1, deductive argument;
2. Inductive demonstration (example demonstration);
3. Comparative argumentation (analogical argumentation, comparative argumentation);
4. Metaphorical argument.
Difference:
1. Deductive argument is a method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary.
There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity.
2. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics.
Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.
3. Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual. Usually divided into two categories: one is analogy and the other is comparison.
4. Metaphor argument is to use metaphor as an argument and analogy to demonstrate analogy (topic). In the figurative argument, the figurative person is a set of vivid examples, which contain certain relations and truths, while the figurative person is an abstract truth.
Although the figurative person and the figurative person are two different things, there is a general principle of * * * between them, so there is a reasoning relationship between them. Metaphorical argument is a way to demonstrate fables (topics) with fables as arguments.
Extended data:
Factual argumentation uses true, reliable and representative examples to prove the argument, specifically and forcefully prove the central argument, enhance the persuasiveness, interest and authority of the article, and make the article easy to understand.
Reasoning can enhance the persuasiveness or literary talent of the article and make the argument more powerful or attractive.
The contrast between right and wrong is clear and impressive, which makes the argument more powerful or attractive.
Metaphorical reasoning is easy to understand, vivid and easily accepted.
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2. What kind of reasoning method is used in the story of Qi Huan and Jinwen in classical Chinese? Mencius was praised more for his active grasp of the argument and his endless, circuitous and leisurely reasoning process.
Step by step, he led Qi Xuanwang to his own road of "benevolent governance". On this road, he abandoned "the matter of Qi Huan's literary works" and talked about the art of "protecting the people as kings", avoiding reality and seeking common ground while reserving differences. Use the little thing of "sheep for cattle" to explore each other's strengths, give each other confidence and shorten the distance between the two sides; Tell the truth, give examples first, such as "citing without sending, jumping like it", and promoting inspiration step by step; Know perfectly well past ask, grasp, guide and attract people's "encirclement and suppression" methods, from Qi Xuanwang's lofty exploration to his own admission that he was "too tired to get in", which was amazing. In just one chapter, the waves roll, the clouds open and close, and the volume is easy.
Lead without twists and turns, step by step, ups and downs, rigorous logic, interlocking.
3. The characteristics of the reasoning method in the classical Chinese novel "The Struggle between Snakes and Clams"
Zhao beheaded Yan, and Su called Dai Yan, saying, "Now I'm here, mussels are exposed, snipes peck at their meat, and mussels are not sweet." The snipe said, "If it doesn't rain today, it will die tomorrow!" " The clam is also called a snipe, saying,' If you don't come out today or tomorrow, there will be a dead snipe! The two refused to give up. The fisherman got it and caught it. Now Zhao Heyan and Zhao support each other for a long time, which is detrimental to public expectations. I'm worried that Qiang Qin will become a fisherman, so I hope the king can have skills. "Hui Wang said," good! "Stop here.
When Zhao wanted to attack Yan, Su Weiyan lobbied Zhao, saying, "Today, when I crossed Yishui, I saw an old clam afraid to come out to bask in the sun, but a snipe came to peck at its meat. The clam immediately closed its two shells and just grabbed the snipe's mouth. The snipe said,' Little clam, it won't rain today and it won't rain tomorrow. At this moment, an old fisherman happened to pass by and caught them both. Now that Zhao has attacked Yan, Yan and Zhao have been deadlocked for a long time, which is not good for both sides. I'm afraid the powerful state of Qin will become an outlaw. Please think it over carefully. "Zhao Huiwang said," Good. " So he stopped his plan to attack Yan.
To annotate ...
Zhao, the name of the country during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, is located in the south of Hebei Province and the east of Shanxi Province.
Yan-Yin Yan, the name of the country in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, is located in the northern part of Hebei Province.
Su Dai was a famous lobbyist in the Warring States Period, and his name was Su Qin's younger brother.
Huiwang-Huiwen Wang, the monarch of Zhao, is named.
Exposure-sound shop means dryness.
Snipe-lingering sound, a waterfowl with brown feathers, long mouth and legs, preys on fish, insects and shellfish.
Dry sound money, with the word "clamp", means to clip things.
Mouth, especially that of birds and animals.
Fisherman-that is, the "fisherman" behind him-takes fishing as his business.
Capture-lyre, capture means capture.
Support-support here means stalemate and confrontation.
