The Ming Dynasty perished at 1644, but it was decided at 1640.
1640, a large-scale battle took place in Ming and Qing dynasties-the battle of Jinsong.
As we know, after the rise of Jianzhou Nuzhen in the western foot of Changbai Mountain, Songhua River and Liaohe River Basin, the post-Jin regime (the predecessor of the Qing Dynasty) was established in 16 16. After that, the Qing Dynasty became a major worry of the Ming Dynasty. Especially after the Qing Dynasty unified Northeast China and conquered Mongolia, the Qing Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty entered a life-and-death stage.
The outbreak of the Battle of Jin Song became inevitable.
1640 in March, marked by the heavy siege of Jinzhou by Huang taiji of the Qing army, the battle of Jinsong broke out.
164 1 in the spring of, in order to save the Liaodong battlefield and prevent the Qing army from going south, Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty sent Hong Chengchou, the governor of Hebei and Liaoning, with a rate of130,000 troops gathered in Ningyuan (now Xingcheng, Liaoning) outside the customs to stand by and fight with the Qing army to rescue Jinzhou.
Since the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, it has maintained a strong standing army. 1449, when Zhu Qizhen, Ming Yingzong, first faced the Vala Taishi, he brought 200,000 troops. Now Emperor Chongzhen is fighting a decisive battle, with only1.3000 troops. Is this a joke?
Of course not.
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the extension of the occupation time, the fighting capacity of the Ming army declined very badly. In the confrontation with the Qing Dynasty (the late Jin Dynasty), the effective force was continuously consumed. In the Battle of Salhu in 16 19, the Ming Dynasty lost almost all the elite field troops, leaving only a few troops directly under the generals, such as the famous Ning Guan fighters, with a total of only three * * *. This time, Emperor Chongzhen searched all his possessions and pieced together an army of 6.5438+0.3 million, which was his last capital.
The battle was won by Emperor Chongzhen, so he sent eight company commanders, Yang, Wang Pu, Tang Tong, Bai Guangen, Cao Bianjiao, Marco, Wang and Wu Sangui, to the front under the unified leadership of Hong Chengchou.
Hong Chengchou, like Yuan Chonghuan, was born a scholar and gained a reputation as a scholar, but eventually he joined the army and made a name for himself. Hong Chengchou served as the governor of Shaanxi Trilateral, and fought against the peasant rebels in Li Zicheng. He adopted the policy of "first restraining and then strengthening, first restraining and then comforting", which made the peasant uprising army in northern Shaanxi suffer repeated wars and defeats. Li Zicheng was defeated in Tongguan, only riding with 18, and fled to Shangluo Mountain in southern Shaanxi.
Emperor Chongzhen sent Hong Chengchou to the customs to fight against the Qing army, and placed high hopes on him. Can Hong Chengchou live up to the high hopes of Emperor Chongzhen?
At the beginning of the campaign, Hong Chengchou's strategy was to slowly but surely move closer to Jinzhou. This strategy seems to be very effective. In the battle of Feng Ru in July of that year, the Ming army and the Qing army met for the first time, and the Qing army suffered heavy casualties and nearly collapsed.
However, Chen Xinjia, the minister of the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty, made a quick decision for the Ming army on the grounds of "more soldiers and more difficulties". What Xin Chen A said is also an objective situation. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, 6,543,800+3,000 troops went out to fight, and the pressure of logistics support was great. Everyone wants to end the battle early. Emperor Chongzhen agreed to Chen Xinjia's suggestion and ordered Hong Chengchou to speed up the March.
When Hong Chengchou led130,000 troops to Qijiabao (Qijiabao, Jinxian County, Liaoning Province) in the north of Jinzhou, he met Huang Taiji's troops who came to Mercedes-Benz on a starry night. Seeing that the Ming army had a large number of people, but the formation was very long, and the elite troops were deployed in the front team and the rear team was weak, Huang Taiji sent troops to dig three trenches, which were wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and cut off the Ming army's route for providing foodstuff.
Subsequently, the decisive battle started between Jinzhou and Songshan.
According to the situation at that time, the Ming army outnumbered the Qing army, and the firearms of the Ming army were also superior to the Qing army, which should have gained the upper hand. However, the Ming army has not defeated the Qing army for many years, and its internal merits have not been reported. The officers and men have long lost their fighting spirit and will be defeated in the first battle with the Qing army. How to fight such a battle?
Hong Chengchou led his troops to break through many times, but they were stubbornly blocked by the Qing army and failed. 1642, 18 In February, the besieged Songshan City in Hong Chengchou was attacked by the Qing army, and Hong Chengchou was captured by the Qing army and later surrendered; Qiu, Wang and Cao, the commanders of the Ming Dynasty, were all killed. On March 8, Zu Dashou saw that the tide was gone and led his troops to surrender to the Qing army.
At this point, the battle of Jin Song, which lasted for nearly two years, came to an end.
In the battle of Jinsong, the Ming Dynasty lost the last 6.5438+0.3 million troops, and the generals guarding the border died in battle. A large number of armaments fell into the hands of the Qing army. "Records of Emperor Taizong of Qing Dynasty" records: "In this battle, 53,783 people were killed, 7,440 horses and 9,346 pieces of armor were harvested. The Ming army went to sea from Xingshan to Tashan in the south, many people died and abandoned tens of thousands of military forces and armor. There are many floating bodies in the sea, like geese. "
In short, the Ming army lost miserably!
Not only that, all the Ming strongholds outside the customs fell into the hands of the Qing army, leaving only Shanhaiguan pass. Now, there is not much time left for the Ming dynasty; It is only a matter of time before the Qing army enters the customs on a large scale.