(1) Earthwork
Earthwork calculation and earthwork construction are mainly carried out according to the vertical design, and the garden construction site is trimmed and trimmed.
Earthwork quantity calculation is generally based on the contour lines of the original terrain according to the designed terrain, but through calculation, sometimes the deficiencies in the design drawings can be reversed to make the drawings more perfect. The calculation of earthwork in the planning stage does not need to be too accurate, but only needs to be estimated, while in the construction drawing, it needs to be more accurate.
The calculation method of earthwork quantity is as follows:
(1) volume method: estimate the earthwork volume by using the volume formula.
(2) Section method: it is a group of equidistant (or unequal) parallel to each other.
The calculated plots and terrain units (such as mountains, streams, ponds, islands, etc.) are segmented. ) and earthwork (such as dikes, ditches, cutting, road grooves, etc. ) is divided into "segments", and the volumes of these "segments" are calculated respectively, and then the volumes of each segment are accumulated to obtain the total earthwork volume of the calculation object.
(3) Grid method: The grid method combines the design of leveling site with the calculation of earthwork. The specific working procedure of the grid method is as follows:
Use contour lines to make a grid on the topographic map of the construction site to control the construction site, according to the design intent, such as ground shape, slope direction, slope value, etc. Determine the design elevation and construction elevation of each corner, divide the filling and excavation area, calculate the earthwork volume, and draw the excavation plan and site design contour map.
Earthwork construction was not carried out according to the arrangement of digging, transporting, filling and tamping designed by the construction organization to meet the requirements of the construction site.
(2) Garden water supply and drainage works
Mainly garden water supply engineering and garden drainage engineering.
Garden water supply and drainage and sewage treatment engineering is one of the important parts of garden engineering, which must meet people's requirements for water quantity, water quality and water pressure. Water will be polluted in the process of use, and perfect water supply and drainage engineering and sewage treatment engineering play a very important role in garden construction and environmental protection.
1, garden water supply
Water supply is divided into domestic water, production water and fire water. The first source of water supply is surface water, mainly rivers, lakes and reservoirs, which is rich in water and is the main water source of garden buildings. The second is underground water sources, such as spring water and confined water. When selecting the water supply source, we must first meet the requirements of good water quality, sufficient water quantity and easy protection. Ideally, it is directly connected from the nearest urban water supply pipe network system near the scenic spot. If there is no water supply network nearby, first choose groundwater, and then consider the water of rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
Water supply system generally consists of water intake structures, pumping stations, water purification structures, water pipelines, water towers and high-level pools.
2. Garden drainage
(1) composition of drainage system
1) sewage drainage system: it consists of indoor sanitary equipment and sewage pipeline system.
System, outdoor sewage pipeline system, sewage pumping station and pressure pipeline, sewage treatment and utilization structures, water outlets discharged into water bodies, etc.
2) rainwater drainage system: it consists of rainwater pipe and canal system, water outlet,
Rain mouth, etc.
(2) the form of drainage system
Sewage and rainwater pipes can be arranged in a tree shape on the plane and discharged from high to low along the slope of the ground and road. Natural ground or open ditch drainage should be used as much as possible to reduce investment.
Commonly used forms are:
1) Topographic drainage: Valley, stream, ditch and ground are separated vertically.
Slope and path are divided into drainage areas in an organized way when nature permits, and discharged into water body or nearby rainwater main pipes, which can save investment. Topography is used for drainage, and turf is planted on the surface. The maximum slope of running water is 5‰.
2) Open trench drainage: it mainly refers to earthwork open trench, and some sections can also be built with mortar masonry, stone masonry and concrete open trench as required, with a slope of not less than 4‰.
3) Pipeline drainage: Bury the pipeline in the ground with a certain slope and drain it through the drainage structure.
In our country, the drainage of garden green space is mainly surface and open ditch drainage, and in some areas, culvert drainage can also be used as an auxiliary means. Open ditch drainage should be adapted to local conditions and combined with local topography.
In order to make the runoff formed by surface rainwater be diverted and eliminated in time and quickly, but it will not cause excessive velocity to scour the topsoil and lead to soil erosion, the topographic design should be considered comprehensively in combination with water control in vertical planning and design.
(3) Waterscape project
Including small sluice, bank protection, slope protection and pool engineering, fountains, etc.