Disadvantages-ills, injuries, here means exhaustion. False word bird: Used as a predicate with the verb "catch". Refers to the state of being caught.
Forrest Gump: sound money, the same as "pliers", means to hold something.
Write comments on (literary works) and mark them with dots and circles to attract attention.
This is a profound lesson that has been known to everyone for thousands of years. This story shows that comrades and friends should unite and help each other, instead of intrigue, they should see clearly and deal with the enemies who are in cahoots. Otherwise, it will inevitably create opportunities for the enemy to exploit loopholes and suffer disasters.
4. "What kind of reasoning method is used in Qi Huan's inscriptions in classical Chinese? Metaphor: This article is a concrete manifestation of Mencius' preaching his own kingly theory to Qi Xuanwang and his people-oriented thought.
At first, Qi Xuanwang asked him about Ji Huan and Jin Wen. In fact, he wanted a way to "dominate" the world. Mencius skillfully led the topic of "hegemony" to "kingly way" and clearly put forward the viewpoint of "protecting the people as kings, but not resisting"
Then, around this argument, I cited factual analogies and examples, and finally came to the conclusion that only by being benevolent can we serve the world. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive.
At the same time, Mencius put forward specific measures, that is, to make the people have "regular production", provide for the old, teach the young and live and work in peace and contentment. Let the people be "neither hungry nor cold".
This shows that Mencius' benevolent policy has the real content of benefiting the country and the people. As far as artistic features are concerned, eloquence is a major feature of Mencius.
In Mencius' debate, he skillfully used logical reasoning (such as analogical reasoning) to introduce the other side into his own preset conclusion, thus convincing the other side. Being good at using metaphors and fables is another major feature of Mencius' prose. He used vivid metaphors to explain the abstract truth, which added interest to the article and was very convincing.
For example, this paper "Do whatever you want, you can do whatever you want" vividly reveals that it is impossible to achieve the goal of "opening up the territory, taking care of the four foreigners in Qin Chu and coming to China" by "hegemony". Another feature of Mencius' prose is the extensive use of rhetorical devices such as parallelism and complex sentences, which makes his prose form a magnificent and eloquent style.
The formation of this style is also closely related to his personal personality cultivation, as he himself said: "I am good at cultivating my noble spirit." ("Mencius? In terms of language, Mencius' prose is clear and concise, which has a great influence on the language of later articles.
5. Classical argumentation method 1: inductive argumentation (example argumentation) 2: deductive argumentation 3: comparative argumentation (analogy argumentation, contrast argumentation) 4: figurative argumentation 1: inductive argumentation (example argumentation) inductive argumentation is a kind of argumentation method from individual to general.
It draws a general conclusion through many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their characteristics. Induction can give examples before drawing a conclusion, or it can put forward a conclusion and prove it with examples.
The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Example method is an argument method to prove the argument with individual and typical concrete examples.
2. Deductive argumentation Deductive argumentation is a method of argumentation from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the relationship between its premise and conclusions is necessary.
There are many forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning and selective reasoning, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion.
Such as the major premise that all metals can conduct electricity, iron is the minor premise of metals, and iron can conduct electricity. 3. Comparative argument (analogy argument, comparative argument) Comparative argument is an argument method from individual to individual.
Usually divided into two categories: one is analogy and the other is comparison. 1, analogy.
Analogy argument is based on the similarity or similarity of two objects in some attributes, and infers that they are similar or similar in other attributes. Its logical form is: A has the attributes of A, B, C and D, and B has the attributes of A, B and C, so B may have the attribute of D, which belongs to inductive reasoning in formal logic. Analogical reasoning belongs to probabilistic reasoning, which is a reasoning mode from special to special and from individual to individual. Its conclusion is not necessarily true, but reliable to some extent.
In some cases, it is sometimes impossible to obtain more accurate arguments. It is sometimes effective to prove by analogy.
Analogy is enlightening, making it easy for readers to understand abstract truth and making the article concise and vivid. When using this method, it should be noted that analogy objects should have the same or similar attributes to prevent mechanical analogy.
Because the premise of analogy is something special, and the conclusion of analogy reasoning is probable, it will not be enough to discuss complex problems only through analogy reasoning. Analogy has a certain philosophical basis because the world is diverse and unified.
