Cultivation techniques of summer black grape in solar greenhouse
1, colonization
Sowing in the middle and late April, the nutrition bag seedlings can be extended from late May to early June. Use (0.5~0.8)m? 1.5m row spacing, single row planting in north-south direction. The planting ditch is 0.5m deep and 0.5m wide, and it is excavated alternately. At the same time, 3000~5000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 40~50kg of NPK compound fertilizer and 20~25kg of medium and trace element fertilizer were applied every 667m2. Before planting, cut off 2~3 full buds from the seedlings, cut off the roots about 10cm, soak them in clean water for more than12 hours, then water them and cover them with black plastic film.
2. Post-colonial management
After planting, topdressing starts when the new shoots sprout about 10cm, with available nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer from May to June, and high-nitrogen potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is used for topdressing from July to September, with an interval of15-20 days, once every 667 m, and topdressing stops after 9 months. Adoption? v？ Shape shaping, early coring and timely selection of main vines. When the new grape shoots grow to 20~30cm, leave 2~3 strong auxiliary shoots and remove all the others.
When the new grape shoot grows to 0.8~ 1.2m, the second secondary branch on it leaves 1~2 leaves for repeated coring. Prune the grapes at the beginning and middle of 1 1 month after defoliation. When pruning, leave two middle tips of the main vine for pruning (leave 5~7 buds), and cut them at 1~ 1.5cm above the buds. After pruning, pull two branches horizontally to remove the pruned dead leaves and crops from the garden. At the same time, 3000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 40-50 kg of NPK compound fertilizer and 20-25 kg of trace fertilizer were applied into the ditch, and then watered. 1 Cover the shed with plastic film.
Attention should be paid to pest control throughout the growth period. From germination to germination, 1.8% avermectin can be sprayed 2000~3000 times to control pests such as scarabs, midges and thrips. From July to September, according to the rainfall, spraying 68.75% Ipoh 1500 times +70% thiophanate methyl 1000 times can control grape black pox, downy mildew and white rot.
3, buckle shed and shed management
3. 1 Tent fastening time
165438+ 10 Close the shed in late October, cover the thatch during the day, close the vent, and open the thatch at night to cool down. Repeat this for 15 ~ 20 days to promote the grape plants to pass the dormancy period safely. Then slowly raise the temperature, lift the straw curtain of 1/3 during the day, and control the temperature at 15~ 17℃. After 5 days, 2/3 of the grass curtains are uncovered, and all of them can be uncovered after 5 days. From now on, open the straw curtain every morning at around 8:00, let the shed room heat up under the light, and cover it in time to keep warm at around 16:00 in the afternoon.
3.2 Sleep interruption
At the initial stage of tent heating, 20~50 times of melamine (? Rongya? 、? Domitz? ) Spray or smear the branches with a soft brush. Dip an appropriate amount with a brush and evenly spread it on the bud eyes of the fruiting branches, with the spreading length of 1/3 of the vine.
How to Cultivate Summer Black Grape in Greenhouse
3.3 Bud fixation and bud management
After germination, dense buds, weak buds and abnormal buds should be thinned out in time. When the inflorescence can distinguish the fruiting branches from the vegetative branches, 1 time should be fixed, and the fruiting branches and strong branches should be reserved. When the new shoots grow to about 40cm, they are tied on the shelf. Don't let the branches get too close. The general branch spacing is 20~25cm. Due to the vigorous growth of summer black grapes, dense branches and leaves, the number of fixed branches affects ventilation and light transmission, so the number of fixed branches should be controlled at 22400 ~ 2700 per 667 m, and attention should be paid to leaving a preparatory branch on each fruiting mother branch. Generally, 6~7 leaves are left above the ear for coring, and 1~2 leaves are left at the top secondary tip for repeated coring, and the rest are smoothed in time; About before flowering 1 week, remove the secondary spike and pinch off the spike tip.