At all times and in all countries, all photography involves water. Water is the main factor in the creation of environmental art space, which can form various patterns of garden landscape and reproduce nature artistically. There are four basic forms of water: one-day running water, which is divided into rapid and slow, deep and shallow; The second is falling into the water. If water falls from a height, it will fall through wire, cloth, suspension, strips, etc. , can be gurgling leisurely, can also be magnificent. The third is still water, peaceful and quiet, crystal clear; The fourth kind is pressure water, which shows a dynamic beauty, such as splashing, surging, overflowing and intermittent water. Landscape with water, dynamic and static complement each other, sound and emotion set each other off, virtual and real set each other off, with rich levels. After getting water, ancient trees, pavilions and rocks are inseparable and will have a special charm. Water bodies such as pools, streams, rivers and lakes, waterfalls, fountains, etc. often give people a strong appeal of moving in silence, making sounds in silence, winning more with small ones and making people memorable.
1, urban water system and garden waterscape
(1) Pond, bank protection and slope protection
The pool materials include concrete pool, brick pool and flexible structure pool. Different materials, shapes and requirements have different designs and constructions. In the garden, the pool can be made of brick (stone), with simple structure, saving formwork and steel, convenient construction and low cost. In recent years, with the emergence of new building materials, the pool structure appears as a flexible structure, which is a new way of combining rigidity with flexibility. At present, there are commonly used in engineering practice: concrete pool, brick pool, glass cloth asphalt cushion pool, recycled rubber film pool, linoleum waterproof layer (two felt and three oil) pool and so on.
The appearance of various landscaping pools, such as pavilions, diving stones, ladders, fish ponds, etc., is also a diversified embodiment of people's demand for waterscape projects, while various artificial fountains are
A variety of colorful underwater lights are arranged in the festival, which is unpredictable and adds to the festive atmosphere. The large musical computer fountain in front of Tiananmen Square is undoubtedly the embodiment of contemporary high technology.
2) The water body of the revetment and the revetment garden shall have a stable and beautiful waterfront, and a certain ratio of land to water surface area shall be maintained to prevent the land from being flooded or the waterfront from collapsing, or the water body and the shore wall from collapsing due to frost heaving, anchorage, wind and waves, etc., thus undermining the original design intention. Therefore, it is necessary to build bank protection and slope protection on the edge of water body. Garden revetment can be divided into natural type and integral type according to section shape. Large water bodies or regular water bodies often adopt the form of integral straight revetment, which is composed of bricks, concrete and stones. However, small water bodies or water bodies with stable water level in gardens often adopt natural rock revetment to make them into shapes such as rocks, stones, cliffs and caves.
When designing a barge, it is necessary to determine the plane position and the elevation of the top of the dike. The revetment adjacent to the urban river is constructed according to the plane position specified by the urban water system, while the position of the revetment in the park is determined according to the architectural design of the lake. The constant water level line on the plan shows the position of the water surface, and the elevation of the dike top should be higher than the highest water level to ensure that the lake will not flood into the shore and land surface due to wind and waves, but the specific situation depends on the actual situation. When laying, it is required to be firm and stable, and the revetment is mainly driven by piling or firewood sinking, often with lath, rubble concrete, concrete and reinforced concrete, with mortar lath or mortar rubble jointing, brick plastered with waterproof mortar, reinforced concrete and rockfill as the wall, and lath, rock, concrete block and vegetation as the roof.
Slope protection is mainly to prevent landslides, reduce the erosion of surface water and wind waves, and ensure the stability of bank slopes. Common methods are: riprap slope protection plus willow trees and paving stones.
(2) Small sluice
Sluices are widely used in gardens. Sluice is a hydraulic structure that controls the flow in and out of a certain section. According to their functions, sluices are generally divided into intake sluices (located at the entrance of water body to connect the upstream and control the water output), control sluices (located at the exit of water body to connect the downstream and control the water output) and sub-sluices (used to control the water output of tributaries of water body). When selecting the gate position, we should know the topography, geology and hydrology of the gate position, especially the design parameters, so as to determine the gate position.
Sluice structure can be divided into three parts from bottom to top: foundation, sluice bottom and sluice superstructure. When determining the structural size of a small sluice, the data to be understood include: external water level, internal water level, lake bottom elevation, safe superelevation, linear distance from the farthest bank in front of the sluice, soil type and engineering properties, ground elevation near the sluice and flow requirements.
