As we all know, Tang Poetry, Song Ci and Yuan Qu are three famous literary styles in ancient China. However, we may not know what poetry is, what words are, what songs are, and what their characteristics are. In this lecture, we will briefly talk about what words are and their characteristics.

Words are also called poems, long and short sentences, and writing is also called filling words by sound.

Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, which is the evolution and development of poetry.

Compared with poetry, ci is more lyrical, with less narrative content and less philosophical enlightenment. Its metrical restrictions are stricter than poetry.

Words have epigrams (what are epigrams), such as; "Xijiang Moon", "Broken Array", "Qinyuanchun" and so on, each word has a fixed number of words, a fixed number of sentences and a fixed rhyme. A epigraph has a kind of "three determinations" of epigraph, which is not arbitrary at all. Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on.

Most words are divided into paragraphs (paragraphs), and "paragraph" is also called "time" or "que", which means that music is sung once.

According to the length of musical tunes, words are divided into poems, middle tones and long tones (slow words). It's a small order of less than 50 words, not segmented. Fifty-nine to ninety words are alto, which can be called up and down strokes or up and down films in sections. The characters above 9 1 are long tones, which can be divided into three folds and four folds. ...

In addition to strict requirements on the form of words, the content of each epigraph is generally fixed, and attention should be paid to what feelings are expressed.

What are disyllabic words and disyllabic words?

Syllables ending in vowels a or e, I, o, u are called open syllables, such as nice, hi, hello, fine, etc. Syllables ending in consonants are called closed syllables, such as meet, bed, what, wall, mom and so on. All words end with closed syllables. Syllable 1. Syllables: Syllables are the basic unit of pronunciation, and the pronunciation of any word is broken down into syllables. English vowels are particularly loud. A vowel can form a syllable, and a vowel can also be combined with one or more consonant phonemes to form a syllable. Vowels can form syllables, but consonants are not loud enough to form syllables. English consonants have four consonants [m], [n], [ng] and [l], which are ring sounds. When combined with consonant phones, they can also form syllables. The syllables they form often appear at the end of words, usually unstressed syllables. English words are monosyllabic, disyllabic and polysyllabic. More than three syllables are called polysyllables. For example, take a table, pota'to 'potato, pop' ula' pop`ula 'tion, congratulations' ula' congratulations' ula' ion. Tel' emu' nica' tel' emu' nica' division of syllables: vowels are the main body of syllables, and consonants are the boundaries of syllables. No matter how many vowels there are between two consonants, they are generally one syllable. For example, bed, bet, seat, beat, beaut's excellent beaut. When there is a consonant between two vowels, it belongs to the last syllable, such as student student, la'bour labor. When there are two consonants, one consonant belongs to the first syllable and the other belongs to the last syllable. For example, let's write letters in winter. Unbreakable letter combinations divide syllables according to letter combinations. For example, fa'ther father, tea'cher. 1) syllables can be divided into open syllables and closed syllables according to pronunciation, as well as absolute open syllables and relative open syllables (1). Absolute open syllable refers to a syllable composed of a vowel letter without a consonant letter. For example, we, hi, yo-yo (2) relative open syllable refers to a vowel letter followed by a consonant letter. Finally, there is a syllable composed of a silent e, such as take, make. In the opening syllable, this vowel sounds the letter itself, such as hi|hai|, use|ju:z| (3) Closed syllable: refers to a syllable composed of a vowel followed by a consonant (except the consonant r), such as leg. According to stress, syllables can be divided into stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. Stressed syllables refer to disyllabic or polysyllabic words with particularly loud pronunciation, and the corresponding positions are marked with the stress symbol "`". Other syllables are unstressed syllables, such as begin |be5gin|. Monosyllabic words are stressed, but not stressed.

What does this word mean?

Ci originated in the Five Dynasties and Tang Dynasty, which is a popular literary genre in the Song Dynasty.

Stylistic name is a verse form of poetry, which developed from five-character poems, seven-character poems or folk songs, originated in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. Originally, it was a poetic style sung by music, and the length of the sentence changed with the tune of the song, so it was also called long and short sentences.

