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The suitable temperature is relatively narrow, and the requirements for environmental conditions in cultivation are also relatively strict, which is mainly determined by the botanical characteristics of cauliflower. As the product organ of cauliflower is a flower ball formed by the polymerization of shortened flower branches, floral axis and flower buds, the flower ball is not only a reproductive organ, but also a nutrient storage organ.

Biologically speaking, any organism is the fragile stage with the worst resistance from the reproductive period, so cauliflower has poor resistance to adverse environmental conditions such as high temperature, drought and frost during the growth and development of flower heads. Judging from the growth habit of cauliflower, the aggregated flower balls are used as nutrient storage organs. Under suitable environmental conditions, cauliflower changes from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, which needs to go through the process of nutrient accumulation and storage with flower heads as carriers, so that the flower heads can grow fully and densely. If the external conditions of cauliflower at this stage are beyond its suitable range, such as high temperature and drought, the above process will be shortened, and the shortened flower branches will quickly extend at high temperature, making the bulbs smaller and looser, and the satisfactory harvest will not be obtained in the cultivation.

The nutrition of cauliflower is richer than that of ordinary vegetables. It contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins A, B, C, E, P, U and minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Cauliflower is tender, sweet and delicious, easy to digest and absorb after eating, and its tender stem fiber is fresh and delicious after cooking, which is suitable for middle-aged and elderly people, children and people with weak spleen and stomach and weak digestive function. Especially in the summer heat, when the mouth is dry, the urine is golden yellow, and the stool is hard or unsmooth, use 30 grams of cauliflower to decoct soup and drink it often, which has the effects of clearing heat, quenching thirst, diuresis and relaxing bowels.

Nutrient components per 100g of cauliflower, calories (24.00 kcal), protein (2. 10g), fat (30.00g), carbohydrate (4.60g), dietary fiber (1.20g) and vitamin A (5.00g). Vitamin C(6 1.00 mg), vitamin E (0.43 mg), calcium (23.00 mg), phosphorus (47.00 mg), potassium (200.00 mg), sodium (3 1.60 mg) and magnesium (/kloc-).

Scientists in the United States and other countries have found that its main components have anti-cancer effects. Cauliflower contains

There is a kind of "Sofafen", which can stimulate cells to make a protective enzyme beneficial to the body-type II enzyme. This enzyme with very strong anticancer activity can make cells form a membrane to resist the erosion of foreign carcinogens, which plays a positive role in preventing various cancers. Animal experiments show that it can increase the activity of aromatic hydroxylase in the liver of experimental mice by 54 times, and the activity in the mucosa of small intestine by 30 times, so that the microsomal multifunctional oxidase system in somatic cells (especially hepatocytes) has the ability to decompose carcinogens and other harmful compounds that enter the human body, thus keeping the human body in a virtuous cycle for a long time.

Cauliflower is one of the foods containing the most flavonoids. Flavonoids can not only prevent infection, but also be the best vascular cleaner, which can prevent cholesterol oxidation and platelet coagulation, thus reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

1, anti-cancer: cauliflower has been included in people's anti-cancer recipes by nutritionists from all over the world. Broccoli contains trace elements, which can resist oxidation and cancer. Long-term consumption can reduce the incidence of breast cancer, rectal cancer and gastric cancer. According to the report of American Cancer Society, among many vegetables and fruits, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage have the best anticancer effect.

2, dredge blood vessels: cauliflower is one of the foods containing the most flavonoids. In addition to preventing infection, flavonoids are the best vascular cleaners, which can prevent cholesterol oxidation and platelet coagulation, thus reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

3, rich in vitamin K: Some people's skin will become black and blue once they are slightly injured, this is because the body lacks vitamin K. The best way to supplement is to eat more cauliflower.

5, vitamin C messenger: the vitamin C content of cauliflower is extremely high, which is not only conducive to human growth and development, but more importantly, it can improve human immune function, promote liver detoxification, enhance people's physique, increase disease resistance and improve human immune function.

Especially in the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer and breast cancer, research shows that the serum selenium level of human body decreases obviously when suffering from gastric cancer, and the concentration of vitamin C in gastric juice is also significantly lower than that of normal people. Cauliflower can not only supplement a certain amount of selenium and vitamin C, but also supply rich carotene, which can prevent the formation of precancerous lesion cells and inhibit the growth of cancer.