The required data are calculated through design: gate hole width, gate top elevation, gate wall height, gate bottom plate length and thickness, gate pier size, gate, etc.
(3) Artificial spring
Artificial spring is a kind of waterscape arrangement that has arisen in China in recent years. With the development of science and technology, various fountains, waterfalls, spewing springs, overflowing springs and falling into the water have appeared, which not only greatly enriched the waterscape of modern gardens, but also improved the microclimate. Waterfalls, geysers, fountains and falling water are also landscapes that reproduce the natural form of water in waterscape projects. Their key is not their size, but their true reproduction. For water control projects such as revetments, islands, fan beaches, river bends, ponds and streams, first-class methods such as source, movement, comparison, setting off, melody, light and shadow, hiding and painting should be used to make them reappear in line with the natural water potential, so as to achieve "seeing the big with small", "winning more with less" and "opening up the world". There are many types of fountains, the common ones are:
(1) Common decorative fountain: a fixed water-spraying type that is often composed of various flower-shaped patterns.
(2) Sculpture Decorative Fountain: The water spray modeling of the fountain combines sculpture and sketch.
(3) Artificial water landscaping: such as artificial or mechanical waterfalls, water curtains and other large water columns.
(4) Self-control fountain: Using advanced computer technology or electronic technology, sound, light and electricity are integrated into the fountain technology to create colorful water features. Such as music fountain, computer-controlled fountain, geyser, etc.
The size and planning of the fountain mainly depends on the functions given to it in the planning, but it has a great relationship with the wind direction, wind force and climate temperature of the fountain's geographical location, which directly affects the area and shape of the fountain. Besides meeting the layout requirements of nozzles, pipes, pumps, water inlets, water outlets, overflow ports, suction pits, etc. The plane size of the fountain should also prevent water from being blown out of the pool by the wind at the design wind speed, so the plane size of the fountain should generally be increased by 0.5- 1.0m per side than the calculation requirements.
The depth of the fountain should be determined according to the layout requirements of pipelines and equipment. When installing a submersible pump, the submerged depth of the suction port should be no less than 0.5m, and when installing the suction port of a water pump, the submerged depth of the suction port should be no less than 0.5m. The pump house is mostly underground or semi-underground, and the ground drainage should be considered. The ground should have a slope of not less than 5‰, facing the sump. Ventilation should be strengthened in the pump room. In order to solve the coordination problem between the semi-underground pump house and the surrounding landscape, the pump house is often designed as a pavilion, platform, waterside pavilion or hidden under cliffs and waterfalls.
The common nozzle forms of fountain are: single nozzle, spray nozzle, annular spray chamber, rotating nozzle, fan nozzle, porous nozzle, special nozzle, combined nozzle and so on. When designing a fountain, the nozzle flow, the total flow and the total lift of the fountain should be calculated. Because there are many factors that affect the fountain design, it needs to be properly adjusted or even partially modified during installation and operation.
Underwater lamp in fountain is a necessary measure to ensure the effect of fountain, especially in today's advanced modern technology, the comprehensive application of light, machine, electricity and sound will make fountain technology more attractive in garden landscape.
(4) Auxiliary assembly engineering
This paper mainly introduces the linear design, paving in the park and construction of the park road.
Lu Yuan 1
Garden Road is not only a traffic line, but also a scenic spot. Garden Road is like a vein. Roads are not only the boundary of scenic spots that separate them, but also the "link" that connects them. It has the artistic functions of guiding tourists, organizing traffic, dividing spatial interfaces and forming gardens. The garden road is divided into main roads, secondary roads and paths (natural sightseeing trails). The main garden road connects the scenic spots, the secondary garden road connects the scenic spots, and the path is quiet. At present, the classification of garden roads has also been put forward by peers: combined with the practical experience of planning and design of some typical scenic cities and scenic spots in China and referring to the experience of foreign counterparts, it is suggested to divide them into two categories: scenic tourist roads and garden roads, each with its own classification and corresponding technical standards. In the design of garden road engineering, the plane alignment design in the middle of the road is to specifically determine the position of the road on the flat road, and determine the center position and straight line segment of the road according to the survey data, the requirements of the natural grade of the road and the needs of the landscape. If the linear design of the road profile is indeed the correct elevation of the route, the length of longitudinal slopes in each section should meet the sight distance requirements, and the radius of vertical curves should be selected, the curves should be configured, the design lines should be determined, the fill height should be calculated, the bridges and culverts, revetments and retaining walls should be positioned, and the profile design drawings should be drawn. Choose the radius of flat curve, and solve the curve connection reasonably. , so as to draw the road plane design.