There are two kinds of poems and slow words, which are generally divided into upper and lower ones. These words were originally called "Quci" or "Quci", accompanied by music. From the music point of view, it is the same literary genre as Yuefu, and it also comes from folk literature.

Later, like Yuefu, Ci gradually separated from music and became a unique poetic style, so some people called Ci "poetry". Scholars' Ci is deeply influenced by metrical poems, so there are many metrical sentences in Ci.

There are long words and short sentences, but the number of words in the whole article is certain. The level of each sentence is also certain

Characters can be roughly divided into three categories: (1) poem; (2) alto; (3) Long tune. Some people think that words below 58 are minor, words between 59 and 90 are middle key, and words below 9 1 are long key.

Although this division is too absolute, the general situation is still the same. There are already some medium-long tunes in Dunhuang Quzi Ci.

Liu Yong wrote some long tunes in the early Song Dynasty. Su Shi, Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian and others followed closely, and long tunes became popular.

The characteristics of long tunes, in addition to the large number of words, are generally sparse phonology. A word card is the name of a word format.

The forms of words are different from those of metrical poems: there are only four forms of metrical poems, but there are always more than one thousand forms of words (these forms are called word scores). People can't call them the first class, the second class and so on, so they are given some names.

These names are epigrams. Sometimes, several formats share a epigraph because they are several variants of the same format; Sometimes, the same format has several names, just because the names are different.

About the origin of epigraph, there are three situations: (1) is the name of music at first. For example, Bodhisattva Man is said to be due to the tribute paid by the female country in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. They wear a high bun, a golden crown and garlands (garlands are jewelry worn on their bodies), like bodhisattvas.

At that time, the teaching workshop was also divided into "Bodhisattva Manqu". It is said that Tang Yizong loved to sing the word "Bodhisattva Crossing the River", which was a popular song at that time.

"Xijiang Moon", "Pine Wind" and "Recent Flowers" all belong to this category. These are folk tunes.

(2) Choose a few words from a word as an inscription. For example, Qin Yi E, because the first two sentences of the first word written in this format are "Xiao Shengyan, dreams are broken", so the epigraph is called E4, also called Qin Louyue.

Memorizing Jiangnan was originally named Wang Jiangnan, also known as Xie Qiuniang. But Bai Juyi has a poem praising "Jiangnan is good", and the last sentence is "Can you forget Jiangnan", so the epigraph is also called memorizing Jiangnan. Dream as a Dream was originally named Yi Xian Zi and later renamed Dream as a Dream, which was written by Zhuang Zong in the late Tang Dynasty.

Niannujiao is also called no return to the river, because Su Shi has a poem "Niannujiao", and the first sentence is "No return to the river". It is also called "the moon on the Yangtze River" because the last three words of Su Shi are "the moon on the Yangtze River".

(3) It is the topic of words. The lyrics of "Treading on a Horse" are about dancing, the lyrics of "Riding and Dancing" are about riding and dancing, Ai Naiqu is about boating, the fishing song is about fishing, the waves are about scouring the sand, the ball throwing music is about throwing hydrangeas, and the lost son is about the night.

This situation is the most common. Where the epigraph is marked with "original intention", that is to say, the epigraph is also a topic, and there are no other topics.

But most words don't use the original meaning, so there are prefixes besides epigrams. Generally, the topic is marked with smaller words under the inscription.

In this case, the inscription has nothing to do with the inscription. A "Waves on the Beach" is not about waves or sand at all; A poem "Recalling Jiangnan" can also not talk about Jiangnan at all.

In this way, the epigraph is the word spectrum. Second, monosyllabic, disyllabic, triple and quadruple words are different from monosyllabic, disyllabic, triple and quadruple words.

A monotonous word is often a poem. It's like a poem, but only a long and short sentence.

Such as the fishing song ⑤ [Tang] Egrets fly in front of Mount Zhang Xisai, and the peach blossoms are flowing and the mandarin fish are fat. An old man in the bank, wearing a green bamboo hat raincoat and a green raincoat, braved the wind and rain and fished leisurely. He was fascinated by the beautiful spring scenery and didn't even go home in the rain.