6. Biological activity: According to American nutritionists, cauliflower contains a variety of indole derivatives, which can reduce the estrogen level in the human body and prevent the occurrence of breast cancer. In addition, studies have shown that an enzyme extracted from cauliflower can prevent cancer, which is called radish seed element, which can improve the activity of carcinogen detoxification enzyme; In addition, cauliflower also contains dithizone, which can reduce the enzymes that form melanin and prevent the formation of skin spots. Regular eating can smooth and appetizing, and has a good whitening effect on the skin. The relevant people can be eaten by the general population, and there is no special taboo. Suitable for growing children, people who live in a polluted environment, people who are prone to liver poisoning, and all those who want to fight cancer and tumors; It is helpful for people with loss of appetite, indigestion and dry stool.

American scientists pointed out that cauliflower not only can prevent cancer, but also contains an active compound "sulforaphane", which can help the immune system clean up harmful bacteria accumulated in the lungs.

In order to ensure the normal operation of the lungs, macrophages, which are immune cells called scavengers, need to constantly "clean up" the debris and bacteria that accumulate in the lungs and cause infection. However, NRF2, a chemical pathway related to macrophage activation in the lungs of smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was completely destroyed, leading to the failure of the cleaning system.

When the chemical "sulforaphane" in cruciferous vegetables such as cauliflower is destroyed (such as chewing), NRF2 channels can be repaired again. The function of sulforaphane is not to activate more macrophages, but to significantly improve the function of existing cells.

Years of production have proved that the vegetative growth temperature of cauliflower can be between 8-24℃, while the optimum growth temperature of flower head is between 15- 18℃, and the flower head grows slowly below 18℃. When the temperature is higher than 25℃, the shortened flower heads and flower branches will quickly elongate, and the flower heads will be small and loose. To sum up, the growth temperature of the flower ball is relatively narrow, and only by arranging the growth time of the flower ball in a suitable temperature range according to the growth period of the variety in production can the ideal harvest be achieved in cultivation.

The conditions required for cauliflower to change from vegetative growth to reproductive growth are also very different from those of Chinese cabbage. Cauliflower can vernalize at high temperature at seedling stage, so the temperature needed for flower buds to get through vernalization is higher than that of cabbage, and there is almost no induction below 5℃. At present, the requirements for the length of sunshine are not strict, of course, there are great differences between different varieties.

According to years of production practice, it is concluded that the vernalization temperature of early-maturing varieties from sowing to harvesting for 40-60 days is 5-30℃, and the required time is about 10 day; The vernalization temperature of mid-mature varieties with a growth period of 70-90 days is 5-25℃, and the required time is 20-30 days; It takes about 40 days for late-maturing varieties whose growth period exceeds 100 days to spring at 5- 15℃, so it is not difficult to see that the varieties with shorter growth period need higher temperature and shorter time, while the varieties with longer growth period need lower temperature and longer time.

1. Land selection and soil preparation: sandy loam with good drainage should be selected for planting, and the terrain should be sunny and flat. The cauliflower seeds are small, so the soil preparation must be careful, and the fertilizer should be applied simultaneously and intensively, and the base fertilizer should be sufficient and permeable, so that the soil is full of moisture, strong and flat, and the soil is free from pests and diseases.

2. Select suitable fine varieties and sow them in time; After soil preparation and planting, spraying 600-800 times of new high-fat film on the soil surface can keep moisture and prevent evaporation, prevent sun and drought, keep warm and prevent freezing, prevent soil hardening, suffocate and isolate pests and diseases, and improve the emergence rate.

3. Fertilization, watering, weeding and pest control; Moisten at any time, apply fertilizer reasonably, intertillage and weed, spray targeted insect-repellent drugs, greatly improve the utilization rate of effective components of pesticides and fertilizers, not afraid of sun evaporation, adjust water absorption, and prevent drought and rain.

