Planting method of blueberries in Heze, Shandong To buy blueberry seedlings, it is best to choose 2-3 year-old seedlings. On the one hand, saplings are cheap; on the other hand, they are adaptable and easy to plant.
It is best to choose clay pots for planting blueberries. Pottery pots are breathable and cheap, but the disadvantage is that black ash is not very beautiful. If you can't buy pottery pots, you can choose pottery pots, followed by purple sand pots and plastic pots. Never use glazed porcelain pots. As for the size of the pot, for 2-3-year-old seedlings, choose a pot with a diameter of 25-30 cm, and avoid large pots for small seedlings. When you grow up, change a big basin. Mature plants of 4-5 years, of course, the bigger the better.
Blueberries can grow healthily in acidic medium, and the PH value of cultivated soil is between 4 and 5, which is most suitable for blueberry growth. This problem has troubled many blueberry lovers, because the PH value of pastoral soil is generally between 6 and 7, and even the acid soil sold in the flower and bird market has a minimum PH value of between 5.5 and 6. After planting blueberry seedlings in a pot, put them in a ventilated place indoors to avoid light for a week. This process is called slow seedling. You can move outside the balcony for normal maintenance after one week.
Blueberries like humidity, especially in summer, so they need to be given enough water every day. But be careful not to accumulate water, otherwise the roots will rot. Blueberries don't have to go indoors on rainy days in Shanghai. No matter how big the rain is, as long as the flowerpot has good water permeability, there is no problem. You can find that in the growing season, when it rains for several days in a row, the leaves of blueberries are bright green and full of vitality, and new leaves sprout soon.
Blueberries are sunny, and the 40-degree sun won't kill them in summer. In the growing season, as long as they are given enough water in the morning, they can tolerate the high temperature of 40℃ ~ 50℃ in the surrounding environment. If there is insufficient sunshine, the growth of blueberries will stagnate, and even if they bloom, they will not bear fruit.
Blueberries don't need much fat, but big fat will hurt them. There is a certain amount of humus in the culture medium, which can basically meet the growth needs of blueberries. Of course, if you want to eat blueberries by yourself, you still need a proper amount of topdressing. Suggested application? Spend a lot? 1g water 1000g, once every 7- 10 days. This kind of fertilizer is warm, even if it is used in excess, it will not burn the roots.
Planting techniques of blueberry 1. Garden selection and planting
(A) Garden selection and preparation
The pH value of the garden soil is 4 ~ 5.5, and the optimum pH value is 4.0 ~ 4.8. The content of soil organic matter is 8% ~ 12%, at least not less than 5%. The soil is loose, well ventilated and moist, but there is no water accumulation. If the local rainfall is insufficient, there needs to be enough water. In order to solve the problem of water accumulation in summer, strip terraces can be used for cultivation. After garden selection, deep ploughing should be combined with pressing green manure 1 year before planting, and the depth should be 20 ~ 25 cm, and deep ploughing should be done well. If there are many weeds, herbicide can be sprayed 1 year in advance to eliminate weeds. For soil types that do not meet the requirements of blueberries, soil improvement should be carried out before planting to facilitate the growth of blueberries.
Adjustment of soil pH value exceeding the standard: Excessive soil pH value is an important factor limiting blueberry planting. Too high pH value often leads to poor growth, low yield and even plant death due to iron deficiency and chlorosis. When the pH value is greater than 5.5, sulfur powder or aluminum sulfate should be applied to reduce the pH value. Sulfur powder should be applied before planting 1 year or at least in the same year after planting, but it generally does not work in that year. For example, in dark brown forest soil, the effect of reducing pH value 15 cm requirement 1 g sulfur powder per square meter can last for more than 3 years. Other types of soil can refer to this dose. Scatter sulfur powder evenly into the whole garden soil according to the calculated application amount, and dig deeply 15 cm and mix evenly. If aluminum sulfate is used, the dosage is 6 times that of sulfur powder. In addition, adding acid peat to soil and applying acid fertilizer to cover sawdust and rotten bark can reduce pH value. If sulfur powder and peat are used together, the effect is better.
Adjustment of low soil pH value: When the soil pH value is lower than 4, blueberries will be poisoned due to excessive heavy metal elements, leading to poor growth and even death. At this time, it is necessary to raise the pH value, which is generally adjusted by lime. When the soil pH is 3.3, the application of 8 t lime per hectare can increase the pH to above 4 and increase the yield by 20%.
Improve soil structure and increase organic matter: when the organic matter content of soil is less than 5%, blueberry is fibrous root because the soil is hard and sticky, which is not conducive to root development, so it is necessary to apply more organic matter or river sand to improve the structure. Commonly used sawdust, peat, rotten bark or rotten moss, mixed with soil when planting.
(2) Planting
(1) Planting date: spring planting and autumn planting can be used, among which autumn planting has a high survival rate and spring planting should be earlier.
