Bronzes appear all over the world and are symbols of world civilization. The earliest bronzes appeared in the two river basins of Babylon, Cuba, 6000 years ago. Large bronze knives carved with lion images in Sumerian civilization are the representatives of early bronzes. More than 2000 years ago, bronzes were gradually replaced by iron.
Chinese bronzes are exquisitely made, enjoying a high reputation and artistic value among the world bronzes, representing the superb technology and culture of bronze development in China for more than 4,000 years.
Extended data:
First, the imitation of modeling
Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", the ritual and music system of all previous dynasties followed the Zhou system. In order to hold sacrifices and other ceremonies, the government or the people keep imitating the Three Rites Map or the bronze ritual vessels of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to make new bronze ritual vessels, which is an imitation. Its characteristic is that the time, purpose and imitator of imitation are mostly marked on the utensils.
In the appraisal work, imitations and fakes should be distinguished first, and imitations should not be classified as fakes. Secondly, imitations also have certain value to the study of ritual and music system, culture and art in past dynasties, and should not be simply denied, but should be properly evaluated. There were few imitations before the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, due to the rise of epigraphy, a large number of ancient bronzes were collected, and the mistakes in the "three rites" were recognized, so the ritual vessels were copied from the ancient bronzes and used as ritual vessels in temples. The imitation of the Song Dynasty can be found in Zhai Ruwen's Collection of Central Meetings in the Song Dynasty and Sun Yirang's Examination of Politics and Rites in the Qing Dynasty.
Song Huizong worshiped Ning for four years (1 105), and the Sheng Da Zhong, which was modeled after the bell-keeper of the Song Dynasty in the Spring and Autumn Period, is still popular today. Some Song bronzes are also recorded in the Qing Dynasty bronze catalogue. In the Yuan Dynasty, the official wax making bureau also copied many ancient bronze ritual vessels. Many famous Xuande furnaces in Ming Dynasty were made by changing the shapes of ancient bronzes.
Second, maintenance
1, welding
For an incomplete unearthed bronze cultural relic, it is necessary to weld the bronze into a finished product. Welding is an important link in traditional repair technology, and it is the main means to repair damaged bronzes and restore their shapes.
It is necessary to adopt different welding methods according to the different properties, damage and corrosion of bronze, that is, "big welding" and "small welding". File the welded joint with a hammer, then melt the tin with an electric soldering iron and inject it into the bronze to be repaired for welding.
2. Complement
Complementary matching is an important technology to repair the defective parts in traditional bronze restoration technology. Complement means that an incomplete bronze ware is incomplete. According to the types, shapes and incomplete parts of bronzes. Complementary colors should be developed according to the decorative patterns of bronzes, and then the shapes of complementary colors are made through the decorative patterns, and then a finished bronze cultural relic is spelled out.
3. Plastic surgery
Buried bronzes were crushed and deformed due to the collapse of tombs and the change of strata, and cracks appeared. Unearthed bronzes often need shaping. The modeling methods of bronze ware include hammering, modeling, sawing, heating modeling and physical modeling. The selection method is based on the deformation degree of the utensils and the texture of the bronzes.
Baidu encyclopedia-bronze ware