Wu Tongyu, whose full name is Wu Tongyu on a Autumn Night in Tang Dynasty, mainly describes the dissolute and chaotic process of Tang Dynasty, from joy to sadness. In the prosperous times, the excessive lewdness of Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei led to national turmoil, which made the Tang Dynasty decline from prosperity to decline. The turmoil in the country also brought him personal sorrow.
The story of Li Longji and Yang Guifei has been circulated among the people for a long time. Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow takes Li Yang's story as a love theme, praising Li Yang's sincere, single-minded and unswerving love. Bai Pu's Wu Tongyu tells the story of Li Yang from a political perspective, exposing and satirizing their relationship and its consequences.
Wu Tongyu takes Li Yang's story as a political theme, which is first manifested in the arrangement of folds. In Wedge, the author wrote about the experiences of An Lushan and Yang Guifei from the very beginning, as well as the forgiveness of An Lushan's murder by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the failure of Yang Guifei to properly associate with An Lushan. In the first compromise, although the author used a lot of space to write about Li Longji's love for Yang Guifei, he wrote that Yang Guifei changed from begging for luck from the weather to begging for the oath of July 7 from the emperor, and he wrote that Li Yang made a vow to him. However, at the beginning of this book, Yang Guifei specially wrote a passage about her adopted son An Lushan, which cast a disgraceful and potentially dangerous shadow on Li Yang's relationship. In the second part, the author first wrote that An Lushan rebelled against Yang Guifei, but Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered envoys to enter litchi and the imperial concubine danced in golden plates. At this time of lewdness, An Lushan's soldiers broke through Tongguan and reached Chang 'an, so Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty had to take his concubines on a trip to avoid disaster. The third discount, first write the country to the prince on the way to Shu, and then write Ma Wei mutiny, soldiers cut Yang with a knife, and horses stepped on Yang Guifei. The fourth fold is about Li Longji, a veritable loner, who retired to the West Village, missed the imperial concubine, recalled the past and hurt the present, and was worried and depressed. The author didn't write Li Longji's yearning for Yang Guifei as sympathetic as Wang Zhaojun, but let people feel that personal * * * caused national turmoil, and national turmoil deepened the consequences of personal sorrow.
The author of Wu Tongyu regards Li Yang's story as a political theme, which is also reflected in his attitude towards Li Longji. The author didn't sympathize with or affirm Li Longji, let alone praise him, but belittled him. In the wedge, the author said through the mouth of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty: "Yesterday, Yang Fei, who lived in the imperial palace, was a unique Chang 'e and was appointed as a female Taoist priest, so she was brought into the palace and elected as your wife." At the first discount, the imperial concubine also introduced herself and said, "In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, she was favored as the longevity princess. On August 15th of the 28th year of Kaiyuan, it was the Lord's Holy Day. I was honored, and I thought that the appearance of the imperial concubine was Chang 'e. Li called herself a Taoist, living in the palace was too true, and the name given was too true. Tianbao four years, conferring for the imperial concubine ". Shouwang is the sixteenth son of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. First, seal the son's concubine as a Taoist priest, let her get rid of her son, and then seal it as an imperial concubine for her lewd enjoyment. Although some brains were used, it was not clever, and its essence was not fundamentally different from the pig-dog relationship between Jia Zhen and his daughter-in-law Qin Keqing in A Dream of Red Mansions. Jia Zhen is only the owner of an aristocratic family, but his behavior has been criticized by Jiao Da. As an emperor, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty did such immoral things. He was not ashamed, but proud. His character is low.
It was a "great honor" for Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to add Yang Guifei's brother as prime minister and make Yang Guifei's three sisters concubines out of his love for Yang Guifei. He was preoccupied with the imperial concubine, and he was "tired of going to the palace", "drunk Zhaoyang, drunk Huaqing" and "sleeping together at night and walking together during the day, just like husband and wife singing together". Such a charming princess fascinated him to be an emperor. On July 7, the imperial concubine asked heaven for help, which was also regarded as a rare act of kindness by him. She immediately gave the imperial concubine a pair of gold hairpin and a box of cymbals. The so-called "seven treasures and golden hairpin show kindness, and box flowers show affection". He was carefree and strolled with Guifei Pavilion to "entertain himself at this night scene". The imperial concubine was afraid of her aging and wanted to make a private appointment with Xuanzong. Xuanzong ignored her relationship with An Lushan and didn't think she was his son's wife. She gladly made a vow of eternal love with her, saying that "Yuanyang in the sky is often better than the husband and wife on the ground", "Who do you know as a witness? Tonight, Tianhe sees the cow star". He is a "man in the heart of the Han Dynasty" and handles state affairs perfunctory. Whenever there is an opportunity, he will play with your Excellency Aquilaria in the imperial garden. "The wine is full of purple and gold, and the tea is fragrant." In order to satisfy the imperial concubine's extravagant hope of eating fresh pears, he ordered the envoys to bring them back from Sichuan. The imperial concubine praised its delicacy and loveliness, while Xuanzong praised its color and taste. It's not that he seldom used this kind of fruit as an emperor, but in fact it's because the imperial concubine is willing to eat it. Yin spoiled da ji, at all costs, just for a smile; Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty spoiled the imperial concubine, and did not hesitate to waste the people and mistake the country. Gao Lishi, who is good at observing and flattering others, made a plan for the joy of Xuanzong. When the wine entered the third court, he began to play: "Please put the plate on the empress and perform a dress dance." Xuanzong must play, and the imperial concubine dances. Xuanzong kissed the cup to persuade him to drink, which can be described as diligent.