Judging from the way of thinking, analogy argument is not limited to the superficial differences of things. It tries to find common ground in differences by connecting different things, thus involving dialectical factors, which has its significance in the process of understanding the objective world. Although many analogies are not necessarily valid, they can be used as assumptions for further research. However, as a way of argument, because it is a kind of probabilistic reasoning, its conclusion is not completely reliable, so it is often expressed as "possible"; In addition, even the basically correct analogy conclusion contains some fallacies.
Generally speaking, the reliability of analogical reasoning depends on the relationship between the attributes owned by * * * and the derived attributes. If the attribute of * * * is closely related to the derived attribute, the reliability of the conclusion will be greater; If the degree of connection is low, the reliability of the conclusion is low; If it's irrelevant, you can't make an analogy.
Pay attention to the following points when using analogy: (1) Use similar objects for analogy. There are infinitely many things in the world that have some identical or similar properties, and some of them are completely irrelevant. Comparing them is unconvincing.
(2) Avoid using analogy alone to demonstrate a way of argument. It is best to combine it with other argumentation methods to make it play a supplementary and rich role.
(3) Pay attention to the reliability of the conclusion. Unless there are certain circumstances, the conclusion is generally only a possibility.
In terms of expression, we should grasp the discretion and not be absolute. 2. Comparative demonstration.
Contrastive argument is a different way of thinking, which focuses on revealing the essence of the argument that needs to be demonstrated from the contrast of opposite or different attributes of things. The reason why comparative argument is widely used is that there are many things that can be compared, such as Chinese and foreign, ancient and modern, size, strength and so on. , are suitable for comparison. After analyzing and clarifying the difference between the two, it is obvious that the argument can be established naturally.
Contrast can be a comparison between two objects or a comparison of the same object at different stages. The former is called horizontal comparison and the latter is called vertical comparison. Using the method of vertical comparison, we can't stay at the static judgment level of formal logic, otherwise, it will sometimes appear unconvincing.
Several problems should be paid attention to when using comparative argument: First, the two sides of comparison should be comparable. Second, we should establish a reasonable frame of reference.
To compare, we must have a reasonable * * * frame of reference. Without a * * * frame of reference, the two cannot be compared. The so-called reference refers to the standards used to measure and determine the advantages and disadvantages of both parties. Such standards must be objective, otherwise the conclusion of comparison may not be reliable.
4. Metaphorical argumentation Metaphorical argumentation is to demonstrate with metaphor and to demonstrate the truth of analogy with people (topics). In the figurative argument, the figurative person is a set of vivid examples, which contain certain relations and truths, while the figurative person is an abstract truth.
Although the figurative person and the figurative person are two different things, there is a general principle of * * * between them, so there is a reasoning relationship between them. Metaphorical argument is a way to demonstrate fables (topics) with fables as arguments.
When using metaphors, we should pay attention to several issues: First, the things used as metaphors should be familiar, specific and simple, so as to explain another thing in a popular and vivid way. Second, the metaphor should be appropriate and natural, and it should be able to properly explain the characteristics of the things being demonstrated.
Teachers can be compared to candles and silkworms, which shows that they have given everything selflessly, but they can't be compared to keeping others clean, but like increasingly dirty rags and brooms. This metaphor is called "the loss of metaphorical meaning". Thirdly, any metaphor is flawed because of the lack of essential internal relations between the two sides of metaphor.
To discuss a problem completely and profoundly, we should not only rely on a few metaphors, but also combine examples.
6. What reasoning skills were used in China's classical fencing? I took pains to say that in Jianzhuang yesterday, Zhao Wen, Wang Xijian and swordsman closed their doors with more than 3,000 guests, hitting each other day and night, killing and injuring more than 100 years old.
If it takes three years, the country will decline and the princes will seek it. The prince was very worried, so he raised his right hand and said, "Who can say that the king will stop the swordsman and give them a daughter?"
Say around: "Zhuangzi can." Prince is to let people use thousands of dollars to serve Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi.
When he went with the messenger, he saw the prince and said, "Those who heard that the prince wanted to use Zhou were heartbroken by the king's love. The messenger said that the king disobeyed the king's will, and if he was not a prince, he would be punished by the body and die. What did Shang Zhou Ann do? The messenger said that the king is a king and he is a prince. What does Zhao Can want? " The prince said, "Of course.
My king only looks at swordsman. Zhuangzi said, "No, Zhoushan is a sword."
The prince said, "Today, the master will be convinced by Confucianism, and it will be unfavorable to meet you." Zhuangzi said, "Please wait for the sword suit."
