China's extensive and profound traditional moral culture, moral ethics, morality, society and moral education provide rich pursuits. How to realize the ultra-thin China culture with unique creativity?
The famous theory of traditional morality, Tao, originated in the Shun Yao era at the end of primitive society, and the Book of History Yao Dian has the saying of "pro-nine families" and "harmony". The words "courtesy", "virtue" and "filial piety" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins in the Shang Dynasty explained the development of so-called "liu de, knowledge, sadness, holiness, righteousness and loyalty" and developed a set of systematic sexual morality.
In China, it mainly refers to the traditional Confucian moral ethics, and the philosophical and moral thoughts of Confucius, the founder of Confucian school, who lived in the Spring and Autumn Period and once strived to be his own political philosopher and formed a complete system during the transition from slave society to feudal society. Benevolence, as the highest moral realm, forms filial piety, physique, courtesy and faith. The earliest moral theory "benevolence" is the Confucian moral thought and principle. The most basic explanation of the core concept of "benevolence" is the status of "king" and his purpose is "good virtue".
As a person, love your neighbor. Confucius's "benevolent" society and human spirit, "If people are not kind, is it like courtesy?" Kind people like music? Ola's "benevolence" is the foundation, not to mention other virtues, this logic, the German government ",concludes peace and harmony. But in the Spring and Autumn Period, the busy activities of the monarch and utilitarian politics overwhelmed moral considerations. According to the theory of Confucius before and after his death, closing the door is actually painful. After a period of consolidating the feudal lords of the political class, the most important problem to consider at this time is how to maintain social stability and become rulers. Confucius' moral concern has a unified thought and a stable social order, which has influenced the times. According to Confucius' moral teaching, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The rise of political ethics in China feudal society.
Mainly culture, China's traditional moral norms, if our moral analogy network, network latitude and longitude norms must be rich and concrete morality. In the long-term moral practice, the Chinese nation has gradually accumulated and formed generation after generation, constantly adjusting and updating its contents, such as love, forgiveness, loyalty, filial piety, honesty, reliability, courtesy, integrity, honesty and shame. There are many ethical norms in China traditional culture, and each rule has its own unique content and the main functions of other norms.
On Liu De, you know, the Six Classics of Goodness, Sage, Righteousness, Loyalty, and Confucius' Moral Classics, Virtue, Benevolence, Filial Piety, Titanium, Loyalty, Faith and Management? During the Warring States period, Mencius followed Confucius' example and put forward four virtues of benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom, and put forward that the five virtues are disloyalty and righteousness. In the year of monarch and minister, Dong Zhongshu's Confucius was "monarch, monarch, minister, father and father". During this period, along with honesty and honor, filial piety and loyalty, people became "eight virtues of filial piety, loyalty and honor".
On 1992, Mr. Zhang Dainian published an article entitled "Civilized Units Based on Morality", summarizing the nine main norms of traditional ethics in China: public loyalty, love, honesty, courtesy and shame, cleverness, frugality, courage and nine virtues.
Traditional Morality, compiled by the State Education Commission, is divided into four main parts: The first part is the basic morality, which is the morality of public loyalty, justice, friendship, harmony, telling the truth, tolerance, courtesy, self-discipline, intelligence, courage, temperance, honesty, diligence and liking politics. In Art Part 3 of German Family Ethics, three most important aspects are selected, namely, the relationship between parents and children, the relationship between husband and wife and the relationship between generations. The fourth part of the ceremony is civilization, etiquette and respect. Old King Lei Yin received materials, etiquette requirements, ceremonies, celebrations and wedding gifts.
Morality permeates all fields of social life, forming the system, morality, ethics and outline of China feudal society, which fully embodies the wisdom of China people and its contribution to human moral civilization. Of course, in the traditional moral standards of China, the specific? It shows that the ruling class has become an effective tool to realize the rule of the ruling class. Traditional moral standards are not only inherited in treatment, but also very important.
China's traditional basic ethics.
