Physiological structure of head bones

The physical structure of the head includes not only the ups and downs of facial features, the changes of concave and convex features and the changes of skull shape, but also the manifestations of people's race, nationality, gender, age and individual characteristics in the facial features and skull structure. Because people's physiological structures are basically the same, understanding the general structure of people is very useful for analyzing and understanding the concept of three-dimensional head and the basic characteristics of head modeling, and can play a cosmetic role.

Skull is the foundation of makeup modeling.

(1) skull

The head above the eyebrows and behind the ears is called the skull.

1. parietal bone

The parietal bone is the highest part of the head. A pair of left and right sides, the front edge is connected with the frontal bone, and the left and right sides are connected with the temporal bone.

2. Occipital bone

Occipital bone is located in the posterior lower part of parietal bone.

3. Frontal bone

The frontal bone is located in front of the top of the head and is roughly rectangular, forming a large face above the human face. The surface is uneven and varied, and it is connected with the parietal bone.

These include:

(1) Timeline. It makes the front and side of the frontal bone show an obvious 90 turning point, which is also the dividing line between the front and side of the human face.

(2) Frontal mound. There are two dome-shaped protrusions on the upper part of the frontal bone, also called frontal bone nodules, which are more obvious in women.

(3) Superior orbital margin. The lower margin of frontal bone is left and right orbital fossa respectively. There is an obvious protuberance at the outer end of the upper orbital margin, called "zygomatic mound", which is connected with the zygomatic bone. The whole upper orbital margin is the dividing line between the protruding surface of forehead and the eye socket.

(4) eyebrow arch. Above the upper orbital margin, the eyebrow arch is parallel to the upper orbital margin, showing a short arch uplift. The brow arch is low outside and high inside, and the eyebrows are low inside and high outside, just intersecting into an X shape. Male eyebrow arch is more obvious.

(5) eyebrows. In the middle of the eyebrow arch is an inverted triangle area that gradually sinks. The more prominent the eyebrow arch is, the more obvious the eyebrows are.

(6) Frontal sulcus. There is a transverse sulcus between the frontal tubercle and the eyebrow arch, which is called frontal sulcus.

4. temporal bone

Right and left pair, under the parietal bone, behind the frontal bone. The temporal bone is connected with the occipital bone (the occipital bone is connected with the parietal bone and the lower neck of the back of the head). The temporal bone, parietal bone, sphenoid bone (small and inward) and frontal bone together form the temporal fossa.

The temporal fossa is shallow, with a large area and a prominent position, which is very important. Thin people and old people are especially obvious.

There is a big difference between male and female frontal bones. The male frontal bone is square with obvious ups and downs, and the whole frontal bone is backward. The female frontal bone is round and full, at right angles.

(2) Facial skull

The part of the head below the eyebrows and before the ears is called the facial skull.

1. cheekbones

Pairs of frontal bones, located on the left and right sides of the middle part of the cheek, are irregular rhomboid bones, and the middle part of the bone body is slightly raised and very rough, which is called "zygomatic mound" or zygomatic tubercle.

The bone body is divided into four branches, the upper branch is longer, which is connected with the "process" of the frontal bone at the outer lower corner of the orbit to form the outer edge of the orbit, the inner branch forms the lower edge of the orbit to connect with the maxilla, and the outer branch forms the "zygomatic arch" with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which is the widest part from the front of the face. Its angular features are obvious structural features of the face.

The thin man has a prominent zygomatic arch, while the fat man is depressed because of his fat. The lower branch is very small, and the turning point of the inner and outer branches constitutes the distinguishing point of the face front.

2. Nose bone

The nasal bone is located at the lower edge of the frontal bone, between the frontal processes of the left and right upper bones, one on the left and the other on the right, forming the hard part of the bridge of the nose and connecting the nasal cartilage below. The height of the hard bone near the nasal root varies greatly due to racial differences. Generally, the nasal bone of men is slightly higher than that of women. Before the child grows up, this bone is low and has no obvious protrusion.

3. Maxilla

The maxilla is located in the center of the face and forms a semicircle around the mouth together with the mandible. The central area is connected to the nasal bone, part of it rises to the brow triangle of the frontal bone, and the lateral area is connected to the cheekbone.

There is a fossa in the maxilla below the orbit, which is called "canine fossa". People with high cheekbones have a deep fossa, and the canine fossa of the elderly, thin people and patients is often obvious in appearance.

Below the inside of the canine fossa is the "canine protrusion". Similarly, old, thin and sick people often appear outside.

4. Mandible

The mandible is the only separated bone in the whole skull. It is located in the front and lower part of the face and is roughly horseshoe-shaped. It is divided into mandibular body and mandibular branch. The mandible and the gums of the maxilla form a semicircle of the oral cavity. There is a triangular protrusion called "mental protuberance" at the front lower part, and the two ends below the protrusion are called "mental mound", also known as nodules.

The male skull is more obvious. The angle formed by the transition between mandibular body and mandibular branch is called "mandibular angle", which changes with age and is also related to face shape.

There are two branches at the upper end of mandibular branch, the anterior branch is pecking process and the posterior branch is joint head.