(Shang) (Zhou) (Qin) (China) (Wei and Jin Dynasties) cursive script.
The above-mentioned seven fonts of "Jin Jia seal, Cao Li and Xing Kai" are called "Chinese font 7".
It is well documented that China characters-Chinese characters were produced in about14th century BC, in the late Shang Dynasty, when the original stereotyped writing was Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle Bone Inscriptions hieroglyphs and pictophonetic characters are very vivid because of the pictographs and pictures of Chinese characters.
By the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, China characters had been sealed. The result of the development is that the seal has two characteristics: first, it has become the primary level of the thick and thin moving average and the soft line, and the drawn lines are very concise and vivid; The second is standardization, the glyph structure tends to be neat, and gradually breaks away from the picture prototype, laying the foundation.
Later, Zheng Lisi, who spun on the Qin stove, changed from simple to complex, not small seal script. In addition to simplifying the seal style, lines and standardization, Xiao Zhuan has reached a perfect level, and the almost completely separated picture and text become neat and harmonious, very beautiful, basically a rectangular box font. But Xiao Zhuan has its own fundamental shortcoming, that is, it is very convenient to write. Almost at the same time, there was a physical distraction, and the scripts of both sides were even.
In the Han Dynasty, the official script developed to a mature stage, which greatly improved the readability and writing speed of Chinese characters. Later, it evolved into Li Shu Cao Zhang, a modern cursive script, which was used to express the poets' writing style in the Tang Dynasty, with emphasis on the sharp cursive script. Subsequently, the combination of official script, regular script, cursive script and self-sufficient book (also known as book) became popular in the Tang Dynasty. Today's printing, this change is from regular script. Because the running script is between regular script and cursive script, its writing is smooth and flexible, and the rumors of Chinese system have been circulated until today, and our daily writing habits are fonts.
In the Song Dynasty, with the development of block printing and printing, Chinese characters were widely used, which further improved and developed a new style of writing-Songti printing font. After the invention of printing, lettering and the engraving of Chinese characters had a far-reaching impact, resulting in a typography with fine horizontal and thick vertical, which was eye-catching and easy to read, and was later called Song Style. The word carving imitates EC's thin, chubby, chubby figure, and Liu Tiyu's figure. Yan and Liu Bitong are tall and have certain characteristics, and the horizontal direction is slightly rough and thin. In the Ming Dynasty, Wanli changed from Song Dynasty to Zhao's thick and thin vertical and horizontal squares. In the initial time, the level of folk popularity was very fine in vertical planning, especially the thick fonts in Hongwu style were flat, such as inscriptions, lanterns, notices, and fonts used by officials such as private music and temple altar cards. Later, workers carved books to imitate Hongwu style to create a non-European, non-Japanese yen skin contour body. In particular, because the strokes of this font are horizontal and vertical, the seals that are really easy to engrave are different, and it does not create a fresh and pleasing effect. Its application in printing is more and more extensive, and it has become very popular. Since16th century, it is still called Song, also known as pica.
In Chinese characters, all kinds of fonts formed in different historical periods have their own distinctive artistic characteristics. Simple and elegant, the official script is static and dynamic, the decorative cursive script is rich, the driving speed is fast, compact, neat and beautiful, and it is easy to know a good writing reality, as well as various styles and different personalities.
The evolution of Chinese characters is a symbol. It is easy to carve and print fonts from the lines of hieroglyphics and the strokes adapted to writing with a brush. It is a historical evolution, and China's font design provides rich inspiration. If we want to give full play to the characteristics and styles of various Chinese fonts and use ingenious and unique creativity, we will certainly be able to design exquisite works.
Since Qin Shihuang unified Chinese characters, the development of Chinese characters has gradually embarked on. Each era has different connotations, and the unique ethnic and folk customs are deeply imprinted on the wisdom of the people in China and the hard-working history textbooks in China. However, today, some people know little about their own languages and devote a lot of enthusiasm to the languages of other countries. It's still half to half. This text is the soul of the country. In order to understand the motherland, historical changes and soul of the motherland, we chose this topic.
With the development of Chinese characters, after the Qin Dynasty unified China, Chinese characters were simplified and arranged, which made them gradually standardized. The development of China characters can be roughly divided into four stages: the evolution of Confucian classics, seal script, official script and regular script. Another kind of seal, printing point, seal script, official script, the difference between Li Qin and Li Han. Therefore, a new font in history was gradually formed through long-term evolution. Generally speaking, the post-China characters have a basic shape (table 1).