3.4 Temperature and humidity management in the shed
During the growth period of new shoots, the temperature is generally maintained at 23~27℃ during the day and 8 ~12℃ at night; During flowering and fruit setting, the daytime temperature is controlled at 22~28℃ and the nighttime temperature is controlled at 5 ~18℃; During fruit expansion, the temperature is maintained at 26~30℃ during the day and at16 ~ 20℃ at night; During the coloring period, the temperature is controlled at 28~32℃ during the day, 14~ 16℃ at night, and the temperature difference between day and night is about 15℃, which is beneficial to fruit coloring. The humidity in the shed is from 10d to the stage of leaf spreading. In order to prevent drying, the relative humidity of air should reach 85%~90%. If the humidity is not enough, it should be sprayed manually to increase the air humidity. The suitable air humidity is 70% during the growth period of new shoots; During flowering and pollination, ventilation should be increased to reduce humidity, and the relative humidity should be 50% ~ 60%; The air humidity should be kept at 60%~80% during fruit expansion.
3.5 fruit treatment
As Xiahei grape is a triploid seedless variety, the fruit grains are small under natural conditions, so it is necessary to treat the fruit with growth regulators in production to promote the fruit expansion and improve the commercialization of the fruit. Soaking young panicles with 0.65438+ 0.5 ~ 20 days after flowering +0. 1% chlorfenuron+10mL high-yield liquid (to inhibit the hardening of fruit stems) can make the fruit grains obviously expand, the panicle shape is compact, the fruit grains are compact and hard.
3.6 Fertilizer and water management
At the growth peak of 20 days after grape germination, the effective nitrogen fertilizer of 15kg was applied every 667m2. Apply 20 ~ 30 kg of high nitrogen, low phosphorus and low potassium compound fertilizer every 667m2 in the young fruit stage and expansion stage. From the hard core stage to the fruit harvest, apply 10 ~ 20kg compound fertilizer with medium nitrogen, low phosphorus and high potassium for 2 ~ 3 times every 667m2. At the same time, spraying fertilizer on the leaves for 5~7 times in a row to promote coloring. At the same time, watering and fertilization are combined. Water the shed 1 time, and water it for the second time when it sprouts. Water a small amount of water before a single flower opens. After 95% of the flowers in the whole garden wither, water them for the first time 1 time, then water them for the second time every 20 days, and water them for the first time 1 time before the berries become soft.
4. Management after fruit harvesting
After the grapes are harvested, the focus of the work is to raise roots and protect leaves, so as to prolong the defoliation period, let the trees accumulate more nutrients and lay a good foundation for the coming year.
Specific measures are:
(1) Remove the shed film and repair it in time. If there are reserved branches, the fruiting branches are cut off; If there are no reserved branches, cut off the dense branches, overlapping branches and thin branches; If there are strong branches, prepare for the next year's fruit or cut off 1~2 buds for regeneration.
② Supplementing nutrition and restoring tree vigor. Generally, apply 10~ 15kg high nitrogen and low phosphorus compound fertilizer every 667m2.
③ Do a good job in the prevention and control of downy mildew, anthracnose, white rot and other diseases, and use metalaxyl 500 times solution, 72% Dubangke Green 700 times solution or 52.5% Yiqiaojing 2000 times solution in time. Insect pests can be controlled with 40% chlorpyrifos avermectin 1500 times solution.
Cultivation techniques of summer black grape
Phase I preparation
1. Selection of improved varieties: There are many varieties of grapes, such as Kyoho, Fujiminori and Goldfinger. Early maturity, strong adaptability, can choose high-quality varieties according to local climate and fruit use.
2. Selection of soil layer: Sandy loam with convenient transportation, convenient irrigation and drainage, deep soil layer and loose soil (good air permeability and quick ground temperature recovery) is the best soil.
3. Soil preparation: apply decomposed organic fertilizer in autumn and winter in the first year and mix it evenly with soil. Before soil preparation, apply about 1.500 kg of decomposed fertilizer per mu, and add 100 kg of calcium superphosphate at the same time, then dig deeply about 30 cm, and hammer the soil into a seedbed with the required ditch width of 0.8 m and depth of 0.4-0.6 m to prepare for planting.
4. The selected frame type: V-shaped frame, high-width vertical T-shaped frame and horizontal shed frame can all be used as cultivation frames, but single-wall hedge frame is not suitable. Reasonable garden construction, according to the selected framework for material selection and erection.
