Cherry tree planting method
1, garden selection
Cherry is a fruit tree that likes light, temperature, humidity and fat. It is suitable to grow under the climatic conditions of annual average temperature 10 ~ 12℃, annual precipitation of 600 ~ 700 mm, and annual sunshine hours of more than 2,600 ~ 2,800 hours ... The time when the daily average temperature is higher than 10℃ is150 ~ 200 d. If there is freezing damage in the local area, cherry orchard can choose areas with slow temperature rise and good air circulation in spring. Considering that the cherry root system is shallow and easy to be blown down by the wind, the garden should be in an area free from wind damage, and the soil is sandy loam with loose soil and deep soil layer. ?
2. Variety selection and rational allocation of pollination trees
Big cherry is a cross-pollinated variety, most of which are self-pollinated and need pollination trees. Varieties with different maturity, such as Sijiqing Zaohong and Deng Hong, can be selected as main planting varieties, and Senecio scandens and Redmi can be used as pollination varieties. Generally, the main cultivated varieties are separated by 2 rows, and the pollinated varieties are 1 row to ensure normal pollination. ?
3. Strengthen the management, pruning and shaping of soil, fertilizer and water, as well as pest control.
The soil, fertilizer and water management of cherry is very different from other fruit trees. Because it is sensitive to soil, fertilizer and moisture, a little carelessness will cause a lot of serious consequences such as fruit cracking and tree death. Therefore, cherries should be managed according to the law of demand for soil, fertilizer and water. Plantations should be cultivated and weeded in spring and summer to keep the soil loose. Every year from September to June, 65438+ 10 month, 50 cm outside the trunk between rows, apply organic fertilizer in ditches, apply 400 kg of organic fertilizer every 667 m2, urea 15~30 kg and compound fertilizer 50- 15~30 kg. Apply 0.3 ~ 0.5 kg of urea before germination and after fruit picking. Spraying 0.3% urea 2 ~ 3 times on the leaves from germination to flowering, and spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 time on the leaves when the fruits are ripe and after picking. Irrigation before germination 1 time, hard core stage, fruit picking and freezing.
4. Free spindle shape can be used for reasonable shaping and pruning of cherry tree.
The stem is 40 ~ 50 cm high and the tree is about 3 m high. The whole tree has 8 ~ 12 uniaxial branches with branching angles of 70 ~ 80. , staggered. Before germination, the seedlings were cut in winter and dried at a height of 80 cm. 1 ~ 4 years, stems and uniaxial branches were cut off at the full bud stage, the length was 40 ~ 60 cm, and the dense branches and pests were cut off. Generally, the branches on the lateral uniaxial branch group are shortened by 5 ~ 15 cm to promote the formation of the short branch group and form the fruit branch bundle in the next year. In order to reduce the number of outer branches of the crown and improve the lighting conditions in the crown, thinning and re-cutting methods were used to deal with the outer multi-head branches.
The opening angle of lateral uniaxial branches in spring and autumn is 75? Left and right, auxiliary branch is pulled to 90? State. From May to June, leave 5 ~ 10 cm for vigorous new shoots and erect new branches germinated by short cuttings. When the secondary branches grow vigorously, they can be cored again to promote the formation of short branches and flower buds.
Key points of cherry tree planting
First, pull out branches and open corners.
Summer pruning can solve the problems that winter pruning can't solve, thus reducing the amount of pruning. Generally, after harvesting in June, the branches are pulled open, and the tree body reacts gently, and the back is not easy to branch. The angle of the main branch and the lateral branch is 60 ~ 70 degrees, and the other branches are 80 ~ 90 degrees.
Second, the heart is short.
Core-picking of branches with strong trunk extension, not flourishing, and core-picking control of competitive branches. When the extension branch of the trunk is 50 cm long, remove the core and 10 cm. When the length of the main branch is 40 cm, remove 10 cm (leaving buds) and leave 10 cm for the vertical branches that grow after coring. From the end of May to the beginning of June, three leaves are cut off from the upright branches or over-strong side branches (three big leaves are left at the base), and individual strong branches can be cut off twice in a row.
Third, thinning and retraction.
In summer, pruning is usually carried out from late May to early June after fruit picking (it is best to prune big branches in July). Its purpose is to prune large perennial branches that seriously affect the light, such as overlapping, upright, too dense and too strong, so as to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown cavity and balance the tree potential. After the fruit is picked, the cut is easy to heal and the tree is slightly weak.
Fourth, twist the tip and pick the branches.
From late May to early June, when the new branches are not lignified, the vertical branches, competitive branches and inward temporary branches are twisted by 180 degrees about 5 cm from the base of the branches, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) properly gird the waist
Girdling cherry tree can promote flower bud formation, improve fruit setting rate and fruit quality, but the wound healing is slow after girdling, and the girdling width should not exceed 0.5 cm. Moreover, due to the different tree vigor of big cherry trees, especially trees with less organic fertilizer are easy to flow gum, so it should be used with caution in production.
Six, timely watering
In summer drought, hard core water, pre-harvest water and post-harvest water should be watered well. According to the rainfall law in the north, we should pay attention to drought prevention in late June and irrigate in time according to soil moisture; But July-August is the rainy season, so it is necessary to do a good job of drainage and flood prevention in the park.
VII. Application of Paclobutrazol
Three-year-old Wangda cherry trees were planted, and paclobutrazol was applied in Shandong, Henan and other places in late April and mid-June, and 5 grams was applied to each tree. According to the experiment, the effect of paclobutrazol application is better in early May, and most branches are capped in early and middle June, and the flower formation rate is 95%, while the flower formation rate without paclobutrazol application is only 20%.
