The folk custom of Heyang is very representative in kanto region. Heyang is only180km from Xi 'an, the provincial capital, and120km from Weinan, with convenient transportation and obvious location advantages. Heyang has a long history, and Di Ku, one of the five emperors recorded in the history of the Chinese nation, was buried here. As early as more than 4,200 years ago, one of them was sealed here, called "the country with Shen"; The Qiahe River near the Yellow River is the hometown of Princess Taiyou of Zhou Wen and the birthplace of China's first love poem The Book of Songs. Qiachuan Lingquan is rare in the world, especially the Virgin Spring. Qiachuan Scenic Area has become an important tourist attraction in the eastern part of our province.
Compared with natural scenery resources and historical and cultural resources, Heyang's folk culture tourism resources are not inferior. There are both ornamental ones, such as dance dramas, which are known as "living fossils for studying the development history of China opera"; The line-cavity marionette has its own special sound cavity; Rough and bold, with the masculine beauty of Weibei farmers; Lights flashing, celadon touching, like a celadon boat in Yue Xian; Five drums, powerful and neat movements, beautiful form; A wide and thrilling blood story; Clever mandrel; Play with lions, dragon lanterns, etc. There are also various festivals and folk customs represented by the Spring Festival, as well as facial makeup flowers, paper-cut flowers, paper-plastic window flowers and jujube cards made of Rinrin dates. 1. Hopping Opera in Heyang County, also known as "tiāo" or "Gong and Drum Zaju", is popular along the Yellow River in Heyang County. According to Mr. Li Jingci (a native of Xingjiazhuang, Heyang), the former director of Shaanxi Opera Studio and a scholar who has studied opera, there are three theories about the origin of dance drama: first, the evolution of the ancient folk game "Nuo Opera" meeting gods; Secondly, the evolution of court "team dance" in Song Dynasty; Third, the legacy of gongs and drums in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. However, due to the lack of written materials and physical evidence, it is still difficult to determine the details and needs further study. In recent years, experts believe that ballet is a rare Nuo opera in northern China. Although it is still accompanied by gongs and drums, it has a complete script and separated roles, which is a "living fossil for studying the development history of China opera". 1984 During the Spring Festival, China Academy of Art went to Heyang to shoot an information piece; 1992 In the spring, David He, an Australian scholar who specializes in oriental drama, also made a special trip to Heyang to learn dance.
In Heyang, dance drama always appears in the form of social drama. Cast members, regardless of their status, can be on the same stage as long as they like, from Hanlin Juren to artisans and farmers. Rehearsal begins on the first day of the twelfth lunar month every year to train novices. From the beginning of New Year's Day, various societies (organizations separated by surnames or regions in the village) began to beat gongs and drums in the roadway to create an atmosphere. The fifth day officially jumped out and the Lantern Festival reached its climax. It usually stops on the sixteenth day of the first month. First, in the square, only the dumb jump was performed, and dozens or even hundreds of people performed together, with neat movements and spectacular scenes. On the Lantern Festival or in the square, when performing a big drama, or "jumping on the stage", Ba Shi will undertake the performance task and present a masterpiece.
Before the performance of the dance drama, there was an introduction of "Spring Official", which is the remains of the "deputy opening" in the Yuan and Ming zaju. Guan Chun's ci is unconventional, improvising, or describing local scenery, or describing farmers' sufferings, or praising the performance lineup and humorous language. Next is "gongs and drums beating on the stage". The drums are varied and varied, creating a lively atmosphere, and then the play begins.
The most obvious difference between dance performance and other operas is that all kinds of martial arts angles need to "keep up with the times", with powerful movements and strong dance. Wen Jiao and Nv Jiao are called "stepping on the field", and their gait is light. The upward movement of the martial angle is the artistic essence of dance drama, which can be divided into two categories: "translation" and "concave movement" Eighteen movements are flexibly matched to show the personality characteristics of different characters, and accompanied by gongs and drums and suona, which is very ornamental. In dance drama, the role takes the place of singing after taking the stage, and all the places marked with "Shuo" in the script are equivalent to "singing" in other plays. The lyrics are concise, usually four to eight sentences. There are 500 or 600 kinds of martial arts dramas with rich repertoires, including The Three Kingdoms, The Water Margin, Yang Jiajiang, Romance of the Gods, etc. Second, the line-cavity puppet show The line-cavity puppet show is a unique folk drama in Heyang, referred to as "line play", which is also called "line Hu play", "line monkey play" or "small play" among the people. Among the three categories of puppets in China, namely, staff head, bag and string, the manipulation skills of counting marionettes are the most difficult. According to the author 199 1 when he attended the "National Puppet Shadow Play Art Symposium" held by the Ministry of Culture in Yangzhou, 1955, when the first National Puppet Shadow Play Observation and Performance Conference was held, there were more than 50 puppet troupes in China at that time, and only three remained after more than 30 years, namely Quanzhou Puppet Troupe in Fujian and Meizhou Puppet Troupe in Guangdong. From this point of view, Heyang Muppets are unique in China. In the autumn of 2002, Shaanxi Provincial Department of Culture reported to the Ministry of Culture and named Heyang as "the hometown of line opera art".