5. Reasonable planting: from the end of June 165438+ 10 to March of the following year, select robust seedlings, and plant them after cutting 2-3 full buds. After planting, water it and cover it with black plastic film to keep moisture and prevent weeds. There are two kinds of cultivation frames: fence frame and flat shed frame, and the corresponding planting density is generally 2.5m? 1.2m (double cross v-frame), 2.8? 3? 1m (high-width vertical T-frame), 4m? 1m (horizontal scaffolding) is suitable.
6. Promote protected cultivation: In addition to open-air cultivation, facilities can be used to cultivate summer black grapes when conditions permit. Greenhouse cultivation can mature 10 ~ 15 days in advance, increasing economic benefits. Rain-shelter cultivation can reduce the occurrence of diseases, although it cannot be listed in advance.
Young tree management
1, topdressing to promote growth: fertilization follows the principle of thin fertilizer and diligent application. Generally, topdressing should be started after spreading 8 leaves, and once every 10 ~ 15 days. Before August, the top dressing is mainly available nitrogen fertilizer, and from April to May, 0.3% urea or 0.5% carboammonia solution is used; The roots of seedlings are watered after breaking the film. Topdressing 0.3% ~ 0.5% compound fertilizer from June to July; After August, mainly topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; Topdressing will last until September.
2. Steel binding and molding: After the seedlings are planted, the cement column shall be erected in time and the iron wire shall be tightened. Plant seedlings and insert a bamboo pole. When the new shoots grow to 50-60 cm, guide the vines to the poles, and do a good job of tying, removing vines and removing cores in time. ? v？ The V-shaped cross frame and the T-shaped frame take the first iron wire as the core, and two auxiliary tips are left at the top, which are led to the left and right sides to grow and form two arm vines; When the horizontal scaffold is close to the surface of the frame, it will sag.
3. Spraying pesticides to control pests and diseases: 1 year, mainly to control black pox and downy mildew. After spreading three leaves, spray fungicides every 8 ~ 10 days to prevent diseases. Bok, Punk, Kelu, etc. It can be used alternately, and Baolifeng 1 or 2 can be added at the same time in the middle and late stage. If pests are found, add pesticides and spray them together.
4. Winter scissors: Winter scissors should be cut off at the joint between the two arms and the vine. What is the diameter of the secondary tip on the arm vine? Leave 2 ~ 3 buds at 0.5 cm, and cut off those below 0.5 cm. For seedlings that don't grow to the L line, cut off 2 ~ 3 buds at the base and wait until the next year for shaping. Leave 3-4 branches on the surface of the scaffolding.
Adult tree management
1, fertilizer and water management
In rainy areas in the south, the fruit growing season is from March to June, so it is very important to do a good job of ditching and drainage, and ditching and building high ridges. Pay attention to timely irrigation in the summer drought season from July to August to prevent early defoliation. Weed control should be carried out in time during the growth period, supplemented by manual weeding and chemical control. After defoliation every year, the whole garden should be deeply ploughed with base fertilizer in autumn. Adult trees are fertilized five times a year.
① Germination accelerating fertilizer: from the end of February to the beginning of March, apply 5- 10 kg urea and 25 kg calcium superphosphate per mu. This kind of fertilization is mainly to promote the growth of new shoots, the development of new roots, good flowering and vigorous orchards.
② Fruit swelling fertilizer: after flowering to young fruit swelling stage, 200 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, 30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 0/0 kg of potassium sulfate/kloc were applied every l weeks.
(3) Colored fertilizer: At the initial stage of fruit discoloration, 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate was topdressing per mu to promote the accumulation of fruit color and sugar.
(4) Fruit picking fertilizer: After the fruit is harvested, in order to restore the tree vigor, 25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 0/0 kg of urea/kloc should be applied in time per mu, and it is not necessary to apply it if the tree vigor is good.
⑤ Base fertilizer: In the first half of June in 5438+10, the base fertilizer was deeply turned, and 2000-3000 kg of organic fertilizer such as pigsty manure and 50 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer were applied per mu. Can you spray 0.2% pesticide for multiple topdressing during the growth period? 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and special foliar fertilizer.
