I. Planning of Pear Garden
1, do a good job in road planning;
2. Make storage arrangements;
3. Reasonable layout of the swimming pool.
Second, choose the right variety.
Pear planting in Jianyang has a long history, and there are many varieties suitable for planting in Jianyang area. Don't be fooled by the variety of pears in the market. In production, we should choose marketable varieties that are "excellent in name", suitable for local ecological conditions, beautiful in appearance, good in internal quality and resistant to storage and transportation. For example, lucky water, abundant water, Jianshui, new high, green crown, fragrance and so on.
1, lucky water
This variety, produced in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, is a hybrid of Jushui× Zaoshengzang, and the tree is vigorous and half-opened. The fruit is oblate, with an average single fruit weight of 200-250g. The pericarp is yellowish brown and uniform. The pulp is white, thin and crisp, and the juice is sweet, containing 65,438+02% soluble solids. Excellent quality, mature in the middle and late August, high and stable yield, resistance to scab and black spot, and high management level.
2, rich in water
This variety was introduced from Japan, and was bred by crossing n- 14 (Chrysanthemum× Yakumo )× Yakumo. Strong trees, open posture, strong branches and drooping branches. Axillary buds and short fruit branches are easy to form and have high yield. The fruit is round, with 3-4 furrows, with an average single fruit weight of about 250g g. The peel is rusty brown and reddish brown on the sunny side. The surface of the fruit is rough, the stone is large, the flesh is yellow and white, the meat is crisp, the juice is sweet, and it contains soluble solids 12- 13%, with good quality and resistance to scab and black spot. It's mid-August.
Step 3 build water
This variety was bred in 1970 from the descendants of geomantic omen and eight stars in Japanese fruit experimental field, and named as 1988. The fruit is round and tidy, with an average single fruit weight of about 250 grams, slightly convex shoulders and ridged calyx, and the peel is yellow-green to light brown. The flesh is white, the stone is small, the meat is crisp, the sweet juice is rich, the stone cells are few, the quality is excellent, the tree has medium potential, strong branches, early fruit, high and stable yield, and it can attract wealth and pollinate with abundant water, and it will mature in late July.
4, a new high
This variety was introduced from Japan, with an average fruit weight of 7-8 Liang. The fruit is large, nearly round, with yellowish brown skin, crisp meat, sweet and juicy, and good quality. It ripens in the first half of September, with strong storability, early fruiting, high yield, disease resistance and strong adaptability.
5. Cuiguan
The original code of this variety is 8-2, which was bred by crossing Xingshui× 6 (Hangqing× New Century). The tree has strong potential, upright posture, easy to form flower buds, good fruit and high yield. The fruit is round and neat, with an average weight of 250g for single fruit and 650g for large fruit. The skin is dark green with rust spots, and the flesh is white and crisp, similar to water. The stone is small, the juice is sweet, and contains soluble solids 12- 13%. The flavor and quality are better than those of Xingshui. Mature at the end of July and early August, resistant to storage and transportation.
Step 6 smell
This variety was bred by crossing New Century× Sanhua pear, with moderate tree vigor, relatively open posture, light green new branches, reddish brown mature branches and small flower buds, leaf buds and leaves. The fruit is oblong and large, with an average single fruit weight of 280 grams and large fruit weight of 950 grams. The skin is brown and smooth, the flesh is white, the flesh is slightly dense, the juice is sweet and juicy, and the soluble solid content is 13- 15%. The core of the fruit is very small, like a small walnut, and the edible rate is as high as 93%. Mid-August is suitable for storage and transportation.
Third, pollinate each other because of varieties.
Pear is a cross-pollinated tree species, and most varieties are not self-pollinated. Therefore, for pollinated varieties whose flowering period must be basically satisfied, the ratio of main cultivation to pollinated varieties should be 2: 1 or 1: 1, at least 3: 1 or 4: 1, so as to achieve high and stable yield. Japanese pears (lucky water, abundant water and built water) can be pollinated with Cuiguan, Qing Xiang and Cuiqing.
Fourth, choose the right planting period.