Line plays have a long history. There is a saying that it began in Han Dynasty, flourished in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. During the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, there were seventy-two troupes in the county. Even Shejiayuan, a small village with only 20 families at the foot of Liangshan, has its own troupe. During the years of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Tongzhi, opera performers not only traveled all over Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi, but also performed in Su Yang and Beijing. Lifting the line is the main performance method of Heyang Line Opera. Artists skillfully use methods such as lifting, poking, hooking, picking, twisting, swinging, flashing and shaking. Give the puppet artistic life and lifelike movements, and can do difficult movements such as taking off the hat, moving the chair, undressing, swinging the pole, flashing the hat and flashing the wings.
In the past, when performing line plays, the audience was directed by a man sitting on a drum (commonly known as a storyteller), and all the scenes of the main characters in a play were sung and rapped by him. Generally speaking, he can remember 10 to 20 scripts. The most famous "Liu Baer" (Wang Wuhan) can speak 100, and his apprentice Wang Xiaoqian (stage name "Shisanwa") can also speak more than 60 plays. They pay attention to their feelings, and they are full of emotions. Although he has been dead for many years, he is still talked about by the masses. The singing of the line play is carried out in the interval of music, which sounds beautiful.
There are more than 500 stories about old artists, of which 200 Yu Ben was collected during the provincial census in 196 1, and is now in Shaanxi Art Research Institute. The most popular among the masses are the "three boxes" (treasure chest, packaging tape and the West Chamber) and the "Butterfly Cup" on the second floor (Chen Xianlou and Yuanyang Lou). There are also some improvisational dramas created by artists (commonly known as "taking plays"). Because of its catchy language, vividness, content close to reality and rich flavor of life, it is deeply loved by the masses and has been staged for a long time. Third, gongs and drums
Playing gongs and drums is an ancient folk custom preserved in Donglei Village, Heyang County. It is a kind of folk art with strong emotion, strong dance, rough and bold, with strong sacrificial color and simple local characteristics. As far as the information I have at present is concerned, this form of beating gongs and drums is unique in China.
There are about 200 families in the village, surnamed Ma and Qin. When gongs and drums are played, the North and South clubs meet. The specific time to play gongs and drums is the Lantern Festival. If there is a community fire in the village (the core pole in the village is also famous), the gongs and drums will start at the end of the community fire every afternoon and last until midnight; In those days, there was no social fire, and it began to brew at half past noon and retreated at midnight.
Since the beginning of gongs and drums, the gongs and drums of the two clubs have camped in the village square to compete. The drums in this village are slightly smaller than those in other villages, and the drum surface is about 60 cm in diameter, while the cymbals are specially made, with a diameter of about 40 cm and a weight of about 5 to 7 kg, which sounds very loud. Drumming is divided into four stages. One is "arranging gongs", which has a slow rhythm and plays the role of convener; Next, it is called "Running Water", which has a faster rhythm and more patterns, showing the drummer's hitting level and challenging the other side. Then there is "drum removal". Drummers are in high spirits. The drummer squatted on horseback, and the gong player jumped from a distance and ran to the drum. One foot on the drum, the other foot on the ground, the gong hammer draws an arc on the head, first beating the drum, then beating the gong, and at the same time winding the drum with the drummer. Those who knock the cymbals also lift the cymbals to their heads, which is powerful and powerful. When the atmosphere is ripe, the drums become "windy", and gongs, drums and cymbals sound in unison, without obvious rhythm, just like the wind blowing through the forest, the pines roar, and the sea of people rising and the turbid waves emptying. Only heard a long and sharp whistle from the leader, a young man with five big and three thick suddenly squatted down, grabbed the drum ring, threw it on his back and flew away, followed by the drummer. At this time, the other family saw it and came running with the same drum. When you catch up, you want to stack the drums on each other's drums. Where did the front go? I want to stack the drums on his. You are fighting for me. Are inseparable. At this time, there is a bright moon in the sky, countless lanterns shine on the ground, torches made of reeds are held high, fires made of dry wood are blazing, ware is deafening, smoke is filled, and whistles are blowing one after another. Bells jingled and shouts came and went. You should knock on my drum. I want to knock your gong. The drums are loud, and the gongs and drums are loud, which makes people feel like they are in the battle of "armored horses jumping out and weapons hitting each other". At some point, the two families regrouped, knocked on the door neatly for a while and went back to camp. Without setting off a social fire, the gongs and drums of one society challenged the alley of another society, and the two families repeated it several times. The crowd chased in the alley, swimming like two "fire dragons" in the village, because the village is located on the bank of the tableland, even people in Shanxi on the other side of the Yellow River can see the swimming "fire dragons", and many people specially cross the river by boat to watch the excitement.
