ~ 25 days. After that, gradually strengthen the ventilation, appropriately increase the light, and completely uncover the film after the new buds germinate. Semi-ripe branch grafting, with coarse camellia or camellia oleifera as rootstock, can cultivate famous camellia plants in 1 ~ 2 years.
Select plants with healthy plants, full buds and no diseases and insect pests as rootstocks, prune them before the end of February in summer, and prune them in early and middle June in autumn, and cut off weak branches, drooping branches, cross branches and over-dense branches. The suitable temperature for grafting is 5 ~ 30℃. For branches with a diameter greater than 1 cm, the grafting method is adopted, that is, a knife is carved on the upper, left and right of the appropriate part of the rootstock, reaching the xylem, and the skin is pulled down to the same length as the cutting surface of the scion, then the cut scion is attached to the grafting part of the rootstock, and the skin is pulled up to wrap the scion, and then the bud is bound with a plastic belt, and then covered with a plastic bag. The anvil was broken three times, and the tip was cut off at 1. The second time, after the 1 th new shoot of the scion is completely lignified,1/3 on the upper part of the rootstock is cut off; For the third time, after the second new shoot of the scion is completely lignified, the rootstock is cut off at the joint. The success of grafting in high temperature season depends on the control of high temperature. It is necessary to build a shade shed and cover it with double curtains, so that there is basically no direct sunlight in the shed, and water should be sprayed around noon to cool down, so that the local temperature can be controlled at about 30℃.
(3) sowing
65438 10 and mid-June, the harvested fruits were dried in the shade in a ventilated place indoors, and the capsules were sown immediately after they were cracked and taken out. If you can't sow immediately in autumn, you need to store sand until February of the following year. A new type of high-fat film can be used for seed dressing before sowing, and the germination rate of autumn sowing is generally higher than that of spring sowing [3].
Commonly used are cutting, grafting, layering, sowing and tissue culture.
Cutting propagation:
Mid-June and the end of August are the best. Semi-mature branches with abundant external tissues, complete leaves and full leaf buds were selected as cuttings, with a length of 8 ~ 10 cm and two leaves at the top. When cutting, try to take some old branches at the base, and it is easy to form callus and take root quickly after cutting. The cuttings were cut in the morning, and they should be inserted with the cuttings, and the matrix should be about 3 cm. When cutting, ask the leaves to meet each other, and then press them with your fingers. It is best to insert it shallowly, so that it is breathable and heals quickly. The bed should be shaded and sprayed with leaves every day to keep it moist. The temperature should be kept at 20 ~ 25℃, and it will start to heal about 3 weeks after transplanting and take root after 6 weeks. When the roots grow to 3 ~ 4 cm, transplant them to the upper basin. Soaking the base of cuttings with 0.4% ~ 0.5% indolebutyric acid solution for 2 ~ 5s during cutting has obvious root promotion effect.
Grafting propagation:
It is often used for cutting varieties that are difficult to take root or have few propagation materials. The survival rate of grafting is the highest when the new buds are semi-qualitative in May-June, and the new buds germinate quickly after grafting. Camellia oleifera is the main rootstock, which was harvested in June+10 in 5438, stored in sand in winter and sown in early April of the following year. When the seedlings grow to 4 ~ 5 cm, they can be grafted. Cut off the germ part of the rootstock with a blade, split it vertically upwards along the pith center of the cross section of the embryonic axis, then take a section of camellia scion, cut the base below this section into a right-angled wedge shape, immediately insert the cut scion into the bottom of the split part of the rootstock, align it with the cambium on both sides, tie it tightly with cotton thread, and put on a clean plastic bag. It takes about 40 days to remove the pocket, and about 60 days to germinate and sprout.
Hierarchical propagation:
In rainy season, robust 1 annual branches are selected, which are annularly peeled 20cm away from the top, with a width of 1cm. They are bound with humus and wrapped with plastic film, and take root after about 60 days. After cutting, it can be potted directly, with high survival rate.
Sowing and breeding:
Suitable for single valve or semi-double valve varieties. 65438+ seed1can be sown when it matures in the middle of October. Suitable for shallow sowing, vermiculite as substrate, 6mm coverage, room temperature of 265438 0℃, and illumination of 65438 00 hours per night can promote seed germination, which starts at 65438 05 days after sowing, and the seedling height reaches 8cm within 30 days. When the seedlings grow to 2-3 leaves, transplant them.
Tissue propagation:
The explants are ordinary seedlings. After routine disinfection, it was cut into 65438±0cm long and inoculated on MS medium supplemented with 65438 0 mg/L kinetin, 65438 0 mg/L 6-benzylamino adenine and 0.65438 0 mg/L indoleacetic acid. After 4 weeks of culture, only callus was formed, but no buds were formed. After transferring to a new medium, a single branch of 4cm began to form, then it was soaked in 0.5mg/L indolebutyric acid solution for 20 minutes, then transferred to 1/2MS medium, and took root after 4 weeks. After growing on long-root medium for 8 weeks, the seedlings were transplanted into flowerpots filled with perlite and peat.