Pear trees can be planted from defoliation to germination, and the planting density should be determined according to different topography and plots. In order to achieve high yield in the early stage, scientific and reasonable close planting scheme must be implemented.
At present, the plant spacing is 2×3 meters or 2.5×4 meters.
1, planting techniques:
(1), dig a pit at a fixed point according to the plant spacing, generally sandy soil, the pit is 80 cm wide and 50-60 cm deep; The rice cellar is 80 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep. First put straw, branches or green manure branches, poles, etc. About 30-40 cm, and tighten the topsoil, then apply 50-80 kg of organic fertilizer (pig and cow dung) or chaff chicken manure (20 kg) or pure chicken manure (10 kg) for decomposition, and add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1-2.
(2) Before planting, the thick roots of pear seedlings should be cut off and planted for 2-3 cm to promote the occurrence of new roots, and the film at the grafting place should be removed so as not to affect the growth of the main stem.
(3) When planting, the joint should be exposed 5- 10 cm above the ground, stabilize the rhizosphere soil, and immediately pour water. In the tuyere area, it is necessary to set up pillars to prevent lodging.
2, soil improvement technology:
Deep ploughing in soil to promote ripening is the basic measure of pear tree yield-increasing technology. In order to increase the yield, high yield and high quality of fruit trees, soil must be improved. Deep tillage and soil improvement are generally carried out after fruit harvesting in autumn and before defoliation in winter. Methods include reaming, deep ploughing in the whole garden, staggered or deep ploughing among plants. Generally, the depth of deep tillage should be 30-40 cm. Where conditions permit, it can be turned over every other year. 1, 3, 5 years, dig a deep ditch with a depth of 80cm and a width of about 50cm on both sides of the original cave, and dig a deep ditch on the other side in 2, 4 and 6 years, with the application of base fertilizer.
(1). Application standard of basic fertilizer:
Generally speaking, 100 kg pear needs at least 100 kg organic fertilizer (pig and sheep manure) and 2.25 kg phosphate fertilizer, which is beneficial to improve yield and quality.
In addition to base fertilizer, topdressing should also be done at the right time during the growth period. Generally, it needs topdressing for three times. After the first flowering, it will promote the growth of branches and leaves, flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion in the middle and late April. The second fruit expansion period is from mid-May to early June. The third fertilization after harvest, from late August to mid-September, can increase leaf color, prolong leaf life and restore tree vigor.
(2) Topdressing outside the roots:
Appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers can be sprayed with drugs. The usual concentrations are 0.3-0.5% urea (0.2-0.3% at high temperature), 0.5% calcium phosphate, 0.3- 1% potassium sulfate, 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 5- 10% decomposed human urine.
Five, fitness cultivation
1, "three sparse" technology:
It is to correctly grasp the period and method of flower bud thinning, flower bud thinning and fruit thinning.
(1), sparse flower bud:
Combined with winter pruning, remove excessive buds. In winter, flower buds should be sparse in proportion. In principle, it's a flower bud: leaf bud = 1: 1, which is about half of the flower amount of the whole tree. But pay attention to the number of flower buds formed by pear trees that year. In production practice, it is advisable to leave a flower bud every 5-6 inches for the backbone branches. Pay attention to only thinning the flower buds and keeping the leaf buds.
(2) Sparse flower buds:
If there is no flower bud thinning work in winter pruning, it can be remedied before flowering. Generally, a flower bud is reserved according to the standard of flower bud thinning of about 20 cm. Bud thinning principle: sparse weak and strong, sparse small and large, sparse and dense, sparse axillary buds and top flower buds, sparse lower flower buds, sparse buds that germinate too late, sparse secondary buds, decide how much to remove, and keep abreast of the weather forecast.
(3) fruit thinning:
It depends on the variety, tree potential, flowering period and climate. Young trees and flourishing trees with large flowers and weak trees should be thinned early, while young trees with small flowers should be thinned late or less. In normal years, the weather should be sparse early, otherwise it will be sparse late. Principle: Each fruit should have 25-30 leaves. In normal years, one fruit can be left in one fruit table, and 1-2 fruits can be left in one fruit table for varieties with medium fruit shape. Hu 'nan Berlin nursery
2, plastic trimming:
The shape of pear trees, according to different varieties and site conditions, is mainly conducive to the adoption of a variety of tree-shaped results, such as thinning and deleting layers, multi-stem and happy shape, multi-stem and round head, etc.