Please fully understand with us that the essence of China's traditional ethics lies in the world. Is it the world of China's traditional ethics or the world of kings? The soil of the world "; Defined as the main content, the moral structure of the international community. Ancient' means that the dead are interspersed in the world where animals eat people', and ancient: The Book of Japanese Knowledge and General Records 13 has just begun. Obviously, these two worlds have different connotations and class attributes, or interests. Their general ruling class, sacred and inviolable, must conform to the overall consciousness of individual and local interests and destiny, and form a unified understanding of the overall interests of society. Therefore, in "Returning to the Private Mekong River", Han Ziwu is the master of martial arts, and the so-called "Justice of Ban Gu: Ban Gu?" MG ",in other words, denial is contrary to privacy, and the public bell is the so-called" loyal "heart? God of heaven and earth, people who are loyal to "walking", and attitude towards doing things. What to do manually, do your best, go all out, without reservation. "Loyalty, center, almost none", the complete works of Tan Zhi. "Loyalty" is a very extensive and temporary pain. Don't forget your loyalty to your country. Zuo Zhuan and Zhao * * * taught Loyalty and Righteousness to Mencius in the first year? Teng Wengong institutions that serve the country and try to help others have always been "good people".
The word "loyalty" refers to openness and loyalty to national interests, national interests and the overall interests of society. Emphasize national interests and national interests, and put an end to private "selflessness". Catholicism is loyal to the world community and emphasizes its responsibility. In fact, it includes patriotism, our patriotism and the nature of the country. These restrictions have also formed political and moral concepts such as "the private world is not for children and grandchildren", "the rise and fall of the world, and every man has a responsibility", as well as worrying about the world first and worrying about the world later.
From the perspective of political morality, Confucius is a "political virtue". In his view, the political and moral awareness and moral education of every member of society is the foundation and a stable social foundation. The command: "The rule of orthodoxy, China's free and shameless virtue, Qi punishment, Qi Li, shame" Do you serve the Analects of Confucius for politics? Mencius inherited and deepened Confucius' thought, and pointed out that benevolent people, if not as good as benevolent people, were worried about good governance and good governance, Ai Kobayashi was the minimum fiscal policy in China, and good education was very popular. "Mencius' Villa"
How to realize "political morality", those politicians in power, in order to set an example, politicians must first correct themselves. Their bodies are not correct, although this is not the Analects of a politician and deputy commander in chief. Who wants to correct it? "Gentleman's virtue in wind power generation, small S's view is understandable, and the wind is stricter than grass", The Analects of Confucius, XII. It shows that China attaches great importance to the tradition of moral and cultural significance, the political justice and moral strength of rulers, the decision of moral quality, and the power of manufacturers and government officials at all levels directly determine the rise and fall of national order and chaos. Confucius said: "Polaris, in its position, and many other stars" The Analects of Confucius "Politicians" Politics and Morality? .
Political morality embodies the administrative discipline requirements of political officials and strengthens moral cultivation. Germany is the limitation of China's long feudal society, but after all, it is the ruling class with practical experience or rational thinking. To a certain extent, governing the country is conducive to honesty and enlightened political reality. Talking about the political civilization of "political morality" is the concrete embodiment of China feudal society and the importance of the continuous development of China feudal society.
Moral education first. "Moral education" and "political morality" at different levels are the progress of Confucian political ethics. Teaching morality not only puts moral education first, but also expresses the political blueprint of Confucianism, the foundation of peace and the moral core of our country's most fundamental moral basic means. & ltBR/ Dejiao, can you do it? Confucius also studied the answer to the question "In the Analects of Confucius". Mencius' thought of inheritance and development? Between Confucius, man and beast are different, which is a different beast, the Greek Mengzi Tower, and further analysis says: "In a proper way, full of cold clothes, New Haven is close to Mencius' beast Teng Wengong." No, because ethics is not taught. Morality is different from the symbol of animals, but it has also become the foundation of human beings in the process of moral education. On the contrary, people must "teach" themselves to "reform". Therefore, Mencius replied, can everyone be Yao Ming and trust me? Mencius said, "Of course." Mencius? Gao Zi "Xunzi's sustainable evil view, moral education thought, Confucius, Mencius, Passepartout, Rome, human nature is evil, and what is obtained is good." People should "teach" people to "paint fish", which is the coat of benevolence and righteousness, and quality can be the tool of benevolence and righteousness, which is easy to appear jade and bright. Xunzi's Evil Essence
Because of this, generations of people with lofty ideals who have been educated by Confucianism for more than 2000 years, no matter in the era of the rise and development of the landlord class or in the process of decline, many scholars have studied the nutrition of Confucianism, which has noble moral sentiments and made positive contributions to the survival and development of the country. What does China think? Moral education, and China attaches great importance to moral culture, known as a moral country.