Eight, reasonable topdressing
Immediately after fruit picking, topdressing with quick-acting fertilizer, preferably compound fertilizer, 0.2 ~ 0.3 kg per plant to promote flower bud differentiation.
Nine, pest control
The main pests and diseases that harm cherry in summer are gummosis, mulberry white scale, bridge builder and peach leaf miner. In the early stage of gummosis, it is effective to cut several knives in the longitudinal direction of the diseased spot to squeeze out juice, and then scrub it with stone sulfur mixture. Silkworm pupa: During the expansion period of 1 generation nymph in mid-May, spraying 48% Le Si Tong 1500 times solution or 30% Wei Keling 1000 times solution can control the damage, and spraying drugs in early July can control the second generation nymph. 3000 times of 2.5% diflubenzuron EC and 800 ~ 1.000 times of 25% quinalphos EC can control bridge erecting machine and peach leaf miner.
Cultivation and management methods of cherry trees
In order to promote the recovery and growth of cherry trees in the year of planting, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer and water management and improve the survival rate of cherry trees.
First, the appropriate period of topdressing. On the basis of sufficient basic fertilizer, quick-acting fertilizer 1 times can be applied in the middle and late June, and diammonium phosphate 1.5~2 kg can be applied to five-year-old trees. Top dressing in protected fields must be done by digging an annular ditch 50 cm away from the trunk, spreading chemical fertilizer evenly and covering the soil. From August to September, according to the growth of cherry trees, apply 1 autumn base fertilizer in early autumn, mainly organic fertilizer, and apply 20-30 kg of decomposed farm manure or 2-3 kg of cake fertilizer to each cherry tree.
Second, rational irrigation. For a period of time after planting, irrigate every 1 week 1 time with a small amount of water instead of a large amount of water to make the soil settle and prevent the gap between the roots and the soil. It is advisable to irrigate with a small amount of water after each topdressing, and it is not advisable to spray chemical fertilizer directly on the ground before irrigation. Irrigation should be properly controlled in autumn.
Third, bind to save lives. Firstly, the trunk of cherry tree is subcontracted with straw rope or directly made of straw, and then fixed on the trunk with thin straw rope. Then spray the straw rope with water, then wrap the outside of the straw rope with plastic cloth, and finally tie the plastic cloth to the trunk. Spread a plastic cloth near the soil ball at the top of the tree, then cover the bottom with soil and water, and cover it with a plastic film together with the dry bag. The periphery of the plastic film is closely combined with the soil, and the temperature and humidity of the space wrapped around the trunk are ensured by adjusting the soil temperature, thus saving water and ensuring the survival of trees.
Fourth, foliar spraying fertilizer. Foliar topdressing is effective quickly, and 0.3% urea can be sprayed 2~3 times from mid-late May to early mid-June in the planting year to promote the growth of branches and leaves. 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed 2~3 times from August to September to promote branch maturity and flower bud differentiation.
Five, the rainy season drainage. Drain around the cherry tree hole to remove excess root water in the tree hole and reduce the influence of excessive watering and rain.
Pruning techniques of cherry trees
New shoots pick the heart. The main purpose is to control the vigorous growth of branches, increase the total number and order of branches, promote the transformation of branches, accelerate the expansion of crown, and blossom and bear fruit early. Therefore, this measure is mainly applicable to young trees and flourishing trees. According to the experiment of Fruit Research Institute in Yantai City, Shandong Province, after coring the 3-year-old young trees of Dazi and Naong, axillary buds are easily formed at the base of long branches because the branches stop growing earlier, and the flowering rate in the second year can reach more than 10%. Therefore, timely coring is an effective technical measure to promote early fruiting and high yield of young sweet cherry trees. The time for the new bud to pick the core is the rapid growth period of the new bud. When the new shoots grow to about 20 cm, you can pick the tender shoots at the top. If the tree is strong, the secondary buds germinated after coring are still strong, and coring can be carried out for many times continuously.
Prune cherries after picking. Usually in early and mid-July. The main purpose is to adjust the tree structure, improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown, promote the differentiation and growth of flower buds in the later stage and balance the tree potential. The main methods of pruning are dewatering and shrinkage. Strong branches that seriously affect the ventilation and light transmission inside the crown and have no preservation value can be drained from the base. For the big branches that only affect the local light conditions of the crown, but still have the ability to bear fruit, they can be retracted at the bigger branches with larger branch angle and growth ability. In terms of specific treatment, for low-level branches, pruning and pruning are adopted; Thinning is often used for high-grade big branches. According to the experience of people in cherry producing areas, it is considered that this pruning technique has a very obvious effect in increasing the yield of strong trees. According to the investigation in Yantai, Shandong Province, the yield-increasing effect of ripe sweet cherry orchard fruit after harvest can reach more than 1 times.
In addition, girdling the branches of cherry trees can promote the formation of flower buds, increase fruit setting rate, improve fruit quality and increase pulp hardness. However, if the girdling time is improper, or it rains behind girdling, the wound is easy to flow glue, which affects the wound healing and weakens the growth of trees. Therefore, when girdling cherry trees, girdling should not be too wide, too deep or too late, nor should it be carried out in rainy days.
Cherry is harvested earlier, and the growth time from harvesting to dormancy is longer than other fruit trees, so the pruning effect after harvesting is obviously better than other fruit trees.