(2) Plant spacing: 2 m is commonly used for rabbit eye blueberry. 2 m or 1.5 m 3m； High bush blueberry 1.2 m? 2m； Dwarf blueberry (0.5 ~ 1) m? 1 meter.
(3) Pollination tree configuration: Rabbit-eye blueberry is not self-flowering, so pollination trees must be configured, and high-bush blueberry varieties can be selected. High-bush blueberry and short-bush blueberry have higher self-pollination rate, but pollination trees can also improve fruit quality and yield. The ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated varieties is 1∶ 1 or 1∶2.
Second, soil, fertilizer and water management technology
soil management
Blueberry root system is shallow and slender, without root hair, and it needs loose and well-ventilated soil conditions.
(1) Clear tillage: Clear tillage is usually used to plant high clumps of blueberries on sandy loam. The suitable cleaning depth is 5 ~ 10 cm. The dark brown forest soil below 23 ~ 30 cm in Changbai Mountain area is often a cohesive loess layer. If ploughing is too deep, the loess will turn to the upper layer, which is not conducive to root development. Therefore, the height of blueberry cultivation tools is generally less than 15 cm. The cleaning time can be carried out from early spring to August, and it is not conducive to wintering after autumn.
(2) Planting grass: planting grass between rows and using herbicides between rows. Compared with clear tillage method, green grass method is beneficial to increase production, and has the advantages of obviously maintaining soil moisture and facilitating mechanized operation. The disadvantage is that it is not conducive to controlling blueberry fruit rot.
(2) Fertilization
(1) Common nutrient deficiency
① Iron deficiency chlorosis: it is a common nutritional disorder in blueberries. The main symptom is green veins, even green veins in severe cases, and the symptoms of upper leaves of new shoots are more serious. The main causes of iron deficiency chlorosis are high soil pH value, calcareous soil and insufficient organic matter content. The most effective method is to apply acid fertilizer ammonium sulfate, and if acid peat is mixed with soil, the improvement effect will be better. Spraying 0. 1% ~ 0.3% comprehensive iron on the leaves is better.
(2) Magnesium deficiency: When berries are ripe, the leaf edges and veins lose their green color, which mainly appears on the fast-growing old leaves, then the green-lost parts turn yellow and finally turn red. Magnesium deficiency can be corrected by applying magnesium oxide in soil.
(3) Boron deficiency: Its symptom is abnormal bud opening, the terminal bud withers and turns dark brown after several weeks of germination, and finally the top end dies. The main reason for boron deficiency is insufficient soil moisture. Adequate irrigation and foliar spraying with 0.3% ~ 0.5% borax solution can be corrected.
There are many reasons for the lack of mineral elements in blueberry, but they can be summarized as follows: a. The soil moisture content is insufficient or unevenly distributed; B. Poor root development caused by poor soil drainage, pests, fertilizer damage, diseases and soil hardening; C. the content of ammonium nitrogen in the soil is insufficient; D. the content of soil organic matter is insufficient.
(2) Fertilization
① Nutritional characteristics and fertilization response: Blueberry is a typical calcium-intolerant plant. When cultivated in calcareous soil, it often loses its green due to excessive calcium. Blueberries are nutrient-poor plants. Compared with other fruit trees, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in trees are very low. Because of this feature, blueberries should be specially protected against excessive fertilization to avoid fertilizer damage. Another characteristic of blueberry is that it belongs to the fruit tree that likes ammonium nitrogen, and its absorption ability of ammonium nitrogen in soil is stronger than nitrate nitrogen. When blueberry is planted, the soil has been mixed with organic matter or covered with organic matter, so blueberry fertilization mainly refers to topdressing. Farmhouse manure is rarely used in blueberry cultivation. The main components of blueberry orchard are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.
Nitrogen fertilizer: Due to different soil types and fertility, blueberries have different responses to nitrogen fertilizer. The fertilization experiment of new blueberry cultivated in dark brown soil showed that with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rate, the yield decreased, the fruit became smaller, the fruit maturity was delayed and the overwintering was serious. Therefore, the dark brown forest soil type has high nitrogen content, and applying nitrogen fertilizer is not only ineffective, but also harmful. According to foreign research, blueberry plus nitrogen fertilizer is effective in the following situations; Sandy loam and mineral soil with low soil fertility and organic matter content; Blueberry has been cultivated for many years, and the soil fertility has decreased or the soil pH value is higher (greater than 5.5).
Phosphate fertilizer: In the phosphorus-deficient soil, the effect of increasing the application of phosphate fertilizer is remarkable. However, when the phosphorus content in the soil is high, increasing the application of phosphorus fertilizer will not only not increase the yield, but will delay the fruit ripening. Generally, when the phosphorus level in soil is lower than 6 mg/kg, phosphorus pentoxide 15-45 kg/ha should be applied.