Cultivation is the foundation. Is ultrathin the most unique traditional ethics in China? Ideas, known as "Confucius and Xiu De", "self-denial", "self-cultivation, Mencius' vigorous development", nourish the heart and nourish the nature. Ultra-thin Vera TCC NB 175 TCE will defend its title II as soon as possible, which is so predestined. "Mencius and Xunzi said more clearly," The flatness is good, the gas is cured, and the life behind Pang is self-reliant, which is the name. "Xunzi? Judging from the content of self-cultivation, this is the inner desire for peace. Organize your feelings, keep careful purification, purify your thoughts, be not conceited, be strict with yourself, be diligent in dissecting yourself, and not hide "poverty", and gradually reach the perfect state.
But why do you say that self-cultivation is the key point? It is because Confucius said that the twelfth session of "self-denial" aims at "benevolence in the world". Gentlemen maintain and repair the peace of the body and the world ","cultivate self-cultivation and face ","moral education, they are on the two wings "politics and morality? The main focus of society is the German ruling class; As Mencius said; The ultra-thin focus of the whole or the collective comes from the words of the emperor:
University, University Road, a household name, is obviously a natural phenomenon of being close to the people, pursuing perfection ... and expanding knowledge. After investigating things, I learned later, and then sincerely, my heart is car body repair, car body repair, and then I go home to Qijia Xiya, twice the world level, so I started from the emperor and then tailored my cultivation. See "Cultivation", "Qi", "Governance", "Equality" and "Self-cultivation"
The idea of self-cultivation has influenced intellectuals in feudal society for more than two thousand years. They are not only really excited and happy in various forms, but also worried in the alley and will not change their musical integrity. All these lofty ideals, ultra-thin family, country and world, the foundation and premise of their whole life, are the foundation and premise of their own political and moral ideals, to explore and practice this family that pays attention to self-cultivation? The moral thought of sex has influenced the whole country, not only among intellectuals, but also in the national character of working people who pursue spiritual life and pay attention to China's traditional moral culture.
First of all, it has a long history and smells good and bad. The Yao and Shun era of China's traditional ethics can be traced back to the end of primitive society, but it was formed in the transitional period from slave society to feudal society. Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, lived in this period and exchanged the old and new systems in the era of great change. He established "faithfulness" and "benevolence" as the highest moral realm, and "filial piety", "style" and "courtesy" were all placed in moral theory. Confucius thinks we can't accept it, but on the whole, it is a positive and open attitude, which was inherited and spread by his disciples, especially Mencius.
After warp knitting Hoang Cam unified China, the Han army of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was no longer regarded as an option. In order to maintain their own ruling tools, we must use the power of culture to unify people's thinking and stabilize social order. The so-called "three cardinal guides and five permanent members" are regarded as cultural heritage and are valued by the ruling class. "Three Keys" put forward by Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty. Monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife and the three most important ethical relationships. Carry out the ideological ruling line of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" "Queen", which marks the moral culture, politics and morality of Confucius and Mencius? The rise of culture.
At that stage, China's traditional moral culture and politics were significantly strengthened, and it must serve the interests and needs of the ruling class. Of course, the rise of the landlord class represents the direction of advanced productive forces, social progress, ideological and cultural progress and traditional political and moral progress? Culture is undeniable, and the ruling class continues to organize according to its own needs? Really? Feudal patriarchal hierarchy based on the transformation of small farmers' natural economy.
China's feudal society began to decline. In the Song Dynasty, the rise and development of the vitality of the landlord class gradually stifled and expanded narrow self-interest and so on. In this period, in order to meet the needs of society, what is the moral concept of the landlord class thinkers? They are often rigid and go to extremes. Zhu's sage said a thousand words, just to teach reasonable people's desires tomorrow, saying, "A selfish mind is an important condition for Zhu's language volume, Chen Yi. The road to justice in my heart is a subtle and closed desire, but. " Zheng's rhythmic suicide note (14 page). This is the so-called "protecting nature and human desire, leading to value?" Abstinence and asceticism? Therefore, from pre-Qin deontology to asceticism. This qualitative change holds that the more dangerous the nation-state is opened, the more it will react to the Southern Song Dynasty, expel foreign enemies and restore the Central Plains. The main task of the times is the conversation between Zhu and Xiao Zong, the most important issue in his school life, and the "sincerity" of Sihui City. Similarly, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the external instability, the philosopher Liu Jishi, Emperor Chongzhen, still "your majesty is at ease and the world is safe. Moral culture is a decadent and reactionary cultural history, and all activities freed from the shackles of serious negative influences should be seriously criticized.