2. Branch management
① Bud wiping and bud fixing: after germination, double buds, multi-head buds and over-weak buds are erased; After the new tips are formed, V-shaped transverse frames and high-width vertical frames are adopted, and the tip spacing is 15? Fix the new shoots at a distance of 20 cm, and cut off the new shoots of 8 leaves at the same position about 10 days before flowering, so that the winter buds at the base and middle are full and the inflorescences are increased. The second tap from flowering to fruiting. 15 forced control after leaving the field. After fruit bagging, especially in the coloring period, the growth of new shoots should be strictly controlled, which is the key to the management of summer black. Otherwise, it will lead to slow coloring and delayed maturity. The growth of new shoots can be inhibited by coring or spraying growth promoters on leaves, but the most important thing is to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the proportion of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. After several years of planting, it can be thinned, crown expanded and growth balanced.
(2) girdling: girdling the main branches when soaking with 1 swelling agent, and the girdling width is generally 2-3 mm, reaching xylem, which can increase fruit grains. When berries are first colored, they can ripen early.
③ Pruning in winter: it should be done after defoliation in spring and before bleeding period, and it is appropriate to prune from late February of 65438 to 10 of 65438. Mixed pruning method should be adopted in the south, with 700 buds per mu (08000,6? 7. Pruning the middle shoots of buds, combined with pruning the short shoots of 3 buds. Young trees and flourishing trees should be appropriately cut long, and 5 ~ 8 full buds should be cut short on each vine; Adult trees and medium branches should be pruned properly, and 4-5 robust and full buds should be left on each vine, and weak branches should be thinned or left 1? 2 Pruning and regeneration of buds
3. Spike management
① Earing according to yield: In order to obtain high-quality fruits, it is necessary to carry out yield control cultivation, and the yield per mu of high-quality and stable-yield cultivation should be 1000 kg, but not more than 1250 kg. If it exceeds 1500 slave, it will be difficult to color, the maturity will be delayed, the quality will be reduced, and the flower quantity in the next year will be greatly reduced. In production, the ear is fixed according to the fixed yield index. The ear weight is 500g, and the ear weight is 2000-2500. A vine can only be set with 1 spike. The spike can be fixed before flowering or after fruit setting.
② flower thinning and fruit thinning: the ear of fruit, the accessory ear and several supporting shafts under the accessory ear should be thinned one week before flowering. If the ear is too long, pinch off the tip of the ear 1/5? 1/4 Keep the cylindrical ear. Note that for the ear with high fruit setting rate, some small supporting shafts can be removed, and about 70-80 fruit grains can be retained per ear. The fruit of summer black grape is very good after fruit preservation, so it should be properly drained and carefully drained, and the ears should be fixed before the second drainage.
③ Application of growth regulator: gibberellin 25mg /L can be used (or the amount of swelling agent is increased 1 times) at the end of flowering period and before physiological fruit drop (from the 6th day of flowering to the 10th day of 10), which can play a very good role in fruit protection. The second time, when the soybean size is small (about 22 days after the first flowering), soak or spray the ear with swelling agent to increase the fruit size.
④ Fruit bagging: Bagging grapes can reduce the pollution of diseases, insects, birds and pesticides, and the berries produced are beautiful and contain a lot of fruit powder.
disease control
1, master? Prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control? In principle, clearing the garden is the main way in winter, and 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture is sprayed to disinfect the trunk and ground before the grape germinates (during the ball-bearing period). In the growing season, drug control should be carried out before rain, after rain and at the early stage of onset. In the early stage of growth, thiophanate-methyl, 402 and Fuxing can be used to increase the biological control of black pox. Before and during the flowering period, the control of gray mold can be carried out by using prochloraz, chlorpheniramine or Xerox. From young fruit stage to mature stage, white rot can be controlled by applying Gao and Mennengling. Powdery mildew can be controlled by triadimefon and myclobutanil. The main chemicals for controlling anthracnose are carbofuran, carbofuran and so on. The prevention and treatment of downy mildew are mainly copper preparations such as Kebao, essence and Bordeaux liquid. , combined with therapeutic agents such as oxime morpholine, encore manganese zinc and metalaxyl. At the same time, foliar fertilizers or growth regulators, such as Meiguolu, Kebao eugenics and high-efficiency calcium, can be added before flowering and in the young fruit stage, respectively, to promote coloring and early maturity and reduce the occurrence of fruit shrinkage.