Roads in scenic spots and other places can not only be regarded as tourist passages from one place to another, but should be an inseparable part of the whole landscape environment. Therefore, when considering roads, we should use topography to create landscapes, and use natural plant communities and vegetation to create the landscape effect of ecological green corridors.
The landscape characteristics of roads can also make use of the differences in appearance and local characteristics of different types of plants to produce a sense of signs through different combinations and specific shapes of outer contours. At the same time, the roads in the park can be arranged as a "ring network" to organize non-repetitive tour routes and traffic guidance. The garden roads at all levels are winding, opening and closing alternately, and people are getting better gradually. The road network of the garden road should be clearly graded, and the tortuous response of the garden road should be conceived. It is necessary to organically combine artistic conception and functional purpose to make tourists move from one place to another.
The parking lot design in scenic tourist areas and gardens should be located at the edge of the import and export of important scenic spots, close to the road leading to endless scenic spots. At the same time, parking spaces should be arranged according to different types and properties of vehicles, and traffic routes must be clear. In the design, the properties of pavement structure, greening, lighting, drainage and parking lot are comprehensively considered, and corresponding ancillary facilities are configured. From the mechanical properties of pavement, the pavement structure of garden road can be divided into flexible pavement, rigid pavement and garden pavement.
2. Block stone pavement
Garden paving is one of the traditional gardening techniques in China, but it has been innovated and developed. There are both practical and artistic requirements. It is mainly used to guide and organize visitors' activities by enhanced artistic means, express different themes and emotions, and use interface functions to divide space, pattern and form to enhance visual effects. Generally speaking, pavement art design should be carried out, including pattern design, pavement space design, structural design, pavement material design and so on. Commonly used paving materials are divided into natural materials and artificial materials. Natural materials include: blue (red) stone, slate, pebble, gravel, strip (block) stone, broken marble fragments, etc. Artificial materials include: blue bricks, terrazzo, cut fake stones, natural concrete, colored concrete, asphalt concrete, etc. For example, the sidewalk in Tiananmen Square in Beijing is covered with pink granite, which not only meets the landscape requirements, but also has a good visual effect.
(5) rockery project
Including rockery materials and mining methods, rock placement and layout, rockery structure and facilities, etc.
Rockery project is a professional project of landscape construction, and what people usually call "rockery project" actually includes rockery and stone setting. The rockery technology in China gardens is mainly for beautifying the environment and providing sightseeing, and it also has some other functions. Rockery is a landscape artificially reconstructed with mud, stones and so on. As a material, natural landscape as a blueprint, artistic refinement and exaggeration. As for the ornament of sporadic rocks, it is called "setting stones", which mainly shows the individual beauty or local combination beauty of rocks. The rockery has a large area and can be visited, which makes people feel like they are in nature, while the stone is mainly for viewing, which is small and scattered. Rockery and stone head can be used as the main scenery and terrain skeleton of natural landscape gardens, such as Nanjing Exhibition Garden, Shanghai Yuyuan Garden, Yangzhou Geyuan, Suzhou Huanxiu Mountain Villa and other gardens with prominent main scenery, all of which are dominated by mountains, supplemented by water, and buildings are in a secondary position or even embellishment. Secondly, it can be used as a means to divide and organize space in gardens, and is often used in gardens with dense layout. For example, the Yuanmingyuan uses earthen mountains to separate scenic spots, and the Summer Palace uses rockery west of Renshou Hall as a means to divide space and block scenery. Use rock sketch as a means to decorate garden space and set off buildings and plants. Rockery can balance earthwork, and piled stones can be used as revetment, slope protection and pavilion stones, as well as natural furniture or devices in flower beds and indoor places, such as stone benches, stone tables and stone guardrails. They skillfully combine the landscaping function and practical function of rockeries and become the treasures of gardening technology in China.
Because of the different materials used, rockeries can be divided into earth mountains, stone mountains and earth-rock mountains. Common rockery materials are: lake stone (including Taihu stone, Fangshan stone, quartz stone, etc. ), Yellowstone, bluestone, stalagmite (including ginkgo bamboo shoots, black bamboo shoots, emblem bamboo shoots, stalactite bamboo shoots, etc. ) and other stone products (such as wood fossils, pine bark stones, stone corals, etc. ).