People who beat gongs and drums are naked, with a string of bells slung sideways and wearing only a pair of shorts, showing the masculine beauty of farmers in Weibei. Although it is a cold winter, no one has ever caught a cold. On the contrary, they are sweating like a pig. Fourth, the story of blood.
In the middle section of Jinshuigou in Heyang, there are two villages facing each other across the ditch. The east of the ditch is called Ponan Village, and the west of the ditch is called Daibao Village. Both villages have a unique form of civil society-the story of blood fire. It is called the story of blood because the stories are all about killing wars, such as "Beauty Case" and "Shi Xiu Killing Sister-in-law Case". Secondly, the dressed story characters show the bloody forms of axe chopping, knife chopping and spear stabbing, which is quite thrilling to the audience. In order to achieve the effect of showing blood, in addition to using pig fat, fat and intestines, there is also a set of secret stunts. Outsiders are not allowed to enter the venue where stories are dressed, even leaders or journalists who are unimpeded everywhere.
The story of blood is spectacular. Put wooden boards on wooden carts used in rural areas, stand on five or six or even a dozen story characters and March in the roadway. The most attractive thing is "change on the spot". When the cart was in a dense crowd, more than ten pieces of ware rang on all sides, and the gunpowder baskets at the four corners of the cart emitted black smoke, firecrackers rang and smoke filled the air. When the smoke clears, the car is another scene, or Chen Shimei's head has rolled aside, or Pan Qiaoyun's intestines have been pulled out, while Shi Xiu's sword is still bleeding. The scene is quite exciting, especially in line with the contemporary young people's pursuit of novelty, mystery, excitement and adventure. Hot Blood Story was labeled as "promoting terror" during the Cultural Revolution and was banned. It resumed its activities from 65438 to 0987. Five, put gongs and five drums.
Luogong is popular in villages such as Xizhonglei and Nanwuren along the Yellow River Plateau in Heyang County, and it is also a wonderful flower in the Yellow River culture.
Gong has a good rhythm. With the rhythm of drums, they threw gongs into the air together on the same drum. Keep playing after you catch it. The drums are not messy at all. Dozens of gongs went up to the sky in Qi Fei, golden, with lingering sound, and the scene was spectacular.
