In recent years, the Camellia oleifera industry has developed rapidly and the planting area has been increasing, which has achieved good results. Because camellia oleifera fruit can be extracted to obtain high-quality edible oil, the product does not contain cholesterol and aflatoxin, and has strong health care function. Long-term consumption can effectively prevent arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease, so the market demand is expanding.
Take Hunan Province as an example, which is the central cultivation area of Camellia oleifera in China. By the end of 20 17, the total area of camellia oleifera forest in Hunan reached 20.922 million mu, with an annual output of 29 1000 tons and an output value of 35 billion yuan. Hunan Camellia oleifera planting area, Camellia oleifera production and output value all rank first in China. However, the cultivation of Camellia oleifera in Hunan is also facing the dilemma of low yield and low yield, which affects the development of Camellia oleifera industry. Based on this, Hunan Province actively carried out Camellia oleifera planting, increased research and development of high-yield cultivation techniques, and actively transformed low-efficiency forests, and achieved good results. Now combined with specific practice to analyze.
1 Status of Camellia oleifera planting in Hunan Province
As far as the yield of Camellia oleifera in Hunan Province is concerned, the average yield of Camellia oleifera forest in the past period was low, low and unstable. The high-yield forest is only 15%, and the low-yield forest area is very large. The yearbook of camellia oleifera planting in various cities (states) in Hunan Province is as follows: Hengyang, with an area of 3.4005 million mu; Camellia oleifera area accounts for17.57% of the total area; The yield of Camellia oleifera seeds is 194074 tons. Zhuzhou, the area of Camellia oleifera is 2 1.5 1 10,000 mu; Camellia oleifera area accounts for11.11%of the total area; The output of Camellia oleifera seeds is 92,073 tons. Yongzhou, Camellia oleifera covers an area of 3,055,500 mu; Camellia oleifera area accounts for15.63% of the total area; The output of Camellia oleifera seeds is 85,834 tons. Changde, Camellia oleifera area 1.955 million mu; Camellia oleifera area accounts for10.10% of the total area; The output of Camellia oleifera seeds is 66,267 tons. Chenzhou, the area of Camellia oleifera is 6.5438+0.974 million mu; Camellia oleifera area accounts for10.20% of the total area; The output of Camellia oleifera seeds is 589,065,438+0 tons. Changsha, Camellia oleifera area1372,500 mu; Camellia oleifera area accounts for 7.09% of the total area; The output of Camellia oleifera seeds is 36,828 tons.
2 application summary of high-yield cultivation techniques of Camellia oleifera
2. 1 Popularization and application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology
From the practice of Camellia oleifera planting, the popularization and application of soil testing formula fertilization technology can effectively improve the level of fertilization management, which is of great significance to improve the scientific level of Camellia oleifera planting. Based on forestry, plant mineral nutrition and soil fertilization, the formula fertilization scheme of Camellia oleifera was put forward. The functions of fertilizer are as follows: first, improve the utilization rate of fertilizer, scientifically and reasonably reduce the amount of fertilizer, and realize the effective prevention and control of non-point source pollution while saving costs. Second, the combination of quick-acting fertilizer and slow-acting fertilizer can quickly absorb and utilize the nutrients of the fertilizer. At the same time, the degradation time of organic nutrients in the fertilizer is relatively long, and the leaching loss is small, which can provide comprehensive nutrition for the whole production cycle of Camellia oleifera [1]. Thirdly, improving the mature soil provides microorganisms and organic matter, improves the level of planting soil, provides good production conditions for camellia oleifera, and ensures the high yield of camellia oleifera.
2.2 Improved seed optimization
It is necessary to optimize improved varieties from the reality of Camellia oleifera afforestation. Select local excellent Camellia oleifera varieties and varieties that can meet the afforestation requirements. In planting practice, Xianglin series 1, 4, 27, etc. Selection should be made and the initial planting density should be controlled. Generally speaking, it should be controlled as 100 plants ~ 120 plants /667m2, and the row spacing should be controlled as 2m×3m. If no surviving seedlings are found during planting, replanting should be carried out in time.
2.3 the choice of forest land
To achieve the goal of high-yield cultivation, we must control the choice of forest land. Camellia oleifera has a wide growth range and can be planted even in low mountains and hills, which is suitable for camellia oleifera compound management. The selection should be based on the growth characteristics of Camellia oleifera and its basic requirements for environmental conditions. If you want to build a high-yield forest, you must choose deep, loose and fertile soil, which is red loam, yellow loam and mountain yellow loam with good drainage conditions. Controlling the pH value of soil to 4.5 ~ 6.5; The slope of the planting area should be less than 25. Yangpo planting plot is more suitable for camellia oleifera planting, and it is suggested to optimize it. Before afforestation, it is necessary to do a good job of miscellaneous irrigation of residual wood. For planting areas, soil preparation is carried out by opening holes or ladder belts [2]. When making planting holes for camellia oleifera seedlings, they can be arranged in a "needle" shape along the contour line. After the hole digging operation is completed, the topsoil, compost and cake fertilizer are used as soil-based fertilizers, which are applied according to the use standard of 2500 ~ 3000 kg/667 m2, and at the same time, the formula fertilizer is applied to provide comprehensive nutrient support for Camellia oleifera.