1, stone mosaic
There are few rock materials for placing stones, and the construction is relatively simple. Placement of stone can be divided into special placement, scattered placement and group placement. Specially placed, known as Mo Lifeng in the south of the Yangtze River, is a close-up treatment of rocks. A single rock with large volume and changeable posture is often used, and several rocks are put together to form a mountain peak. Scattering is also called "scattering point". This kind of stone has lower requirements for stones than "special mosaic", and the combination of stones sets off the environment to win. It is often used on both sides of the garden gate, in the corridor, in front of the white wall, on the hillside, at the bridge head, on the roadside, etc. , or to decorate buildings and corners. Scattering points should be divided into cohesion, discontinuity, primary and secondary, high and low, and twists and turns. Large scattered points are called "group placement", which is different from "scattered points" in that they are located in a larger space, the material for placing stones is larger, and there are more piles for placing stones.
To make "scattered points" on the foundation with good soil quality, it is only necessary to open shallow grooves to tamp the plain soil. If the soil is poor, it can be tamped with bricks. The structure of large dispersion points is similar to that of mountains.
The layout of the rock case should be in the glade or in the shade to facilitate the rest of tourists. At the same time, its installation also avoids the symmetrical arrangement of general furniture. In addition to their practical functions, they should also highlight their landscaping functions, giving people the artistic conception of returning to nature with their simplicity and solidity.
2. Lushan
Compared with placing stones, it is much more complicated, and artistry should be perfectly combined with technology. However, whether it is putting stones or building mountains, it is not simple engineering technology, but integrating garden art into engineering technology. To build a mountain, we must "take the idea first", and we must master the essentials of taking advantage of the situation and layout. First, "there is truth and falsehood, making falsehood come true", and achieving the realm of "although it is man-made, it is natural", focusing on realism. Second, adjust measures to local conditions, combine materials, functions, architectural and plant characteristics, and make features. The third is the implication of the mountain, and the scene blends. Fourth, contrast and contrast, using the surrounding scenery and the rockery itself, make changes in size, height, access, light and shade, reality, straightness, depth and steepness, which are both opposite and unified.
In the process of rockery modeling, a set of theories is summarized from a series of processes, such as selecting stones, quarrying, transporting stones, lithofacies, placing stones and climbing mountains. Although there are changes in rockery, such as peaks, mountains, caves and valleys, the combination of rocks can be summarized into ten basic connection forms of mountains: "safety, connection, connection, bucket, carrying, spelling, hanging, sword, card, hanging, picking and supporting", all of which are summarized from natural mountain scenery in long-term practice. During construction, try to be natural and avoid affectation. When climbing a mountain, some technical measures should be taken, such as stabilization, gap filling, live iron reinforcement, cementation and jointing.
All these are valuable treasures of China's gardening techniques, which should be highly valued in order to carry them forward.
|3, Plastic Mountain
On the basis of traditional grey plastic mountain and rockery, modern materials such as epoxy resin, short fiber resin concrete, cement and mortar are used to create plastic mountain technology. Plastic mountain can save the project of quarrying and transporting stones, its shape is not limited by stones, and it has the advantages of short construction period and quick effect. But the short service life is its biggest defect.
The technological process of plastic mountain is as follows:
(1) Set the base:
According to the shape of stone and other conditions, brick frame, reinforced concrete frame or steel frame can be used respectively. The plastic mountain located on the ground should have corresponding foundation treatment. The plastic mountain located on the roof platform of the underground room must be designed according to the structure and load of the floor, including the design of ground beam and steel frame, column and support. The foundation frame will approximate a mountain shape, forming a truss with inscribed geometry. If steel is used as the foundation frame, it should be sprayed twice for protection.
(2) laying steel wire mesh:
Generally, the plastic mountain with large shape must be laid with steel wire mesh on the pedestal, and the steel wire mesh should be made of materials that are easy to hang ash and mud. If it is a steel pedestal, it is advisable to make a massive steel frame, attach it to a simple pedestal, change the geometric shape into a natural shape with bumps, hang a steel wire mesh on it, and shape it with a hammer according to the design requirements.
