2. Indian doctors Sushruta and Charaka described type I and type II diabetes respectively for the first time. He said that one is related to youth (type I) and the other is related to being overweight (type II).
3. The scientists who first discovered the relationship between diabetes and pancreas were German Joseph Merlin and Minkowski. 1889, in the University of Strasbourg, France, two people did an interesting experiment. After removing a dog's pancreas, they observed that the dog's urine output increased. They realized that this might be similar to the symptoms of diabetes, so they further tested the dog's urine and found that the sugar content was very high. They concluded that the pancreas may secrete a substance, and the lack of this substance may lead to diabetes, which was later proved to be insulin.
A few years later, the British physiologist Sharpay safire (this gentleman is the founder of modern endocrinology, and the word endocrinology comes from him) came to the conclusion that the lack of a single chemical led to diabetes. He named this substance Insulin, which comes from the Latin word "insulin", which means island, suggesting that insulin comes from an island composed of Langerhans cells in pancreatic tissue. It was named in memory of Paul Langerhans, a German who discovered the secretory function of Langerhans cells.
Further down, the most wonderful "three-person turn" in the history of diabetes began. Let's start with Wanjin. His experience before he really entered the stage of diabetes history was actually quite legendary. He is a Canadian, born in Ontario, and began to study liberal arts at the University of Toronto. It failed in the first year. In the second year, I applied for medicine, but I was unexpectedly admitted. Later, when the First World War broke out, Bangor resolutely joined the army and was heroically wounded in the Battle of Kebly. After the injury, he insisted on helping the injured comrades for 654330 years. After the war, Banting returned to Canada to continue his medical career. He studied plastic surgery, but it was not smooth to find a job. No hospital in Toronto is willing to accept his job application. He had no choice but to return to his hometown of Ontario to practice medicine. He has few patients. In order to make up for his expenses, he has to give lectures in a local university in his spare time. At that time, articles by Joseph Merlin, Minkowski and Sharpay safire had been published. One of the biggest challenges in this field is how to isolate insulin from pancreas. In the past, insulin was degraded by trypsin before being separated. Inspired by another study at that time, Banting came up with a new method, so he went to mcleod, a professor of physiology at the University of Toronto. Mcleod finally agreed to provide him with experimental facilities and an assistant, and this assistant was Charles Best.
Wan Jin and Best first repeated the pancreatectomy experiments of Merlin and Minkowski, and further proved that if the pancreatectomy dogs were given islet extract, the symptoms of polyuria could be alleviated. Therefore, Wanjin and Best continued to try to extract insulin from calf pancreas. 1922, they injected a diabetic boy of 14 years old with insulin extracted from calf, and the boy's condition was quickly relieved. In the 1920s, Lilly, an American company, and the University of Toronto began to extract insulin in this way on a large scale, and began to treat diabetics with insulin on a large scale. Diabetes patients all over the world should thank Ban Ting and Best. They decided not to patent the method of extracting insulin. This decision ultimately benefited tens of millions of diabetics around the world. Ban Ting's own birthday is165438+1October 14, and this day has also been chosen as the World Diabetes Day.
6. 1923, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Banting and mcleod. Banting was only 32 when he won the prize. So far, he is still the youngest winner of the Nobel Prize (Banting later won a series of honors, including the greatest Canadian who voted fourth). Banting is a selfless person. He thought that Best should share the Nobel Prize with him, so he gave half of the prize to Best. At that time, the Nobel Prize was also awarded to mcleod, who provided experimental space for Banting, which caused some controversy, because according to Banting's own description, mcleod's contribution was almost negligible. Their quarrel came after Wanjin and Best discovered that the pancreatic extract of one dog could relieve the symptoms of diabetes in another dog whose pancreas was removed. Mcleod was skeptical about the result, so Wan Jin thought he was doubting his integrity, so they had a heated debate. Finally, mcleod persuaded Wanjin and Best to do more rigorous experiments. Historians of later generations think that mcleod is not a man who is chasing after fame. One evidence is that their research was published in famous experimental and clinical medical journals, but mcleod thought it was mainly the work of Banting and Best, and even gave up the right of authorship. Mcleod's contribution also includes helping to develop a method of extracting insulin with ethanol, which has been proved to be much more effective than other methods. He also introduced the chemist Kripke, who played a great role in separating insulin. Later, in clinical trials, Ban Ting continued to feel unhappy and neglected. His conflict with mcleod finally broke out at the annual meeting of the American Medical Association from 65438 to 0922. Mcleod's speech at the meeting was warmly welcomed, while Banting and Best refused to attend in protest. The relationship between Wanjin and mcleod has always been bad. Wan Jin even said that mcleod blocked his experiment, and his contribution was only to throw the key to the laboratory to him and Best when he went on vacation, and nothing else. By the way, mcleod gave half of his prize money to Kripke, a chemist who contributed to the discovery of insulin separation.
7. Another gossip surrounding the Nobel Prize is that eight months before the publication of the famous article by Banting and Best, Romanian physiologist Paulescu reported an experiment in a French magazine, in which pancreatic extract can lower blood sugar. Ban Ting's article even quoted this experiment, but it was misinterpreted due to translation reasons. In the end, the discovery of Paoles Library did not attract more attention.
8. When Banting went to mcleod Laboratory for help, mcleod gave him 10 dogs and two medical students, Best and Nobel, but the two medical students could only choose one first and then rotate the other, so Best and Nobel decided by flipping a coin. The final result is known to all. Sometimes, the front and back of a coin can be the dividing line between Nobel Prize and nobody. Later, Wanjin canceled the rotation and let Best work with him all summer.
9. In memory of Ban Ting, Queen Elizabeth personally lit the "flame of hope" in Ontario, Canada on 1989, which will burn forever until the day when human beings really conquer diabetes.
10. Another Nobel Prize winner related to diabetes is British scientist Sanger, who completed the sequencing of insulin, so insulin is the first protein whose amino acid sequence has been determined in history.
1 1. When the patent of isolated insulin was sold to the University of Toronto, the price was a nominal $65,438 +0.5.
12. Metformin is the most commonly used drug for diabetic patients in the world. Its history has some twists and turns: it was synthesized as early as 1922, and its hypoglycemic effect on animals has been found, but in the following decades, Metformin was ignored by the medical community. The main reason is that everyone's attention is attracted by the sensational effect caused by the discovery of insulin. Until 1950s, Jean-Stern, a French diabetic, rekindled people's interest in metformin. He conducted the first human trial of metformin, and the result was very successful. As a drug for treating diabetes, it was introduced to Britain in 1970s and America in 1990s. Interestingly, in recent years, it has been found that metformin is also effective for some tumors, including breast cancer and colorectal cancer.
13. The first portable insulin pump was invented by Dean Carmen, a great American inventor. It should be pointed out that he himself is the inventor of Segway. He founded a company called "autosyringe", and later he sold the patent to Baxter.