Like a dream [Song] Li Qingzhao had a sudden storm last night, so she didn't need residual wine to sleep soundly. Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there.

Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin! Some disyllabic words are minor, others are alto or long. Disyllabic is to divide a word into two parts.

The number of words in the two lines is equal or almost equal, and so is the level tone. In this way, an equal number of words is like a music score with two lyrics.

Unequal, usually the first two or three sentences are different in quantity or level, which is called "changing heads" The most common form of disyllabic words.

Such as 8: Tafloxacin Chenzhou Hotel [Song] Qin Guan lost the tower in the fog, and the moon was lost, and Taoyuan was nowhere to be found. Can be lonely as a cold spring; The sun sets in the cuckoo's song.

Plum blossoms are sent by mail, fish are long, and this hate is not heavy! Fortunately, Chen Qiang bypassed Chen Shan. Who did he go to Xiaoxiang for? Partridge in Yuanxi, not Mei [Song], Xin Qiji, thousands of feet Bingxi, Baibu Lei. Chai Men is open to water.

There is smoke left in the clouds, and the wild water is idle. When can Lin Dong put on my gentle and graceful skirt and pass through Cui Wei? Although there are many bamboo shakes, it is not enough to moisten the wind.

He Xinlang sent Hu Bangheng to Xinzhou [Song], and Meng Zhang bypassed Shenzhou Road. The autumn wind draws corners even in the camp, and millet is left in the Forbidden City.

The lowest thing is Kunlun, and the nine rehmannia are turbulent? Thousand villages gather foxes and rabbits. God's will is never difficult to ask, but human feelings are easy to complain.

More Nanpu, send you away. The cold willows on the shore urge the waste heat.

The Geng star is thin and the moon is light, and the clouds are slightly broken. Does Wan know where it is? Looking back at the night talk.

Who will write a book before the goose arrives? Looking up to the sky and cherishing the present, I would like to pay tribute to you. Raise the white, listen to the gold thread.

("Who can't be a goose without books?" According to the law of words, one sentence should be read. Like "Step on Shakespeare" and "The Fisherman's Pride", the number of words before and after is exactly the same.

Other words, before and after, before and after are basically the same. 30% off is three shovels, 40% off is 40% off.

Triple and quadruple words are rare, so I won't give examples here.

What are the original and extended meanings of words?

The original meaning of a word, that is, the oldest meaning with written form and documentary evidence, is called the original meaning of a word.

The meanings derived from the original meaning are called extended meanings. For example, the first three meanings of Xiang and Ci Yuan are: 1 and North Window.

2, face, face. 3. Direction and trends.

What is the original meaning of "Xiang"? Judging from the shape of Chinese characters, what does "Xiang" say about Oracle Bone Inscriptions? The direction of seal script is like a window on the wall of a house. According to the literature, Shuowen said: "Go north, go out."

"The Book of Songs in July" and "The Treasury Smoked Rats into Houses". By referring to fonts and documents, we can judge that "North Window" is the original meaning of "Xiang".

Because the window faces a certain direction, the meanings of "orientation", "orientation", "direction" and "direction" are derived, which are all extended meanings of "direction". The first five meanings of "Li" and "Ci Yuan" are: 1, ruling jade.

2. Governance. 3. treatment.

4. review. 5, liberal arts, organized.

What is the original meaning of "reason"? What are the extended meanings of "Li"? Judging from the word-formation structure of "Li", jade and inner voice are pictophonetic characters, and "jade" is a pictophonetic character, which is related to the original meaning. According to the literature, Shuowen said: "Rationality, rule jade also."

"Everything is done by Han Feizi and Shi Bi" says: "Wang Nai makes jade people take care of their treasures." Based on glyphs and documents, it can be judged that "waiting for jade" is the original meaning of "reason".