4. The product organ of cauliflower is a flower ball formed by the polymerization of shortened flower branches, floral axis and flower buds. The flower ball is not only a reproductive organ, but also a nutrient storage organ, and the shortened flower branches expand rapidly. Spraying Zhuangganling can make the stems and bulbs of plants stout, and at the same time, it can improve the disaster resistance, reduce the dosage of pesticides and fertilizers and reduce the residual poison. It is a kind of crude fiber, fresh and tender in quality, rich in nutrition, delicious and natural. Petiole white, flat, 5-9 cm long, 2-8 cm wide, wings wide and thin, with concave edges; The upper cauline leaves are oblong-ovate, oblong-lanceolate to long-lanceolate, 2.5-7 cm long, and the top is obtuse to short and sharp, with whole margin or teeth, stalks or stalks, frosting. The flowers are bright yellow with a diameter of1.2-1.5cm; Pedicel 4-6 mm long; Sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, 4-5 mm long, erect, light green to yellow; Petals obovate, 7-8 mm long, tapering into claws at the base. Silique is thick and short, with a length of 3-6 cm and a width of 3 mm, flat and upright on the side, with a beak length of 4- 10 mm, a width of 1 mm and a round top. Fruiting pedicels spreading or ascending, 2.5-3 cm long, thicker. The seeds are spherical, with a diameter of 1- 1.5mm and brown. It blooms in May and bears fruit in June. [ 1]

distribution range

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Native to North China, it is widely cultivated in various places. It is the main vegetable in winter and spring in Northeast China and North China.

Main value

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Therapeutic value

1. Chinese cabbage contains a lot of crude fiber, which can promote peristalsis of intestinal wall, help digestion, prevent dry stool, promote defecation and dilute enterotoxin. It can not only treat constipation, but also help nutrient absorption.

2. Xiaoshi Jianwei, supplementing nutrition Chinese cabbage is delicious and refreshing, appetizing and invigorating the spleen. It contains protein, fat, vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. Regular consumption helps to enhance human immune function, and it is also of great significance to lose weight and keep fit.

3. Anti-cancer Chinese cabbage contains indole -3- methanol. Experiments have proved that this substance can help the body break down estrogen related to breast cancer. If women eat about 500 grams of Chinese cabbage every day, the incidence of breast cancer can be reduced. In addition, the trace element "molybdenum" contained in it can inhibit the absorption, synthesis and accumulation of ammonium nitrite in the body, so it has certain anti-cancer effect.

4. Preventing cardiovascular diseases The effective components in Chinese cabbage can reduce the cholesterol level of human body and increase the elasticity of blood vessels. Eating regularly can prevent atherosclerosis and some cardiovascular diseases.

Healthy diet

Boiled cabbage and cabbage 500 grams. Wash the cabbage heart, blanch it in boiling water until it is not ripe, immediately take it out in cold boiling water and cool it, then take it out and put it on the pier, trim it with a knife, put it in a soup bowl, add seasoning, steam it in a cage for 2 minutes, take it out and simmer the soup; Boil 250 ml of clear soup once, drain, enlarge the fire in a wok, add broth, add a little pepper, boil, skim off the floating foam, pour it into a soup bowl with Chinese cabbage and steam it in a cage. The vegetable soup is clear as water, green and fresh, and has the effects of invigorating stomach, relaxing bowels and stimulating appetite. Suitable for people with physical weakness, indigestion and poor stool recovery after heat.

Precautions: Chinese cabbage is cold, people with cold stomach and abdominal pain, clear stool and cold dysentery should not eat more.

Selected document

Herbal medicine in southern Yunnan: "It is slightly cold in nature and slightly sour in taste. It takes meridians to facilitate urination."

"Herbal Supplement": "Eating moistens the skin, benefits the five internal organs, and can reduce qi and clear sounds. Only slippery, people suffering from dysentery are anxious. "

Dietary spectrum of interest; "Ganping, nourish the stomach."

Chinese dietotherapy and nutrition: "People with qi deficiency and stomach cold should not eat more."

Seedlings of cruciferous vegetable Chinese cabbage and its varieties. Also known as fermented grains and white grain. Chinese cabbage mainly includes white tea, yellow bud white and ordinary cabbage, and is cultivated in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan. It is often harvested in winter and spring, and cleaned by removing roots.

[Attribute] Sweet, slightly cold. It can benefit the stomach, promote fluid production, clear away heat, relieve annoyance, induce diuresis and moisten intestines.

[References] Contains vitamin B 1. B2, nicotinic acid, carrot, calcium, phosphorus, iron, protein, fat, crude fiber and other ingredients.

[Usage] Used for vexation and thirst; Poor urination or defecation; Cold, fever or phlegm-heat cough.

[Usage] Cooking food, frying soup, or wringing juice.

【 Precautions 】 When it is used for clearing heat, it should not take too long to boil soup. When it is used for benefiting stomach, promoting fluid production and benefiting intestines, it must be cooked or cooked. People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should not eat more.

Although this product has the function of clearing heat, it is delicious when cooked or fried with meat.