Xuanzong had a good time and prepared to "get drunk and eat until the dead of night". Li, the left prime minister, panicked and came to report that An Lushan would rebel and kill the army in the future. As a feudal emperor, it is not surprising that it has existed since ancient times to have fun with concubines. Strangely, Tang Xuanzong was insensitive when the resistance army approached. Instead, he accused Li, who reported the emergency, of making a fuss: "What are you panicking about?" "If you can't wait until the banquet is over, don't be angry with Pippi!" At this time of great disaster, Li said bluntly that no matter whether the monarch or the minister is high or low, "it is because women spoil more that they provoke soldiers." Tang Xuanzong disagreed: "You said that singing and dancing ruined people, and it is always good for you to be a traitor (adulterer)." Didn't you (didn't hear) the feather fan and the black silk scarf talking and laughing, and it was 300 thousand? " "You are in the wenwu class, and you have listed some black boots such as Jane, gold and purple, among which there is no hero, sweeping away the dust. "Last night, I didn't see the bonfire. "He blamed his liegeman, not because he was not afraid of danger, but because he devoted himself to lewdness and was careless about state affairs. He likes expensive ladies, and he is at a loss for variety. Therefore, when Li explained that An Lushan was unstoppable and suggested that Xuanzong was "lucky in Shu", Xuanzong had to play accurately, but he didn't see his determination to stick to Chang 'an and his confidence in directing counterinsurgency. He can only say: "I am eager to move to Chengdu, and I am even more eager to fly wild geese in the west and send me to saddle carving one after another." Sad homeland, west wind and Wei water, setting sun and Chang 'an ". But even at this critical moment, his first concern is not that he will rebel and the country will be in danger, but that the imperial concubine "how to prevaricate" and "how to get through the sword gate". Thus, the relationship between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the imperial concubine is completely different from that between Yuan Di and Zhaojun in nature and characteristics.
If the rebels had not left Chang 'an, Tang Xuanzong had no remorse; Then when he left Chang 'an, he regretted that he "didn't know people, which led to madness and chaos". He was very sad. "Looking back at Beijing, in the face of residual water and houses, Qin Chuan is far away from trees, and willows are fading in the bridge. He realized the truth that" it is not as good as a green screen window, and the morning light is like a tile ". Of course, at this time, his remorse is limited, which only stops at his hatred of the Anshi Rebellion and his nostalgia for court life. Only when all the people asked their children to follow the Prince's eastward expedition to break the enemy, did he take some practical emergency measures to save the Prince and let him return to the East, thus "unifying soldiers and killing thieves"; Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi were marshals, and the rear army dialed 3,000; Remind the prince: "if you share some social worries, how can you teach others to dominate one side and leave this national treasure behind?" ".The prince dare not accept treasure, Xuanzong is a bit generous. He said to the prince, "to save the country by destroying thieves, even loneliness is avoided." "The prince just took the treasure and left.
If the national treasure is not passed on to the prince, Xuanzong will be accused of abandoning the country. Gave the prince a national treasure, and Xuanzong himself fell out of power. All the troops went to Mawei, and they were no longer sent. Chen Bao said that the sergeant asked to kill Yang to thank the world. Because Yang Hegui is a brother of flesh and blood and a trusted minister, he asked Chen to cut off Wei-min Yang's qualification as an official. But I also realize that the situation is different now, and I dare not encourage him. On the contrary, I begged and said, "Will General Chen check it if you allow it?" . Hearing this, all the troops roared, and Chen said, "this matter cannot be banned." Tang Xuanzong had to say, "Whatever." After Yang was killed, he didn't even dare to express any dissatisfaction with Chen. On the contrary, he praised "General Chen ordered Yang to carry it out".