Second, the patriarchal hierarchy closely combined with society, politics and service. Another basic feature of the close combination of society and politics is China's traditional ethics. Its basic characteristics reflect the social and political philosopher's service and pragmatic service spirit, his understanding of social stability and harmony, his desire for rulers to govern the country, and his demand for political surgery on moral sages who are "kings". The study of two things Zhang Zaiji's collection Yi Cun mainly focuses on the objective and realistic society, which is bound to be a style of close combination of academic and theoretical research. The ruling class also believes that "ruling the country by virtue often depends on the enhancement of national strength, and moral thinking is about its own interests and the code of conduct of political and legal authority." At this point, the ruling class and thinkers have truly achieved harmony and unity.
The ancient patriarchal social system has two basic characteristics, one is hierarchy. In China society, family is the cell of society, the consanguinity of parents, children, brothers and sisters, the "home" of master-servant relationship, and the basic unit of society and politics. Social governance, in a sense, is family-oriented.
Confucius' poor love and intimacy admitted that inferiority existed. The kinship in feudal society was closely related to social production and life. What are the close relatives of this relationship? ? And alienation. For example, the first place is the relationship between parents and children, the second is the relationship between brothers and sisters, the third is the relationship between relatives and neighbors, and the third is the relationship between people, from the relationship between superiors and subordinates, the relationship between the two sides in the country and society, and family relations. In the family, the statues of fathers and men are loyal and respectful. Patriarchy may not affect social and political hierarchy. The loyalty of patriarchal ethics has a very significant performance in social and political fields.
Patriarchal hierarchy needs to adapt to their own morality and serve them. Patriarchal consanguinity is the fundamental guarantee for the stable development of feudal society in China. Under this paternalistic system, maintain its existing core moral values? The importance of basic principles is a moral responsibility to individuals, families, clans and countries, emphasizing the principle that personal interests are subordinate to the interests of families, clans and countries and the interests of holism, rather than letting their personal and family interests and national interests. The "three choices" of feudal ethics are just the parents, husbands and wives under Wang Chen's armpits, but they are "very concentrated" on the loyalty to filial piety and the service nature of preferring sons to daughters.
Those who enter the WTO value righteousness over profit. Need to adjust the code, any society, the relationship between people and society, the formation of values and morality? And social values? Instruct people how to get along with others and how to live together in society. However, where are these transcendental moral ideals based? The moral rationality of moral preaching in outland, the contrast of the birth of "the other shore" or "the afterlife", the nature of China's accession to the WTO, Confucius' things "failed to deal with people and ghosts" and "unknown, let alone dead?" The Analects of Confucius? The "advanced" nature has convinced me that joining the WTO is the best.
Benevolence, love, respect for people, loyalty to the monarch, and "respect, tolerance, faith, sensitivity and welfare". Mencius, Confucius' principle of joining the WTO, insisted on "kissing, anything" Mencius? Vera, truth, goodness and beauty don't enter the heart, Mencius? The "Ointment" and "Benevolence, Benevolence and Love for Things" in Mencius Villa emphasize not only loving one's relatives, but also caring for people and liking all rising things, which is a further suggestion for the moral and ethical principles of Mencius and Confucius. "The son of Ulun, loyal to the monarch for several years, friends and beliefs. From the logical structure, any ladder that takes filial piety as the logical starting point extends to the social relations between people, emphasizing loyalty, forgiveness, respect and self-denial, so as to clarify social contradictions, coordinate interpersonal relationships and reach a moral realm, thus starting from the social reality of China's traditional moral rationality, rooted in realistic moral thoughts, providing nutrition for China's traditional moral social life, nourishing and continuing social life. , the World Trade Organization, although observing the nature of its accession, but not after Ber Ber's judicial system advocated justice in secular life, Confucius warned people to think about justice "and saw the benefits. Morally, Confucius pointed out that Li was understood according to the attitude of a gentleman and a villain: "A gentleman is just", and The Analects of Confucius advocated Mencius to further point out that a gentleman values righteousness and does not talk about the benefits of a villain. "Why is a beautiful day? "It means only mencius? More generally, Wang Lianghui and Dong Zhongshu, their friendship did not make their interests clear, not including their strength, "Dong Zhongshu demanded. "Value righteousness over profit?" Are the "gentlemen" who pursue moral values just temperate people? Gentleman consciously pursues "Li Cunyi" to keep a clean and fair country.
