(1) Cup-shaped tree, with a stem height of 60-70cm and three main branches, with three adjacent branches and balanced growth. The base angle of the main branch is 70-80 degrees, two big branches are formed on the three main branches, and two branches are formed on the six big branches. In this way, a cup with 3 main branches, 6 big branches and 12 branches is formed. When leaving branches, leave only exogenous branches, not endogenous branches.
Figure 74 Peach Tree Cup Shape
Fig. 75 Improved cup shape
This kind of tree has an open crown, abundant sunshine, well-developed branches and well-differentiated flower buds, which is conducive to growth and fruiting. This kind of fruit has bright colors and good quality. The trunk is low and the crown is small, which is convenient for various management. However, the bearing area is small and the yield is low. The three main branches are adjacent, with equal growth potential, large opening angle, easy splitting of the main branches, few branches on the main branches, and easy sunburn of the main branches due to direct sunlight.
Fig. 76 Natural happy shapes of two main branches
Fig. 77 Natural happy shapes of three main branches
(2) Improved cup shape This tree shape is improved on the basis of cup shape. This tree also has a trunk, three main branches are adjacent, and the opening angle of the main branches is 45 ~ 50 degrees. The three main branches and their side branches are two branches. The whole tree has ***3 main branches, 6 lateral branches and 12 branches (secondary lateral branches), on which large, medium and small fruit branches are cultivated. The number of main branches of this tree is less than cup-shaped, and the number of side branches is more than cup-shaped, which weakens the top advantage and balances the growth of the tree. After the crown is formed, the spacing between main branches at all levels is about 80 cm. This kind of tree has the advantages of light pruning, large bearing area, high yield and long bearing life. This kind of tree is suitable for large crown and thriving varieties.
(3) The natural happiness of two main branches, three main branches and six main branches can all be collectively called natural happiness and two or three main branches, which are suitable for peach orchards with high groundwater level, poor lighting conditions, short trees and high planting density. After the two main branches are naturally happy, they are suitable for wide rows and close planting, and the shape is relatively simple; The natural happy shapes of the six main branches are improved on the basis of cup shape.
(4) The three main branches are naturally happy. The height of this tree is 60 ~ 75 cm. Within one year after planting, three main branches were selected with a distance of 25 ~ 30 cm to form a triangle, and the branch angle gradually decreased from bottom to top. 1 the main branch is 60 ~ 70 degrees, the second branch is about 50 degrees, and the third branch is about 30 degrees; The vertex angles of the three main branches also gradually decrease from bottom to top, and each main branch is equipped with three side branches. This tree shape is the main tree shape used in peach tree modeling in China at present. On the basis of combining the advantages of cluster and cup, it is more in line with the growth characteristics of peach trees, overcomes the shortcomings of easy bifurcation of three main branches and flat fruit, and makes the tree stronger and longer in life. The three main branches are staggered on the trunk, which is firmly combined with the trunk, bears a heavy load and is not easy to split. The main branch extends obliquely, and the lateral branches are planted on both sides of the main branch. The master-slave relationship is clear, the generated branches are evenly distributed, the crown is open, the lighting conditions are good, and it is easy to control. Planting branches all over the backbone branches can reduce sun burns. This kind of tree is suitable for peach orchards with fertile soil. After entering the full fruit stage, due to the increase of load, the opening angle of the main branches is easy to be too large, so attention should be paid to maintenance and adjustment, to maintain the uniform distribution and growth balance of the branches, as well as good ventilation and light transmission conditions.
Natural happiness tree, the main branch and trunk are firmly combined, with heavy load and not easy to split. The main branches grow above the syncline, and the crown expands rapidly. Less main branches and weak apical dominance are beneficial to prolong the life span and fruiting years of side branches. There are many branches on the backbone branches, which can reduce daily fever. The subordinate relationship between the main branch and the lateral branch is clear, with good ventilation and light transmission, strong tree potential and easy high and stable yield.
(5) Change the trunk shape (Figure 78) into a tree shape, and keep the middle trunk for a certain time. The whole tree has 5-7 main branches, divided into 2-3 layers. There are three main branches on the 1 layer, which are arranged at the interval of 10 ~ 15 cm, and each main branch has 2 ~ 3 lateral branches; The second layer has 2 ~ 3 main branches; The third layer has only 1 main branches; The interlayer distances are 100 ~ 120 cm and 40 ~ 60 cm respectively. This tree-shaped fruit-bearing area is large, and it is easy to yield early. However, due to the high crown, inconvenient management and poor indoor lighting, it is difficult to maintain the tree shape. This tree shape is suitable for vigorous varieties and requires better soil conditions. In order to keep enough light in the crown, attention should be paid to the angle of main branches and the appropriate distance between layers during plastic surgery. With the growth of tree age, the number of branches increases and the lighting conditions become worse, which is transformed into natural happiness.
Fig. 78 is a modified torso shape.
(6) Delayed heart shape (Figure 79) The structural feature of this tree is that a middle trunk is reserved on the trunk, and the whole tree is divided into two layers, with five main branches, forming a double-layer heart shape. The crown has large volume, many fruiting parts, high yield and easy high yield. This kind of tree requires thick soil layer and fertile soil, which is suitable for strong varieties.