2. Timely prevention and control of diseases, insects and birds: clear the garden in winter, and spray 3-5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture during the pilling period to disinfect the trunk and ground. In the growing season, special attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment before rain, after rain and at the early stage of onset. Protective agents (such as Kebao, Essence, Sheng Da, Penke, etc.). ) before the onset, use therapeutic agents after the onset. Black pox mainly occurs at young age, which can be controlled by thiophanate-methyl and Fuxing. Before and after flowering, chlorpheniramine, Xerox or Nongliling were mainly used to control gray mold, and Gaofu and Fuxing could be used to control white rot from young fruit to mature fruit. Silicone morpholine and Anke manganese zinc are used for downy mildew. It was found that triadimefon could control powdery mildew. Black grapes are easy to be infected with anthracnose in summer, so attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of anthracnose. The main chemicals are Shi Baike and Tanterling. It is more effective to set up a bird net before maturity.
Planting management techniques of summer black grape
I. Planting methods
Summer black grape is the most suitable for hedgerow cultivation, with natural fan pruning, row spacing 1.7m, plant spacing of 0.8m, and 500 plants planted in 667m2. In the cold-proof areas that need to be covered with soil, 420 plants can be planted with a row spacing of 2m and a plant spacing of 0.8m and 667m2.
In rainy places, the distance between the 1 line above the ground and the ground is more than 80cm to prevent rain and sediment from polluting the surface of fruits. This framework is conducive to making full use of land, wind and light, especially for early high yield. General management level, the output of 667㎡ in the second year can reach more than 2000kg.
Second, the management points
1. Timely ear cutting and fruit thinning: Summer black grapes have neat ears, mostly without shoulders and some with ears. Binaural users are advised to trim 1 ear. If the ear is too long, pinch off the ear tip 1/5- 1/4 10 days before flowering. On average, only 1 ear is left in each fruiting branch. In practice, press? Strong two weak one, stay? The principle is that 2 ears can be left on the top (front end) of the shelf surface, 1 ear can be left on the new shoots with medium growth, and no ear can be left on the weak branches and cultured branches. The total number of ear per 667m2 is about 4000. Black fruits should be densely planted in summer, so it is recommended to thin the fruits. Artificial fruit thinning takes too long, so it can be watered at full flowering stage and fruit-setting stage, or combined with spraying bactericide, and consciously spraying fruit ears to promote moderate flower and fruit drop. Or moderately shaking or hitting the tree during the flowering and fruit-setting period can also play the role of thinning flowers and fruits.
2. Increase the ear in time: The increase of grape fruit is beneficial to increase the yield and improve the commodity value. Summer black grapes grow naturally and have small fruit grains, which is the nature of seedless grapes. It is suggested to extend them. That is, after flowering 1 5th day, dip or spray with 45 ~ 50mg/kg gibberellin solution, and repeat every12nd ~15th day/time. Or when the soybean grain is large, spray or soak the ear with 45mg/kg gibberellin solution at the ratio of 1 ~ 1.5 kg, and increase the yield by 10ml once.
3. Grape ear bagging: Grape bagging has many advantages, such as disease prevention, insect prevention, bird prevention, pollution prevention, yield and quality. The berries are not only beautiful but also delicious. It is suggested that whether it is field production or greenhouse cultivation, we should strive for a full set of bags.
4. Fertilization and watering: It is recommended to apply organic fertilizer again for the production of summer black grapes. When planting the garden, 5000kg of organic fertilizer should be applied every 667m2, and then every 1 year, extending outward along the planting ditch, applying organic fertilizer 1 time, and applying 4000~5000kg per 667m2.
In spring, 1 times effective nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to grapes to accelerate germination and promote the growth of large fruit ears. Apply 1 times high nitrogen ternary fertilizer expansion fertilizer. Topdressing potassium fertilizer 1 time before fruit ripening. The amount of fertilization is not good, depending on soil fertility, yield and tree potential.
5. Pruning in winter: Pruning in winter is very important, which is directly related to the yield of grapes in the next year. Summer black grape has good flower bud differentiation, high germination rate and high fruiting branch rate. Therefore, in general, short branches are mainly pruned, and strong branches can be pruned in the middle. It is suggested that 667㎡ leaves 1500 ~ 1800 fruiting branches as an adult garden for natural sector pruning of hedgerows. Fruit Characters of Summer Black Grape