Potassium fertilizer: Potassium fertilizer can significantly increase blueberry yield, early maturity, improve quality and enhance stress resistance. However, excessive consumption did not increase the yield, but made the fruit smaller, severely damaged during the winter and lacked magnesium. In most soil types, the suitable potassium application rate of blueberry is potassium sulfate 180 kg/ha.
② Types, methods, periods and amounts of fertilization.
Type: The yield of total fertilizer is 40% higher than that of single fertilizer. Therefore, blueberry fertilization advocates the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The proportion of fertilizer tends to 1: 1: 1. In the soil with high organic matter content, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer decreases, and the suitable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1∶2∶3. The content of phosphorus and potassium in mineral soil is high, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1: 1 or 2: 1: 1. Blueberries are not only difficult to absorb nitrate nitrogen, but also cause harm such as poor growth of blueberries. Therefore, it is best to apply ammonium nitrogen fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate to blueberry. Ammonium sulfate can also reduce the pH value of soil, especially in sandy and calcareous soil with high pH value. In addition, blueberries are sensitive to chlorine, which easily leads to excessive poisoning. Therefore, when choosing fertilizer types, do not choose chlorine-containing fertilizers, such as ammonium chloride and potassium chloride.
Method and period: Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium vitis-idaea can be furrowed, and the suitable depth is 10 ~ 15 cm. When shrubs and blueberries grow into a garden, they are connected together, mainly by spreading. Generally, the period of soil fertilization is before germination in early spring, which can be applied twice, and then applied 1 time when berries are mature.
Fertilization amount: blueberry excessive fertilization is easy to cause tree damage or even the whole plant death. Therefore, the determination of fertilization amount should be cautious, depending on soil fertility and tree nutrition. In American blueberry producing areas, leaf analysis technology and soil analysis technology are widely used in production. According to the production test and years of research results, the standard values of leaf analysis of high cluster blueberry and rabbit eye blueberry were established, which avoided the blindness of fertilization.
(3) Water management
Irrigation must be carried out before the plants wither. The determination of irrigation time and quantity should depend on the soil type. Sandy soil has weak water retention capacity and is prone to drought, so it needs frequent inspection and irrigation. The soil with high organic matter content has strong water holding capacity, which can appropriately reduce irrigation times. Judging whether to irrigate or not can be based on field experience, that is, taking a soil sample with a shovel at a certain depth. If the soil balls in the sample soil are squeezed, they are easily broken, indicating that they are dry. According to the monthly precipitation in the growing season and the precipitation needed for blueberry growth, we can also make a rough judgment. When the rainfall is 2.5-5 mm lower than the normal rainfall, it may cause blueberry drought and need irrigation.
Third, shaping and pruning
(1) pruning of young trees
Young trees have flower buds in the first year and the second year after planting, which will inhibit vegetative growth after flowering and fruiting. The main purpose of young tree stage is to promote root development, expand crown and increase branches. Therefore, the pruning of young trees is mainly to remove flower buds. In the spring of the second and third years after planting, the weak branches are thinned. The third and fourth years should focus on crown expansion, but moderate results can be obtained. Generally, the plant yield in the third year should be controlled below 1kg.
(2) Pruning of adult trees
After entering adulthood, the inner chamber is easily shrouded in yin and the crown is relatively high. At this time, pruning is mainly to control the height of the tree and improve the lighting conditions. Pruning is mainly based on thinning branches, and the tillers produced by too dense branches, too thin branches, branches damaged by diseases and pests and roots are thinned.
When pruning a wide variety, remove the weak branches and leave the strong branches. Varieties with upright tree posture go to the center to dry and open the skylight, leaving moderate branches. The best fruiting age of big branches is 5-6 years. The branches are too old, so we should take them back and update them in time. Fragile branches can be pruned with flower buds to make them stronger.
Adult trees have a large number of flower buds, and some flower buds are often cut off. Generally, 2-3 flower buds are cut from each robust branch.
Pruning stubble: Smolarz Kazimiersz, 1998 vs 13? Lan Feng? The stubble pruning experiment of blueberry was carried out, and four treatments were set up: 125px, 1250px and 2500px, with uneven stubble as control. There are only control results in the year of pruning, and the results of 1250px and 2500px treatments in the second year, and all treatments in the third year are results. Compared with the control, in the third year after stubble pruning, the tree grew healthily, the weight of single fruit increased and the yield increased by 50%. Therefore, for plants with weak tree vigor, timely stubble pruning can restore tree vigor. Enhance the ability of results.
(3) Old tree regeneration
After about 25 years of planting, the aerial parts of blueberries are aging. At this time, the whole tree needs to be updated, that is, all the trees are sawed off with a circular saw close to the ground, and generally no piles are left. If the pile is left, the maximum is no more than 62.5px, so that new branches sprout from the base. After the whole tree is updated, it will not bear fruit in the same year, but the output in the third year can be 5 times higher than that of the unrenovated tree.
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