(Table: Evolution of Chinese Character Books)
1 Oracle Bone Inscriptions
Before the Qin Dynasty unified the characters, China's characters were either confused or confused from the perspective of font application. Broadly speaking, China's classical seal script includes the characters before Xiao seal script; In a narrow sense, it refers to the history of China's writing, sealing the previous writing. Here, the narrow classical concept. It contains Oracle Bone Inscriptions Jin classics, and the former is considered as the earliest stereotyped writing in China.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions: The left side of tortoise shells and animal bones written or carved in the late Shang Dynasty are mostly inscriptions, and some "notebooks" have been resigned. Oracle Bone Inscriptions accords with pictographic characters, and only 20% of them have the principle of word-making, so he knows pictographic characters. Some characters are filled with vermilion, which can also be directly used to describe the evolution of two red ink hieroglyphs. This shows that China's writing was not unified in Shang Dynasty.
Inscription of female image: it was called bronze and gold in the pre-Qin period, and the inscriptions of this kind of characters were engraved on bronze wares, also known as easy engraving. Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions are more pictographic than the older scripts. The actual wording of the inscription is so vivid, realistic and natural.
The inscriptions on Shang bronzes in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are about vulgar style and normal style, indicating that the normal style is becoming more and more complex, while the vulgar style tends to be simple (see Table 2).
(Table 2 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen)
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mainly carved on the tortoise shell bone with a knife, which is hard to write (Figure 3). This cutting technique is also used in modern graphic design (Figure 4).
2 major seal scripts
Contributions to history, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, philology, and historical and Zhou Chinese characters. Historian Zhou Zhou Wang Xuan thinks innovation is easy for him. Another Zhou Wen, Zhou Chuan, Zhou Shu, said in the history books. It is a historical week, scattered in different dictionaries of Ding Yi, and gathered by later generations through "Xu". Zhou Xuanwang's most famous stone drum.
3 biographies
Xiao Zhuan, also known as standard font, was compiled by Qin Zhuan, Qin Zao Cheng Lisi and others. Simplified by sealing. Also known as the seal of the sand gun, because of its pen power and emotional meaning. The shape and structure of Xiao Zhuan were supervised and coordinated, and the posture was even and neat, and radical changes and mergers were also made. There is no pictographic seal. The evolution from seal script to seal script is of great significance in the history of China characters.
4 Lishu County
The first step, from Xiao Zhuan to Li Shu, the most remarkable change is from Longwan money bar to straight, without changing the angle. Most people think that official script refers to the official script with a long tail like a meat cleaver, which is just one of them. The official script of Qin Li, Han Li and Qin Li are all early official script forms, while the font of official script in Li Han is relatively mature. Official script usually refers to Li Han in "Eight" (Figure 6). "Eight points" of Qin Li, gradually gave birth to waves. The development of official script to eight points is caused by mature posture. Because this word is more square and thicker than official script, it is a sense of righteousness and seriousness (Figure 7). Figure 8 shows English letters, but its existence makes the angular font official script have a "taste".
5 regular script
Also known as "regular script", real book, this book, this official. Ou Yangxun and Liu Gongquan rubbings. Beautiful and simple, which contains the ancient founder Li's old enemy. This font has been used to this day, and it is considered as a standard font and a world of love. Regular script has the feeling of being stable and tranquil, with individual writing and individual differences, but the same font also has different styles (9, 10). The figure 1 1 is the same as the fine gold figure in Song Huizong, but it is smooth with fine gold at the turning point, showing a unique visual sense.
6 script
"Regular script", between regular script and cursive pen, can move the script (characters) freely. Different writers run scripts in Li and Kai, and their current level can be used for free. Running script presents a romantic and aesthetic atmosphere (figure 12).
(Figure 12)
7 cursive script
"Running grass", also known as broken grass, this kind of grass, sealing, eight points, chapter grass, is followed by various changes in ancient Chinese characters. Cao Zhang Cao Cao is here. Although Cao Zhang has a strong taste of official script, it is so named because it is used to commemorate. The further development of Cao Zhang, this kind of grass, is often called "the sum of books". This kind of grass is often relatively simple, running scripts. The cursive script gives the audience a bold and fluent feeling (Figure 13, 14, 15).
8 printing
After the invention of printing, in order to meet the needs of printing, especially the needs of books and periodicals printing, the characters suitable for printing gradually developed in horizontal and vertical directions, just like the printed style-Song Style. It originated in the Song Dynasty in the golden age of block printing and was shaped in the Ming Dynasty, so the Japanese called it "Ming style". Fonts are suitable for printing and engraving, and are suitable for reading, publishing and printing.