Fig. 79 delayed happy shape
(7) Y-shape (Figure 80) This tree is suitable for close planting in Taoyuan, and it is an ideal tree type under the condition of close planting of 660 ~ 1665 plants per hectare.
Figure 80
The trunk of this tree is 30 ~ 50 cm high, and there are only two main branches in the whole body, and the included angle between the main branches is 45 ~ 60 degrees. There are 5 ~ 7 large and medium-sized fruiting branches on each main branch. The height of the tree is 2.5 ~ 3.0m, the leaf area coefficient is 5 ~ 6, and the leaf curtain thickness is 40 ~ 50cm. The spacing between rows is 0.8 ~ 1.0 m, and the visibility between plants is poor, but the handover rate should not exceed 5%. This tree has even light transmission and reasonable fruit distribution, which is beneficial to high quality and high yield.
After the seedlings or buds are planted, when the new shoots grow to 35 ~ 40 cm, the core is removed to promote the secondary branches, and then two secondary branches with strong growth, symmetrical growth and suitable extension direction are selected as preparatory main branches to allow them to grow freely. The angle of the prepared main branch is kept at 40 ~ 50 degrees by measures such as pulling branches, and the other secondary branches are controlled by measures such as twisting branches to keep the prepared main branch. When pruning in winter, the prepared two main branches should be shortened by 20 ~ 30 cm, and the other big branch should be thinned.
If it is a seedling, the stem is 40-50 cm high and the new shoots are 30-40 cm long. Two new shoots with vigorous growth and suitable extension direction are selected as the preparatory main branches, and the competitive branches are sparse, leaving 2-3 auxiliary branches to control the growth to assist the growth advantage of the preparatory main branches. Generally, the vertical or oblique secondary branches on the back of the prepared main branches should not be retained, and the growth of other new branches should also be controlled not to exceed the prepared main branches. When pruning in winter, two main branches should be shortened by 30 ~ 50 cm, and the other branch should be drained to keep the angle and growth advantage of the main branches.
After germination in the following spring, the double branches and over-dense branches on the back of the main branch were erased in time, and the cut 1 bud was left as the extension branch of the main branch. When the elongation branch is 40 ~ 50 cm long, coring can promote the growth of secondary branches. After the secondary buds germinate, the vertical buds are drained in time, the oblique buds are twisted for 20-30 cm, and the new buds germinated by the secondary and tertiary buds are cut off to cultivate large and medium branches; Upright dense secondary branches should be pulled out in time, and other secondary branches should be cored when they are 25 ~ 30 cm long. Except for the new branches with 1, 2 and 3 buds sprouting under the incision, the other new branches are drained vertically, and lateral buds are picked to promote the formation of flower buds.
When pruning in winter, the extension branch of the main branch should be shortened by 50-60cm, the outer bud of the first 1 bud can also be cut off, and the second and third buds should also be cut off to prepare for cultivating large and medium-sized fruiting branches. About 10 pairs of flower buds should be cut off from the remaining branches, and redundant developing branches should be removed. 2-3 flower buds should be cut off from the remaining branches. For the extended branches of large and medium-sized fruiting branches, leave short branches of 30-40 cm, remove the upright branches and new lateral shoots, leave short branches of 3-4 buds, and remove dense branches and double branches.
3 ~ 4 years after peach planting, the tree skeleton basically formed. When pruning, we should still pay attention to the combination of winter and summer pruning to promote early high yield.
After germination in spring, when the new buds grow to 5 ~ 6 cm, the double-bud branches and dense branches should be erased in time. During May to June, too many new shoots should be thinned to keep the base of new shoots on the same side at a distance of about 20 cm. The main branches, extended branches and lateral branches of the upper crown should be picked in time. Control the growth of oblique branches and lateral branches, and cultivate branch groups. For the new shoots in the middle and lower part of the crown, when they grow to 30 ~ 40 cm, pick the core to promote their flowering; The long upright branches should be pulled out in time, and the rest of the new branches should grow slowly.
When pruning in winter, the main branches in the upper part of the crown are elongated, leaving 50 ~ 60 cm short sections, large and medium branches, and using long fruit branches or long fruit branches as elongated branches. In summer, the twisted branches at the tip are too dense and sparse, and the 7 ~ 10 fruit branches have flower buds, and no flower buds continue to grow, and then retract after forming flower buds. In the small branch group, 5 ~ 7 fruit branches are reserved for those with flower buds, and those without flower buds are determined according to needs and space size. On the middle branch, the backup branch is selected according to the ratio of 2∶ 1, that is, among the three fruiting branches, two fruits are left, and the other one has 2 ~ 3 buds, which will bear fruit in the next year.
When pruning, leave 10 ~ 12 pairs of flower buds for the overgrown fruit branches, 8 ~ 10 pairs of flower buds for the long fruit branches, and 6 ~ 8 pairs of flower buds for the middle fruit branches, short fruit branches and bouquet-shaped fruit branches. Do not cut, cut redundant ones, and cut 2 ~ 3 others.