(3) Plastering molding:
Wipe the bottom ash first, and then wipe the fine ash once or twice to create stone lines and wrinkles. Short fibers can be added to mortar to enhance the tensile strength of the surface and reduce cracks.
(4) Decoration:
According to the design requirements for stone color, brush or spray the water-insoluble color to achieve the design effect. Due to the continuous introduction of new materials and new processes, the third and fourth steps are often combined into one. If pigment is mixed into mortar, it can be directly applied to processing and molding. Also, make pieces of stones in the workshop first, and then transport them to the construction site for binding or welding on the pedestal. When the overall molding meets the requirements, the joints and vein textures are further processed to form a mountain.
(6) Greening project
Including arbor and shrub planting project, tree transplanting project, lawn project, etc.
In the urban environment, the success of planting planning depends largely on local microclimate, soil, drainage, lighting, irrigation and other ecological factors:
Before planting engineering construction, the construction personnel must fully understand the design intent, design requirements and design drawings through the design disclosure of the designers, so they should learn relevant information from the design unit and Party A, such as project content and workload, project duration, project investment, design budget, design intent, etc., and understand the situation of the construction site, the basis of fixed-point setting out, the source and transportation of engineering materials, and make an investigation when necessary.
After completing the preparatory work before construction, the construction scheme should be made, and the conditions and methods of safe construction with the lowest cost should be worked out within the prescribed time limit, so as to complete its construction task as a greening project with high quality, high efficiency, low consumption and safety. The main contents of its construction are:
1, planting trees
The first is to determine a reasonable planting time. It is wise to plant in spring in cold areas. The planting time in Beijing is from mid-March to late April in spring and around mid-July in rainy season. In warm areas, autumn and early winter are more suitable for planting so that trees can grow better. In East China, most deciduous trees are planted in winter from 165438+ 10 to 65438+February and from mid-February to the end of March. Evergreen broad-leaved trees can be planted in autumn, early winter, spring and rainy season.
There are many kinds of planting methods, such as sidewalk planting holes, tree altars, plant containers, balconies, courtyard planting, roof gardens and so on.
Before planting trees, we should make good preparations for the construction site, that is, demolish the construction site, level the land on the construction site, and set out at a fixed point. All these should be carried out in accordance with technical specifications under the guidance of relevant technicians. Digging seedlings is the first step in planting trees. Dig as deep as possible when digging seedlings, and pay attention to protect the root system from damage. Generally, evergreen trees should bring soil balls when digging seedlings to prevent soil loosening. Deciduous trees can be exposed when digging seedlings, and the parts with too long or broken roots should be trimmed appropriately. After the saplings are dug, they should be transported to plant in time according to the principle of "digging, transporting and planting". Before transporting the seedlings, they should be packed to avoid drying up. After the seedlings are transported to the planting site, if they cannot be planted in time, they must be followed. The heel should be located near the planting site, with good drainage, appropriate humidity and no strong wind and frost. In addition, according to the location of planting, the size of planting pits and pits should be determined according to the size of saplings and the different soil geology. If the soil quality of the construction site is not good, the sandy loam without acrobatics should be replaced to facilitate the growth of roots. After digging the pits, you can apply base fertilizer to each pit, and then cover it with plain soil to prevent the roots from directly contacting the fertilizer, so as not to burn the roots.
Prune before planting. Seedling pruning can reduce water discharge, protect tree potential balance and ensure tree survival. At the same time, the roots should be trimmed properly, mainly to cut off broken roots, cracked roots, roots of diseases and insect pests and too long roots, and the cut mouth should be smooth. When planting tall trees with large specifications, pillars should be set up after planting to prevent the seedlings from being blown down by strong winds after watering. When planting tall trees with large specifications, post support should be set after planting to prevent seedlings from being blown down by strong winds after watering.
2, big tree transplantation
A big tree refers to a tree or shrub with DBH 15-20cm or even 30cm, which is in a vigorous growth period. With bulbous transplantation, bulbs have certain specifications and weight, and often need special machines to operate.
Transplanting big trees can create an ideal landscape for landscape designers in the shortest time. When choosing the specifications and sizes of trees, it should be coordinated with the volume of buildings or the size of the space left.