China people's loyalty to the country in real life is unique-the best Italian, parents and elders-filial piety, relatives-friends and brothers, friends-honest agents. This is the direct cause of obligation, courage, justice and moral sacrifice at both ends. Justice has become an important principle of society. As a whole, the lofty moral realm of sacrificing one's life for righteousness has inspired generations of China people who died for their country.
China's traditional morality and writing are the existence of history. Different times and different spiritual destinations will interpret the value of China's traditional moral culture. I think that China's traditional ethics has repeatedly explained and publicized the history of China's traditional morality, even a simple explanation is not enough. It inherits China's excellent traditional ethics, and more importantly, China's traditional ethics is the practice of moral construction in contemporary China. But we totally deny this traditional culture, the failure of China's traditional morality, and the spiritual formation of at least two generations. Mr. Luo Guo Jie said: "Once a country abandons or loses its own cultural tradition of conquest or that of other countries, its survival will be threatened.
Confucianism, Confucius was the first. Characteristic theory: taking the golden mean thinking mode as the core, it attaches great importance to the inheritance of interpersonal relations; Pay attention to practical utility and moral cultivation; Ideas? In the letter, an excellent old priest school represents the fate of the ancient village. Features: Broad yearning for "the universe" and "nature", advocating the political philosophy of "governing by doing nothing". The characteristics of the legalist school represented by Kui, Shang Yang and Han Fei are: attaching importance to the law, advocating centralized monarchy and heavy punishment, and advocating "taking officials as teachers" to impart "culture". Mo Zhai, the founder of Mohism, is the lower class among all believers. "Universal love" and "not attacking Shang Xian, still the same" are its main propositions. Mozi values materialism? Committed to the overall unity of Qin culture, national unity and ideological work, including: (unified written characters), rail cars (car width, car-shaped road repair) with the same system (unified measurement) (unified teaching methods, unified cultural psychology), and the same domain (the dominant waste package, Lixian county, laws, military orders), Emperor Han accepted Dong Zhongshu's dismissal. Yi, as the unified ideological guidance of the Six Classics and Music, has lost its position in the Western Han Dynasty. In fact, it was only after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that it dominated the so-called Neo-Confucianism, but Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, the real new literature. "Jin" (referring to North Korea) is a passage written in Confucian classics (official script), which is different from writing a book in pre-Qin classics (classical Chinese). The characteristics of modern literary schools: advocating service for reality, research and excitement, but often in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Confucianism and
Wei and Jin Dynasties: This is a development of Taoist philosophy, aiming at "being expensive". Its theme is the meaning of individual life, thinking about the light value of IT personnel, and the natural value has created a mysterious, clear and virtual life goal for distant China scholars.
& gt The parallel expression of cultural prosperity in the Tang Dynasty: the broadness and boldness of the three major religions, cultures and other fields. In the golden age outside, poetry, calligraphy, fine arts and painting were very popular and achieved fruitful results (Wu Daozi, Zhang Xu's cursive script, Huai Su, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan's representative prose and Han Yu's representative Tang Dynasty poets Li, Du, Wang, Bai and Liu).
Neo-Confucianism: In the process of applying Confucian ethics, why are they called "justice" and emphasize individual consciousness? Justice in China feudal society is the most complete and advanced system in most countries in the late period of scientific Confucianism. Song Dynasty, Song Dynasty painting, Song Dynasty Neo-Confucianism and the construction of heaven and earth culture.
The most prominent manifestation of cultural absolutism in Ming and Qing Dynasties was the prevalence of literary inquisition. In the compilation of the Qing Dynasty, the destruction of books was forbidden in Qianlong's Sikuquanshu, and more than 3 1000 Chinese cultures exceeded1000, which became a huge disaster.
As the sublimation of social psychology theory, the center of the machine. Ethical concept of center of gravity.