9 computer fonts
With the development of cultural undertakings and technologies, under the influence of Chinese and Western fonts, a kind of bold font and artistic font has appeared, such as various new fonts, posters (POP), body art, investigation kiosks, girls' fonts and Arial font variants, such as italics and flat music. Various Chinese characters are more widely used in computers.
As shown in the following figure (from left to right: overlapping circles, buildings, investigation booths and posters in ancient India)
The origin of Chinese characters is a mystery. When it comes to figures in China, we have to mention Oracle bones and Oracle Bone Inscriptions's archaeological support, which first appeared 3,300 years ago. The writing of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia must be the last 2000 years. Up to now, Yi * * has more than 5,000 Oracle characters, about 1700 characters, as you can know. To some extent, China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, has no reason to lag behind others so much! Almost at the same time, we found that the first Oracle Bone Inscriptions had a certain understanding and pictophonetic characters, and these Oracle Bone Inscriptions associations were less than 80%, accounting for more than 20% of pictophonetic characters. This is very different from other early hieroglyphics of the ancient Egyptians and Sumerians.
Some people think that the level of science and technology in ancient China is far lower than that in ancient Egypt and ancient Greece. The ancient Egyptians built magnificent pyramids with huge stones, but only rammed earth buildings. The hieroglyphics of ancient Egyptians were carved on hard stones with exquisite designs, but only the bones or tortoise shells of animals were carved with rough scratches. But look at China's Oracle Bone Inscriptions's abstraction, but it is far higher than those of ancient Egypt. It seems that China made a direct leap in the early stage of early hieroglyphics, and directly entered a more advanced stage, more abstract writing. Pictographic stage: ideographic-the evolution of China characters. The pictographic stage is almost called pictographic Oracle Bone Inscriptions stage, which is highly abstract. Later, with the evolution of Chinese characters, Chinese characters are no longer purely ideographic characters. When the Greeks built the Parthenon and the Romans carved the Pantheon with a huge dome, China was only the victim of the Terracotta Warriors in the Qin and Han Dynasties. Qin Xiaozhuan has a unified national standard script, and the official script of the Han Dynasty is very close to today's China script. It can be said that it is a miracle to jump along this huge and complicated language symbol system, or the Chinese character culture in China.
Early writing, hieroglyphics, can work very well. Our language is constantly enriching some images that cannot be expressed by language. The ancient Egyptians and Sumerians began to create some phonetic symbols to record the unique representatives of these languages. China chose another solution:
Understand words, such as "Day+Month = Ming+Zi =";
Pictophonetic characters, such as "a", have no meaning and can only represent one syllable;
Common words, such as "Shuo-Yue", began to appear in China.
When it comes to China, people will inevitably think of the same account in a large part of English culture classes. At the same time, we also thought a lot. The highest level of learning a language is to use the thinking of this language and want to use your own mother tongue. However, this is the best way to give full play to one's creative thinking and mother tongue, not to mention the huge energy consumption of learning a foreign language. The Romans did not envy Greek civilization, but were in favor of Greece-even though these two languages? It's very close. Arabs want the same thing, instead of exchanging Latin or Greek to be translated into Arabic, Latin and Greek. Similarly, during the Renaissance, when Europeans did not switch to Arabic, Arabic was translated into Latin. Enlightenment, the further translation and popularization of national languages.
Personal terms for a good foreign language, a foreign language is effortless. But his translation efficiency will be much lower. However, as a whole society, everyone spends a lot of energy on learning a foreign language, which is very inefficient. In the most extreme case, the history of countries that have lost their national languages has completely disappeared. The best choice is that, like Arabs and Europeans in the Renaissance, after some good language translation, the national language will be widely spread. Only in this way can we innovate our native-speaking countries and think more effectively.
China is now facing the pre-English dilemma: according to the fact that language civilization is at its peak-unlike ancient Greece faced by Arabs, Roman civilization has lost its static civilization, unlike the decline of Islamic civilization faced by Europeans during the Renaissance. At present, a large number of new scientific and technological achievements, new knowledge and new ideas are still in the English world, and the success of English, the practical international language of society, is unprecedented in today's world. The population whose mother tongue is English is the second largest in the world, only next to China, with about 4 million people. However, using English as a second language or to some extent is more important to many people in every corner of the world and every country. Therefore, it is not easy for students not to learn English, just because learning English consumes a lot of time. Good optical English is not enough. Everyone can improve their quality by learning English, but they can't go to the other extreme.