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty wanted to offer sacrifices to Yang to calm public anger and protect him from going to Chengdu to spend the night with Yang Guifei. Unexpectedly, after the soldiers killed Yang, they became even more angry, wielding a knife to "cluster a ponytail slope with sand" (the besieged city was cleaned up), which scared Xuanzong to "hit all over". Helpless, "the army will turn with India, which will make it majestic, the military power is in hand, and the Lord is weak and the minister is strong." When he learned that the Sixth Army was not advancing and demanded "beheading the imperial concubine", it was tantamount to beheading his heart. Of course, he wouldn't agree, so he strengthened his spirit and taught Gao Lishi that "Tao can't compete with Chen, how can he ask his concubine to be punished?" "If he breaks his brother in the morning, there will always be Qian Qian's absolute grievance, and I will forgive him." At this time, Gao Lishi didn't take his words as imperial edict, and followed them closely. Instead, he said, "The imperial concubine is innocent, but the soldiers killed Guo Zhong, and the imperial concubine is by your side. How dare you be safe? " May your majesty consider it. If the soldiers are safe, so is your majesty. "On the surface, it seems to be for Xuanzong, but actually for Chen Lixuan and them." Chen Houzhu is a war, all because of singing "Flowers". He blamed the Sixth Army for "seeing that I love him, Longquan held three feet in his hand and didn't kill him, scaring him to death". He said wryly: "Dagu (probably) is the home of an emperor who knows how to value me, right?" "He couldn't bear the imperial concubine's death, but there was nothing he could do. -Lee Koryo urged again and again, saying, "Lushan rebelled because of the Yang brothers and sisters; "If you don't do the right thing to thank the world, when will the disaster disappear? I hope that your majesty will beg Yang and step on his corpse with six army horses, so that you can be trusted. " Yang Guifei's death is irreversible, but he strongly disagrees with this kind of death. This is simply cruel to Yang Guifei. He ordered Gao Lishi to lead the imperial concubine to commit suicide in the Buddhist temple, and then taught the sergeant to check it out. After the imperial concubine committed suicide, Chen led many soldiers and horses to execute her body. Xuanzong lost his life, grabbed the sky and shouted, "Princess, it's not bad to kill me." "Oh my god, one of the concubines of Emperor Han Ming, far from marrying Khan, kept crying. How many times have you seen six soldiers trampling and lying on a corpse in the yellow sand? " He was in pain with the imperial concubine's sweat towel in his hand. "Singing (simply) lamenting a lot, tears streaming down my face, and having to get up early (the emperor came back from the dead), but this is the life." This forced the butler to cry with joy. "
This is the case with the author of Wu Tongyu, who described the whole process of Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei's dissolute abandonment of politics leading to national turmoil and national turmoil leading to personal tragedy, and shaped Tang Xuanzong into a dissolute and heartless image of a bad king. Although the author sympathizes with his personal ending, he mainly deserves it. Of course, the author aims to warn future generations not to repeat the same mistakes through this character. Therefore, in the fourth compromise, he did not simply reprimand Tang Xuanzong, but through his excessive lewdness, he lost his authority and wives, and even caused extreme mental pain. This kind of writing is more effective than the simple derogatory writing, which can impress people and warn those who come.
Tang Xuanzong not only gave up politics, but also was illiterate. An Lushan missed the opportunity and was beheaded according to law, but he fell in love with An Lushan at first sight and praised "a good general is also a good official". He believed An Lushan's self-proclaimed "Hu Du Hong Xin", which not only saved him from capital punishment, but also immediately made him a white general. Yang Guifei has evil thoughts about An Lushan, and she is very close. Not only did he not notice, but she also added An Lushan as a political official of Pingzhang. Officials tried to dissuade him, so he had to add An Lushan as our ambassador to Yuyang, and told An Lushan, "Make a meritorious military service before it is too late, and don't be promoted every time.". If it is "inviting the wolf into the room" to leave An Lushan as an official in North Korea, then it is "releasing the tiger to the mountain" to send An Lushan to lead the troops to defend the border. This is the main source of Anshi Rebellion and national unrest. Tang Xuanzong's appeasement and reuse can not be separated from his favorite Yang Guifei. Therefore, this is not only a partial mistake in employing people, but a manifestation of the overall situation of fatuity and corruption. Tang Xuanzong's last loneliness and sadness is a bitter pill.