Six, Jianyang pear cultivation management calendar
According to the cultivation and production of pear trees in Jianyang, a set of management experience is summarized for fruit farmers' reference.
(1), 1, February Work Points: Disease Prevention.
1. Phenology: February 27th, budding, with a little white appearance.
2. Control targets: pear scab and pear rust.
3. Medication: 70% zineb 550 times spray.
(2) Key points of work in March: pest control+flower and fruit protection+fertilization.
Key points of work in early March: disease prevention and treatment
1. Phenology: On March 7th, the pear tree bloomed about 30%.
2. Control targets: pear scab, pear rust and flower protection.
3. Medication: 30% Ai Miao 2000 times +0.2% borax spray.
Key points of work in mid-March: fruit protection+disease control
1. Phenology: 75% of pear flower falls is on March 20th.
2. Control targets: pear scab, pear rust and fruit protection.
3. Medicament used: Sheng Da-M800 times solution +50% carbendazim 800 times solution +0.2% (potassium dihydrogen phosphate+urea+borax+zinc sulfate) spray.
Key points of work in late March: pest control+fertilization+tree control
1. Fertilization technology: Apply strong fruit fertilizer on March 23rd.
Dig a semicircular fertilizing ditch with a length of 1.2m, a width of 0.4m and a depth of 0.2m at the drip line of the tree crown, apply 250g urea and 500g calcium, magnesium and phosphorus to each plant, mix them evenly, and cover the soil immediately after application.
2. Phenological period: the fruiting period of young pear on March 28th.
3. Control targets: pear scab, leaf spot and stinkbug with tea wings.
4. The medicine used: Fuxing 8000 times +5% beta-cypermethrin 65438 times +0000 times+urea 3+ potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 mixed spray.
5. Manual adjustment of tree body: On March 28th, the tender branches were cored-all the new branches above blind nodes were removed to reduce the nutrient consumption of the tree body, and the fruits were washed with tender branches.
(3) Key points of work in April: fruit thinning+pest control+bagging.
1. Fruit thinning technology: On April 7th, the suitable fruit thinning period was the size of young pear and soybean.
(1). Cherish objects: diseased fruits, deformed fruits, damaged fruits and redundant fruits.
(2) Fruit setting standard: one fruit per branch10 ――15cm.
2. Phenological period: April 8, young fruit period.
3. Control targets: leaf spot and midge scale (a small number of young fruits were found to be damaged by midge scale).
4. Agents used: potential 900 times+peak value 2000 times+urea 2000 times+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2000 times+zinc sulfate 65438000 times. .
5. Bagging technology of pear fruit: On April 12, special bagging for pear fruit was selected for young fruit bagging. The bagging ended on May 6th.
(4) May Task: Fertilization+Insect Prevention
1. Fertilization technology: Apply strong fruit fertilizer on May 9th. Dig 5-6 fertilization holes with a depth of 0.2-0.3m at the drip line of the crown, apply 1.5kg compound fertilizer to each plant and mix it with the soil, and cover the soil immediately after application.
2. Tree body adjustment technology: the second shoot picking in May 13-all the new shoots above blind nodes are removed to reduce the competition for fertilizer.
3. Phenological period: young fruit period on May 30th.
4 control targets: tea-winged scale, leaf beetle and aphid, combined with topdressing outside the roots.
5. Dosage: mixed spray of Duwang 1000 times+Zhuishui 3000 times+potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2+ urea 2;
(5) June task: weeding+fertilization
1. weeding technology in pear orchard: spraying 30 kilograms of glyphosate water and proper amount of washing powder on June 16.
2. Fertilization technology: Apply strong fruit fertilizer on June 20th. According to the results of the year, if the fruit yield is large, compound fertilizer 1 kg should be applied to each plant under the canopy after rain.