Because "ruling jade" means carving and processing jade, which leads to the meanings of "ruling", "ruling", "judging", "liberal arts" and "sorting out", all of which are the extended meanings of "reason". It should be pointed out that the original meaning of a word is not necessarily the original meaning of the word.

This is because Chinese appeared long before Chinese characters appeared. Chinese has a long history, at least 10,000 years, while the Chinese characters recorded in Chinese are only several thousand years old.

Before Chinese characters appeared, it was difficult to find out what the original meaning of a word was. What we are talking about now is only the original meaning of words that can be proved by language and written materials.

What is the word "yes"?

As you said for example, then "yes" is an auxiliary word.

You say, for example, "He is my friend!" What is the word "yes" in "yes"? You try to remove the word "yes" and become "he is my friend!" In other words, it is a word, but it is only a modal particle. In addition, the classification of Chinese part of speech is 12, not 1/species,1,notional words: words that express true meaning, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns.

2. Function words: words that express grammatical meaning rather than real meaning, including adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias. Example: 1, nouns: people, things, family, going up and down, before and after 2, verbs: walking, running, thinking, discussing, learning 3, adjectives: good, tall, clean and tidy 4, numerals: one, two, first, first 5, quantifiers: one, first. And, with 10, auxiliary words: de, de, de, simile 1 1, interjection: ah, alas, alas 12, onomatopoeia: Hua, haha, pa.

What is a word?

Ci is an art form of poetry and a style of China's ancient poetry, also known as Song Ci, Quzi Ci, poetic style and long and short sentences.

Nanliang, which began in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, was formed in the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty. At first, it was sung with music, so writing lyrics is also called lyrics, relying on sound.

Later, it gradually became independent and became a special art of poetry. The epigraph, also called the word case, is the name of the tune used to fill words.

Words are originally sung along with music, and all songs have certain melodies and rhythms. The sum of these melodies and rhythms is the tone of words.

Between words and tones, or according to the tone of words, or according to the tone of words, tunes are called epigrams, usually depending on the content of words. After the Song Dynasty, Ci developed and changed continuously, mainly according to the melody, and the epigraph had nothing to do with the content of Ci.

When the word is completely divorced from the song, the epigraph is only used as the formula of the word and phonological structure. Some aphorisms, in addition to correcting their names, are marked with different names, or with the same name and different tones.

According to the length and scale, words can be roughly divided into Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Middle Tone (59-90 words) and Long Tone (above 9 1 word, with the longest word reaching 240 words). A word, some with only one paragraph, is called monotony; Some are divided into two sections, called double tones; Some are divided into three or four sections, which are called three or four sections.

According to the nature of music, words can be divided into nine types: ling, yin, slow, three sets, preface, French music, Daqu, lingering and Zhu Gong tune. According to the beat segment, there are four common types: Ling, also known as Xiaoling, whose beat segment is shorter; Lead, lead long in a small order; Near, the tone is similar, which leads to long; The slower, the longer the lead.

According to the creative style, it can be roughly divided into graceful school and unrestrained school.

What is a word and what are its characteristics?

Ci, also known as Quzi, long and short sentences and poems, is a kind of songs and poems filled with feasts.

Poetry and words belong to the category of verse, but poetry is only used for chanting and words are used for singing. Ci is a unique form of poetry, which was originally sung with music.

Words are characterized by long and short sentences, and epigrams are the tone names of words. Different aphorisms have regulations on the total number of sentences, the number of sentences, the number of words in each sentence and the level of words.

The form of words has the following characteristics: 1. Every word has a musical tone (epigraph). Generally speaking, the tone of a word is not the theme of the word, but only a score.

In the Song Dynasty, some poets often added questions or wrote prefaces under the tone of words in order to express the meaning of words. 2. Words are generally divided into two paragraphs (called upper and lower paragraphs or upper and lower paragraphs), and few words are not segmented or not segmented.

Generally speaking, the number of words in tones and the length of sentences are fixed and have a certain format. 4. The sentence patterns of words are uneven, and they are basically long and short sentences.

5. The rules of phonology in words are particularly strict, and words should be hierarchical. The tone of each word has its own rules, which are different.