Matteo Ricci, Xu Guangqi's thought of Western Renaissance, spread to China, and it has been hundreds of years today; During the 160 years since the Opium War, nearly a hundred years have passed since Lin Zexu translated western books and newspapers, even since the May 4th New Culture Movement. Contemporary China is a turning point from Renaissance to Enlightenment. Now, you should learn English, try and translate, and the most important thing is to start thinking and innovating your mother tongue. Improve the level of English researchers and journalists, whether it is to popularize basic education or advanced scientific and cultural concepts. It shouldn't be that English became an aristocratic language in China, like Latin in the Middle Ages or the Renaissance in Europe.
What is written is the history of a nation and a country. The evolution of China characters is magnificent and interesting, just like the history of China. The characters created by China people and China characters also guide the people of China to move forward.
The six books are "Zhou": "Protect the palm and abstain from evil kings, improve the way of the son of the country, and teach six arts: 1, which means five rites; The second time is 6 music; Shooting on Wednesday and Friday; 5 Yu Siyue; Knight's six books, Liu Yue's nine characters, but "Zhou Li" only introduced the "six countries", but did not elaborate.
Xu He and Hutchison, a scholar of the Han nationality in eastern China, wrote a Dictionary: "The country that protects religion is the first willow tree. Week, year and income mainly refer to what a person reads: things that can be seen by the police at the same time. "Shang" and "Xia" are also the second pictographs, and the objects of painting are complementary to the pictographs of human body for a long time. "Tian" and "Yue" are also the third pictographs, "He" and "He". "Wu" and "Xin" are knight's notes: transcription establishes an agreed stage, "test", "old" and: the words sound props under the guise of things "such a guise" and "dragon" are. "This is the first time in history that Xu Shen's definition of six books has been officially recorded. The future generations' review of the Six Books still focuses on ensuring justice.
[Editor] Six comments have been constructed.
[edit] pictogram
It is a character line or gesture of "independent organization of figures", which expresses the shape characteristics of an object and outlines it in detail. For example, the shape of "Moon" is like a crescent moon, the shape of "Turtle" is like the word "horse" with four legs, and "fish" is fake with two grass heads, fish tails, grass (this word) and doors. The word "sky" is like a circle with a midpoint, just like the shape we see when we look at the sun.
[Edit] refers to an event.
It is an independent institution. The main difference between pictographs and event words is that they contain more abstract things. For example, the sharp point of the word "blade" on the blade is marked with the word "fierce" and the cross trapping symbol "",which is the painting symbol on the main or under the main "; Say: "three three horizontal". The text of these sketches has a more abstract part.
[edit] sound,
Pictophonetic characters are suitable for pictographic characters and consist of two parts: the form (also known as "semantic characters") and the sound (also known as "annotations"). Shapes indicate the meaning of a word or the pronunciation of words with the same or similar pinyin, such as the shapes next to the words "Sakura" and "Mu". It's a tree next to the sound of "Baby-friendly Hospital". It writes the pronunciation of the word "baby" and the shape of "bamboo" next to the shopping basket, and shows that the bamboo article "prison" shows its words.
[Editor] Yes. exist
This is a "split hieroglyph". For example, "wine", a beer crock, "one yuan" and liquid association words are composed of two or more independent institutions to express the meaning of this word. "Water", if you want to express your meaning, means "solution". The news of the separation of "knife", "ox" and "horn" reached "Ming", referring to the sound of birds, "harbor" and "birds".
transcript
Belongs to the use of words. Pronunciation in different regions, as well as regional barriers, the same thing will have different names. When this word is used to mean the same thing and the same meaning, they will have the same radical cure or part. For example, the original meanings of "Kao" and "Lao" are the old man, "Britain's got talent", "Ding", the original meaning of the head, "awakening", "emptiness" and all the loopholes in the original meaning. These words have the same radical (or component) and a good relationship between analytic playback.
[Edit] Use six
In fact, the ancients were not the first and sixth books written in Chinese characters. China's writing in the Shang Dynasty, the sixth book has been developed and not recorded in a fairly long system. China's personality analysis system is summed up after six books. However, with the "six" system, people have created new words, which is the basis of this system. Zhuan and Zhuan are pictophonetic characters, concave, convex and Tang are demonstrative words, and Yi, En and Zhi.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze and hieroglyphics are in the majority. This is because painting is one of the most direct ways to make money. However, when the words are gone, we should be careful that there are more and more laborers in the department, such as "carp", "loach", "grass carp" and "loach", and it is difficult for fish to create their own roles visually and draw and divide them carefully. Pictophonetic characters become the most convenient way, as long as the "fish" below can recognize their * * * communication, and then the pronunciation next to them can almost distinguish the sounds of these words. In modern times, 80% of Chinese phonetic characters in China.