(VI) Work Points in July: Fruit Picking+Marketing
1. Pear harvesting: June 27th-July 27th.
2. Fruit picking technology: prepare scissors and bamboo baskets, select ripe fruits, and cut them lightly without damage.
3. Fruit grading: Divide the size of fruits into 2-3 grades and package them separately, reflecting high quality and good price.
(7) September task: fertilization.
Fertilization technology: Apply post-harvest tree fertilizer on September 5th. Dig a fertilization hole with a length of 1.2m, a width of 0.4m and a depth of 0.4m at the drip line of the tree crown, apply 30k g+ 1kg compound fertilizer to each plant, and then cover the soil.
(8) 12 Key points of work: pruning+clearing the garden.
1. Pruning of pear trees in winter: 65438+February 20th.
2. Objectives: Happy type, obvious trunk evacuation layered type, etc.
3. Pruning objects: long branches, pests and diseases, unreasonable branches.
4. Cut protection: brush the wound with black paint;
5. Spray the whole garden with 4-5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture.
Seven, pear tree diseases and insect pests control misunderstanding
Due to abundant rainfall and high humidity in southern China, pear diseases and insect pests are prone to occur, which is a restrictive factor for the development of pear industry. Therefore, the quality of pear disease control is the key to the success of pear cultivation. There are some misunderstandings in the production, which lead to serious pear diseases and affect the yield and quality of pear. Overcoming the following six production misunderstandings will undoubtedly be of great benefit to improving the yield and quality of pears in our city.
1. Heavy treatment does not pay attention to defense.
In production practice, many fruit farmers are eager to spray chemicals only after finding obvious disease symptoms, and the effect is not ideal. The reason is:
(1). Long-term and repeated use of therapeutic drugs makes bacteria have different degrees of drug resistance;
(2) The germs have invaded the trees, and it will take some time to kill them;
(3) Due to the influence of environmental factors, sunbathing in sunny days is beneficial to improve the control effect, and spraying drugs in rainy days affects the efficacy of drugs.
(4) Due to the nature of the drug itself, protective agents are used before onset and therapeutic agents are used after onset. If dislocation is adopted, not only the effect is not good, but also the prevention and control of diseases will be delayed.
2. Chaos and confusion
In actual production, many diseases have occurred due to neglect of prevention and control. At this time, fruit farmers do not distinguish between disease types and do not understand the pertinence of drugs. At present, some drugs on the market are compound, which leads to a large number of drugs used, which makes bacteria produce multi-directional drug resistance and affects the prevention and treatment effect of targeted drugs.
3. Pay attention to quantity rather than quality
Pay attention to the frequency of drug use and ignore the quality of prevention and treatment. In pear tree disease-prone season, it is generally used once every 15 days or after rain. Many fruit farmers use drugs according to this law, and often the drugs are not in place. For example, pear rust does not focus on spraying the back of leaves, and scab does not focus on spraying the tender parts of plants. When spraying protective chemicals, it is not thoughtful and comprehensive, leaving many dead ends, resulting in reinfection and disease outbreak.
4. Heavy fruit prevention, light leaf prevention
Diseases on fruits are easy to attract attention, while diseases on leaves are often ignored. Common rust in production harms pear trees, causing a large number of fallen leaves.
Leaves are food processing plants of plants. Without leaves, plants can't accumulate nutrients, which will affect fruit hanging or poor fruit quality. Therefore, in the prevention and control methods, it is important to protect fruits and leaves, and not to neglect one side.
5. Prevention before heavy fruit picking and management after light fruit picking.
Fruit farmers carefully manage pear trees before harvesting, and manage them extensively or no longer after harvesting, which leads to a large number of diseases in the later stage, early defoliation and insufficient nutrient accumulation in the trees, which seriously affects the next annual output. Therefore, in the management of grape fitness cultivation, it is necessary not only to hang good fruits, but also to raise good trees in order to stabilize production and increase efficiency every year.
6. Pay attention to chemical control and neglect physical training.
The occurrence of pear tree diseases is closely related to the ventilation transparency of its crown, soil fertility and water status, and the strength of tree potential, so it is difficult to solve it fundamentally by simple chemical control.