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1. Vegetarian cabbage soup: 250g Chinese cabbage, chopped, put into boiling water, boiled to remove fishy smell, and mixed with sesame oil, salt and monosodium glutamate.

This product can clear away heat, relieve restlessness and induce diuresis. Used for annoyance with heat, thirst and dysuria.

2. Sliced Chinese cabbage soup: 500g Chinese cabbage, old leaves removed, washed and cut into sections; 250g pork (half fat and half thin), washed and sliced, mixed with a little water and bean powder. When the cabbage is half cooked in boiling water, add pork, cook together, and season with ginger, salt, soy sauce and onion. Can be divided into two meals.

The cabbage in this soup is rich in cellulose to promote defecation; Pork nourishes blood and moistens intestines. Used for blood deficiency, intestinal dryness and constipation.

3. Chinese cabbage ginger and onion soup: Chinese cabbage 120g (chopped), ginger 10g, 5 onions. Drink soup with water.

This prescription has a certain preventive and therapeutic effect on colds. It can be used to prevent colds, or fever and cough at the beginning of a cold.

Medicinal value

Chinese cabbage is not only used as a vegetable for people to eat, but also has medicinal value. Chinese medicine believes that Chinese cabbage is sweet and flat, and it has the effects of clearing away heat, relieving annoyance, quenching thirst and diuresis, and dredging the stomach. Eating Chinese cabbage regularly can prevent vitamin C deficiency (scurvy). There is also a folk prescription for treating colds with cabbage. The method is to decoct dried Chinese cabbage roots with brown sugar, ginger slices and water, or to decoct three Chinese cabbages and seven green onions with brown sugar. Drink it while it's hot, cover it with sweat and you'll get over your cold. Wash Chinese cabbage, chop it up and fry it in thick soup. Wash the frostbite area before going to bed every night for several days. White rapeseed can relieve alcoholism. For people who are drunk and not awake, it can be used to grind and adjust the "Jinghua water" (that is, the well water just pumped from the well), and the effect is good. For people with qi deficiency and stomach cold, it is not advisable to eat more cabbage to avoid nausea and vomiting. Eating too much can be solved with ginger. Chinese cabbage can reduce the incidence of female breast cancer.

Scientists at the new york Institute of Hormones in the United States found that the incidence of breast cancer among women in China and Japan is much lower than that of western women, because they often eat cabbage. There are some trace elements in Chinese cabbage, which can help to decompose estrogen related to breast cancer. The cellulose in Chinese cabbage can not only moisten intestines and detoxify, but also promote the absorption of animal protein by human body. Chinese medicine believes that Chinese cabbage is slightly cold and sweet, and it has the functions of nourishing the stomach, promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, promoting diuresis and relaxing bowels, and clearing away heat and toxic materials.

Folk also often say: fish makes a fire, meat produces phlegm, and cabbage tofu keeps peace.

Eating cabbage in winter can maintain beauty and skin care; The air is dry in winter, and the cold wind does great harm to people's skin. Chinese cabbage is rich in vitamins C and E. Eating more Chinese cabbage can have a good skin care and beauty effect.

Chinese cabbage is rich in nutrients, including sugar, fat, protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamine, nicotinic acid and so on. The contents of vitamin C and riboflavin are 5 times and 4 times higher than those of apples and pears, respectively. Trace element zinc is higher than meat and contains molybdenum which can inhibit the absorption of ammonium nitrite. Among them, vitamin C can increase the body's resistance to infection, and is used to prevent and treat scurvy, gingival bleeding and various acute and chronic infectious diseases. The cellulose contained in Chinese cabbage can enhance gastrointestinal peristalsis, reduce the retention time of feces in the body, help digestion and excretion, thus reducing the burden on liver and kidney and preventing the occurrence of various stomach diseases.

Pectin contained in Chinese cabbage can help the human body eliminate excess cholesterol. More importantly, Chinese cabbage also contains trace molybdenum, which can inhibit the generation and absorption of ammonium nitrite in human body and play a certain role in preventing cancer. In addition, cabbage itself contains very little heat, which will not cause heat storage. Cabbage also contains little sodium, which will not let the body store excess water and reduce the burden on the heart. Middle-aged and elderly people and obese people can also lose weight by eating more cabbage. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that it is slightly cold and non-toxic, nourishing the stomach, promoting fluid production, relieving annoyance and thirst, promoting diuresis and relaxing bowels, and clearing away heat and toxic materials. It is a good product for cooling, stopping diarrhea and tonifying. Can be used for treating common cold, fever and thirst, bronchitis, cough, dyspepsia, constipation, dysuria, chilblain, etc. In a word, Chinese cabbage is a good vegetable medicine for supplementing nutrition, purifying blood, dredging intestines and stomach, preventing diseases, promoting metabolism and benefiting human health. Suitable for everyone, each time 100g.