Gong throwing is an ongoing performance, and the social fire team stops to perform, commonly known as "throwing the venue". When playing in the village of Xizhonglei, four big drums form a circle, and there are two small drums between every two big drums, so that there is a big drum in front of each drummer and four small drums on both sides. The four drummers keep the same pace, pitch, open and close, and change in variety, or sweep the edge with a single pestle, or hit with a double pestle, or strike obliquely, or hit one by one in a circle. The drummer has a graceful posture, and the big and small drums are arranged in a pattern, just like plum blossoms in full bloom. The drums are rich and shake the earth, and the artistic appeal is extremely strong. Sixth, the celadon boat Celadon boat looks like an ordinary dry boat, which is very strange in Celadon. In villages such as Wangshanzhuang, Jianshi and Wangbei in Heyang, there are several skilled craftsmen who make celadon boats. They have mastered the technology of making glue. The main raw materials are clear oil and rosin, and several ingredients and cooking methods are never told to outsiders. Hundreds of celadon plates of different sizes are welded into several piles with fire glue like pagodas ("welding" is a common folk name, but it is actually glued with fire), with a big bottom and a small top, and a pile of about six or seven plates. Place a spring between the plates and "weld" a small stemless wine glass in the top plate. Then "weld" several egg shells with only a small mouth on the celadon plate, and insert small candles on the egg shells to make small desk lamps. Finally, piles of celadon plates are firmly tied to the hull according to the previous design, and then decorated with paper flowers, cloth curtains and so on. Because to bear the weight of the celadon plate, the ship frame must be solid acacia, and the plate weighs more than 100 Jin, so the "fisherman" who sails is a young man disguised as a woman. When the boat rocked during the performance, celadon plates collided with each other and made a sound of stones, just like Yue Xian falling from the sky. At this time, the moon is shining brightly in the sky, lanterns are shining brightly on the ground, and Yue Xian is heard in the ear, which makes people feel like they are in a fairyland, and this Lantern Festival is a bit interesting. Seven, paper plastic window flowers
Paper-plastic window flower is a unique folk art originated from Heyang puppet show, which is known as "the puppet show on the pane". In the folk, it is called "flower", which means "protruding paper window"; Because the content is mostly opera characters, it is also called "human phase" It belongs to the art of paper cutting, but it is completely different from ordinary paper cutting. In addition to colored paper, raw materials include gold and silver foil, silk and cotton, and the production method is complicated. Melting and pasting, cutting and pasting, stippling, plastic stacking and other processes are all in one furnace, forming a kind of embossed window grilles, which are pasted on the windows and danced with the wind, making the characters seem to be alive. Paper-plastic window flowers are an excellent collection in folk culture tourism. After careful packaging, whether it is hung on the wall or placed on the desk, it seems to be facing a small puppet show stage, and vivid opera characters are interpreting moving stories. Eight, Heyang flower cotton
Flour flower is called "Hua Mo" and "flower steamed bread" in Heyang folk. They are beautifully made, both ornamental and edible, and are extremely artistic folk handicrafts. Heyang flour flowers have a long reputation, so Heyang is known as the "hometown of flour flowers". 65438-0998 Ganjing Town, Heyang County was named as the "Hometown of China Folk Art (Mianhua)" by the Ministry of Culture.
In the long-term development process, Heyang cotton has formed a vivid and exaggerated style, bright colors, strong folk flavor and exquisite production. From the appearance, the flowers on the river surface can be divided into three categories: one is a simple and vivid applique, similar to relief; The second is exaggerated modeling changes, and natural objects such as flowers, birds, insects, fish, fruits and vegetables are selected to highlight their characteristics, and the beauty is similar or not; Third, gorgeous flower arrangement, three-dimensional, and some even made several layers, very spectacular. Dot dyeing is a major feature of Heyang cotton, which needs bright colors without losing its true colors. Flower cotton is closely related to folk customs. It is not only a necessary thing for weddings, funerals and all walks of life, but also a precious gift for relatives and friends on April 8. Almost every folk custom has its own flower cotton. As soon as people see noodles, they can tell from the appearance what they want to use. For example, when the grandson is more than one year old, grandma will steam a "yoke bucket" for him, wishing the child as tenacious and endurance as an ox, and when he grows up, he can stand the ups and downs of the world and shoulder the burden of life. And if the baby is a girl, grandma will steam a big fish full of flowers. In Heyang dialect, "fish" and "female" are homophonic. I wish children as lively and lovely as fish. Heyang noodles are beautifully made, such as "Tiger Wonton" for women, and "King of Animals" is full of colorful flowers. There is a small and lovely flower Hu Die on his forehead, eyebrows and ears, which is somewhat gentle and dignified. In the middle of the birthday peach used for birthday celebration is a big word "longevity", which is surrounded by flowers such as piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, crane and deer in the same spring, and then inserted with Fu Lushou Samsung, placing people's good wishes for the birthday girl. Heyang is divided into four blocks by three big ditches, "ten miles of land and nine different customs", and each place has its own characteristics, which is even more beautiful. The flour flowers to the west of Jinshuigou are longer and more delicate, and a big steamed bread can insert seventy or eighty or even hundreds of small flour flowers; In Qiachuan, near the Yellow River, noodles are very big. A "baby girl" who sent Tomb-Sweeping Day can be steamed to a height of one foot to one foot and a half, weighing seven or eight pounds; In the village at the foot of Liangshan Mountain, the noodle flowers highlight the characteristics and omit the details, which fully shows the frank and bold personality of the local people.