Wu Tongyu wrote Yang Guifei as the source of disaster. The author wrote that she was the immortal princess first, and then the imperial concubine, not to arouse the audience's sympathy for the woman who was played by the feudal emperor, but to paint a disgraceful shadow on her face (Bai Juyi has the sentence "Moreover, because she shines and glorifies her clan"). She begged An Lushan, who can dance Hu Xuan, to be around to relieve boredom and accept An Lushan as her adopted son. She also had a "face-washing party" with the stocky An Lushan (when the child was born for three days, his parents gave him a bath and his relatives and friends congratulated him, which was called a "face-washing party"). An Lushan left North Korea for the border, and she felt sorry for it. Because she has this * * * relationship with An Lushan, it is not a sign of faithful love that she hopes to establish a long-term alliance with Tang Xuanzong. This man has no chastity in his personal life, and he is also a fool at the critical moment of Ma Wei's mutiny, and he has no courage to sacrifice himself to stop the mutiny. This is why her tragic death can't arouse emotions in the hearts of the audience like Tang Xuanzong missed her. In the author's opinion, there is still something to forgive for Tang Xuanzong's love for the imperial concubine; It is a sin for Yang Guifei to commit adultery with An Lushan. The author of Autumn in Han Palace criticizes women's troubles through Zhao Jun's patriotic behavior. The author of Wu Tongyu publicizes women's troubles through Yang Guifei's * * * and its consequences.
There is no lack of progressive national spirit in the description of An Shi Rebellion in Wu Tongyu. The description of Yang's brother and sister's ending embodies the people's just demand of punishing evil and promoting good, which should be determined by the heart.
As far as artistry is concerned, this play is praised for its beautiful lyrics. For example, at the fourth discount, the thief of Xuanzong returned to China, the prince became the emperor, and Xuanzong retired to the West Palace. He just misses his concubine every day and teaches painters to draw axes to support him. Every day, he becomes more and more worried. "How much has white hair increased in the past six months?" How to put away (put away) the sad face ","Jade fork draws the picture high ","My eyes are hurting my arm "and" Calling Princess Zhenzhen loudly, let me not burst into tears. " Concubine, I often think of Qian Qiu Festival and Huaqing Palace. Qixi party, Wanshoutang: vowed to learn the family of winged birds; Who wants you to take Cai Feng back to Xiao Dan to die? "I have a heart to build a temple in Yang Fei, but I have no right to fight for it, so I thank you for your resignation." "share a pillow when you are alive, and you can't hook up with a coffin after death. "
Xuanzong looked more and more sad and sleepy. He went for a leisurely walk in the pavilion. "I saw the charming face of Lotus and Yang Liuyi's slender waist." "I often remember that the phoenix tree stood in the shade and its red teeth knocked in my hand; He laughed at the whole golden dress and danced to the music. " "Today, the green plate is full of grass, and the fragrance disappears under the fragrant tree; Empty to the well, not the whole city. "
As he walked, he sighed: "It is better to come back." "I should relax and have fun, but I feel old and hated." Back in the bedroom, I became more and more worried. The silver lamp is dim and miserable, and the jade is not reported at the beginning. "In the dark, I hope he will appear in my dream" and "I can't stop screaming". I feel sleepy, anxious, autumn insects chirping, the west wind is evil, clouds cover the fog, and my eyes are hard to meet by the screen. The west wind swept, the fallen leaves floated, the temple rang, the bamboo foil moved, and the jade horse made trouble. The imperial concubine gave a banquet in the Palace of Eternal Life, and ordered Gong E to invite him to dinner. As soon as he said, "Give a hand to prepare for the disciples in the pear garden", he was awakened. "Good dreams will come true and tears will wet your body." Outside the window, the rain of the phoenix tree drips, "sprinkle a piece of residual leaves and drop cold tips", "empty pots and pans for no reason, which makes people anxious." As tight as a jade plate falling beads, as loud as a song before a banquet, as clear as a cold spring waterfall at Cuiyantou, as fierce as embroidery. "Don't be angry and kill people, brother!" I don't mind killing people! All kinds of rain are noisy. "Rain leaves tung withered, raindrops heartbreaking. At the night of the eternal life palace, I swore an oath to the phoenix tree; When you are in the agarwood pavilion, press the dance music. " Today is bleak and lonely, stealing it. " Yang Liuyu, Plum Rain, Pear Rain, Apricot Rain, Lotus Rain and Bean Flower Rain are not like Wu Tongyu's "dream-breaking, hate-adding, and sleepless nights." Straight down, the residual leakage is broken, the pillow is cold, and the candle goes out. ""pour the amount of this rainy night and treat it with people, accompanied by tapping on the copper pot; More rain, more tears. The rain was wet and cold, and tears stained the robe. They refused to forgive each other, and * * * dripped directly on Xiao through a buttonwood tree. "
In this compromise, the author uses the scenery of autumn rain and phoenix tree night to express the inner activities of the protagonist, which is exquisite and realistic and extremely successful.