After three days of sword therapy, I met the prince. The prince is with the king.
Zhuangzi refused to enter the temple gate and worship the king. The king said, "How can I teach you?" He said, "I heard about Wang Xi's sword, so I saw the king carrying it."
The king said, "How can the sword of the son be forbidden?" Yue: "The sword of the minister, ten steps and one person, thousands of miles without leaving a line." Wang Dayue said: "The world is invincible!" Zhuangzi said, "The husband is a swordsman, show his weakness, exploit his advantage, then push it out and achieve it.
I'm willing to try. The king said, "master, if you don't have a rest, you will give up waiting."
Ask the master to set up a play. "Wang Naixiao swordsmen seven days, killing more than 60 people, killing five or six people, so that the sword to your highness, called Zhuangzi.
Wang said, "Try Shi Dunjian today." Zhuangzi said: "I have been looking forward to it for a long time."
The king said, "How long is the stick made by the master?" He said, "I can give anything I want. However, I have three swords, which are for the exclusive use of the king. Please say it first and then try again. "
The king said, "I want to smell three swords." He said, "There are heavenly swords, prince's swords and Shu Ren's swords. "
The king said, "Where is the sword of the son of heaven?" Yue: "The sword of the son of heaven, with Shicheng in Huo Yan as the front and Qi Dai as the head; Wrapped in four changes, wrapped in four seasons; The system is based on five behaviors, and the theory is based on criminal morality; To the clouds, to the Jedi. When this sword is used, the prince will be conquered and the world will be served. "
King Wen Li was at a loss and said, "Where's the sword of the vassal?" Yue: "The sword of the princes is based on the brave and the incorruptible; Go to France to make it smooth, go to France at four o'clock to make it smooth, and neutralize public opinion to make it safe. Once you use this sword, all the guests will obey your orders within four letters. "
The king said, "What about Shu Ren's sword?" "Shu Ren sword, hair sticking out from the temple, crown hanging down, speechless with anger. It's like cockfighting. Once you die, you can't use it to deal with state affairs.
Today, the king has the status of the son of heaven and is good at Shu Ren's sword, but I stole it for the king. "Wang Nai led to the temple.
Kill for food, Wang Sanhuan. Zhuangzi said, "Your Majesty, sit still and hold your breath. The sword has been drawn. "
So King Wen did not leave the palace in March, and all the swordsmen killed him for him. (from Zhuangzi Jian Shuo, abridged) 1. In the following sentences, the explanation of bold type is incorrect: () A. If the country declines for three years, the princes will plot/plot: for ...
B.please take the sword/cure: get ready. C. Zhuangzi did not follow/follow when entering the temple: small steps and quick steps.
D. Wang Naixiao swordsman for seven days/sect: competition. 2. Among the following groups of sentences, the group with the same meaning and usage in bold type is () A.① Beating the former Hanoi day and night and moving the people to the east of the river B.① A hundred years of death and injury, a hundred years of tiredness, a hundred years of no benefit C. Now the master will meet the king in obedience to Confucianism, and all the people in the world are looking forward to it. When the prince saw the king, he won without helping the five countries. 3.
(2) the prince is to make people with his daughter in Zhuangzi, Zhuangzi. (3) Zhuangzi refused to enter the temple gate and refused to worship the king.
I heard Wang Xi's sword, so I saw the king carrying it. However, I have three swords, which are for the exclusive use of the king. Please say it before you try.
6. The king is sitting quietly, and the sword has been completed. A. 123B。 156C。 246D。 3454. The following understanding and analysis of the relevant contents of this article, the correct one is () A. Zhuangzi's swordsmanship is superb, and he can't kill one person in ten steps, so he can run thousands of miles, so King Wen of Zhao called it "invincible in the world".
B. Zhuangzi used metaphor, exaggeration, contrast and other methods to admonish Zhao Wenwang skillfully. C Zhuangzi Kuang, there are three kinds of swords: Tian Zi Jian, warlord Jian and Shu Ren Jian. He gently pointed out that King Wen of Zhao actually liked Tian Zi's sword, not Shu Ren's sword.
D The article "Saying Sword" aims to persuade King Wen of Zhao not to fight, which embodies the thoughts of Zhuangzi and the Quiet School. 5. Translate the following sentences into modern Chinese.
(1) People who heard that the prince was going to spend the week were also heartbroken by the king. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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