Usually, the most suitable time for transplanting big trees is spring, rainy season and autumn. In hot summer, it is not suitable for large-scale tree transplantation. If a small number of trees need to be transplanted due to special projects, appropriate methods such as thinning branches and building shade sheds should be adopted to help the trees survive. Before transplanting big trees, we must first control the tree holes, and the tree holes should be well drained. For precious trees to be transplanted or trees lacking fibrous roots, the method of surrounding roots can be adopted, that is, 2-3 years before transplantation, a ditch is dug around the trees to be transplanted in advance to stimulate them to grow dense fibrous roots and create transplant conditions.
The packaging transplantation methods of big tree soil balls usually include soft material packaging transplantation, wooden box packaging transplantation, frozen soil transplantation and rice transplanter transplantation. Transplanter is a new type of machinery introduced and developed in recent years. It can plan the planting pit in advance at the planting site, and then take the pit soil to the planting site for filling the pit after planting. After the trees are raised, they can be transported to the planting site by transplanter for planting. This saves labor and greatly improves work efficiency. After the tree is hoisted out, it is best to transport it at night. When transplanting trees, backfill soil should be prepared in advance. Pay special attention to the exact location and proper elevation when planting.
3. Lawn planting project
Lawn refers to the lawn that has been artificially maintained and managed, and plays a role in greening and beautifying. As far as its composition is concerned, lawn is the abbreviation of lawn vegetation and an important part of environmental greening. Mainly used to beautify the environment, purify the air, conserve water and soil, and provide outdoor activities and sports venues.
(1) Lawn type
① Single lawn: Generally speaking, it is composed of a kind of lawn grass with high consistency and uniformity, and can be used to build high-grade lawns and special lawns, such as tees and tees of golf courses. Weeds, wabas and creeping bentgrass are commonly used to build lawns in northern China, while velvet antler, paradise grass and centipede grass are commonly used to build lawns in southern China.
② Ornamental lawn: usually with lawn as the background and perennial and ornamental ground cover plants in the middle. Narcissus, Lycoris radiata and Viola yedoensis can be planted naturally on the lawn.
③ Leisure lawn: This kind of lawn has no fixed shape and is generally poorly managed, so people can stay in the lawn for activities. Isolation trees, stone scenes, trees and facilities can be planted in the lawn, and semi-shrub flowers and shrubs can be planted on the periphery, leaving a large space in the middle to accommodate a large flow of people. Most of them are located in hospitals, health resorts, schools and residential areas.
(4) Sparse forest lawn: refers to a large area of natural lawn, mostly transformed from natural forest grassland, with a small number of scattered trees, and extensive management by making more use of topographic drainage. Usually found in urban short-term tourist resorts, health resorts, scenic spots, forest parks or combined with shelterbelts. It is characterized by shade in summer and sunshine in winter, and it is a good place for people to engage in outdoor activities.
(2) Lawn development
Lawn development is generally carried out in two steps. After the grass seeds are selected, the first step is to level the ground (lawn bed), remove impurities, level, turn over the soil, mix the soil, fertilize and irrigate, and then level. Before this, the sprinkler irrigation and drainage system of lawn bed should be buried well. The next step can be to directly sow grass seeds or plant roots or lay grass bricks, turf rolls and lawn planting belts through a single plant. In recent years, the lawn is built by blowing-attachment method, that is, grass seeds are carbonized or mixed with pulp, fertilizer, polymer compounds and water to form slurry, which is stored in containers, sprayed on the lawn bed by mechanical pressure and maintained by water spray, and the lawn can be formed without time. This method has a high degree of mechanization, good quality and quick effect, and has attracted more and more attention and love.
(3) Lawn maintenance
In lawn maintenance, different areas and seasons have different lawn management measures and methods. Common management measures, such as mowing, irrigation, pest control, weeding and fertilization, have different emphases in different seasons.
(7) Garden power supply and lighting
With the development of social economy, people's requirements for quality of life are getting higher and higher. The use of electricity in gardens is no longer just to provide road lighting at night. The emergence of various new waterscapes, amusement facilities and new lighting sources all needs the support of electricity.
Garden power supply is closely related to garden planning and design, and the contents of garden power supply design should include: determining the electricity consumption of various garden facilities; Select the location of substation and transformer capacity; Determine its low-voltage power supply mode; Selection of conductor section; Draw the layout and power supply system diagram.
In garden construction projects, its contents generally include:
(1) The necessity and basis of the construction project.
(two) the scale, location, natural resources and human resources of the proposed project.
(3) Investment estimation and sources of funds.
(4) Estimation of social and economic benefits.