Autumn sowing Chinese cabbage cultivation hopes that Chinese cabbage varieties are disease-resistant, high-yield, high-quality and resistant to storage and transportation. Such a perfect variety does not exist yet, and the varieties with strong disease resistance generally have poor economic characters and quality; Varieties with good economic characters and quality have poor disease resistance. Therefore, suitable varieties should be selected according to the purpose, time and environmental conditions of cultivation.

Chinese cabbage used in late autumn and early winter in the north, as well as Chinese cabbage used earlier than the normal harvest period in other areas, should choose flowering or heading varieties with short growth period, early maturity, heat resistance, disease resistance and no storage tolerance, such as Bai Lu No.6 and Jingxiaza 56. Varieties with long growth period, high yield and storability should be selected for storing Chinese cabbage eaten in winter and spring, such as Shuangqing 156 Chinese cabbage, Bai Lu No.3, Bai Lu No.8, Qingza Zhongfeng, Xiaqiuwang, Changle, Bai Lu 1 1 etc.

The suitable days of Chinese cabbage growing season vary from place to place, so when choosing varieties, we should choose varieties with the same growing days. A variety of late-maturing Chinese cabbage varieties can be selected in North China, such as Bai Lu No.3, Bai Lu No.8, Lu No.6, Qingza Zhongfeng, Bai Lu 1 1, Gaokang No.3 and so on. In northern Xinjiang, Ningxia and other areas with short frost-free period, short growth period and cold climate, varieties with early maturity, strong winterness and difficult bolting should be selected, such as Bai Lu 1 and Jingxiaoza 56 Chinese cabbage.

When selecting varieties, all localities should also pay attention to the origin of Chinese cabbage varieties. Oval Chinese cabbage originated in the maritime climate zone. Therefore, this type of varieties, such as Bai Lu No.2 and Bai Lu No.3, should be selected in coastal areas with mild and humid climate and moderate temperature change. In continental climate zone, flat-headed varieties suitable for mild climate, large temperature difference between day and night, abundant sunshine, dry air and drastic temperature change should be selected, such as Bai Lu 1 and Bai Lu No.5. In areas with mild and humid climate, but frequent cold waves and drastic climate changes, direct cross varieties with strong adaptability should be selected, such as Changfeng 1 and Changfeng 3.

In the case of fertile soil and sufficient fertilizer and water, large-area nodulation varieties should be selected, such as Bai Lu No.8 and Bai Lu No.3.. On the contrary, small varieties should be selected. Chinese cabbage varieties with dark green leaves are resistant to diseases, but their quality is poor; Varieties with white or light green leaves have good quality but poor disease resistance. When choosing, we should consider the incidence of cultivation sites.

China is the origin of Chinese cabbage, which is rich in variety resources and has a long history of production. Farmers fix suitable varieties according to local climatic conditions, cultivation techniques and cultivation seasons. This is a production habit that is difficult to change. Consistent with production habits, local consumers have certain requirements for the shape, color, leaf thickness and flavor of Chinese cabbage. This is more obvious in Shandong province, the main producing area of Chinese cabbage. The eastern coastal areas of Shandong Province like to eat oval varieties, the western areas like to eat flat-headed varieties, and the northern areas like to eat straight-tube varieties. Therefore, in planting, varieties should be determined according to market demand.

cultivation techniques

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1, farming season

Early-maturing varieties are usually sown in early and middle August, and some are sown in late July. Medium-mature varieties can be sown from late August to early September. Late-maturing varieties should be sown in late August.

2. Land selection and land preparation

Continuous cropping of Chinese cabbage is prone to diseases, so it is necessary to implement crop rotation, especially to advocate grain-vegetable rotation and paddy-upland rotation. In the cultivation of perennial vegetables, continuous cropping with cruciferous vegetables should be avoided, and early beans, early peppers, early cucumbers and early tomatoes can be selected for cultivation. In the field where Chinese cabbage is planted, a kang of 20-27 cm should be used for deep ploughing 10- 15 days, and then the field should be broken and leveled to make a border with a width of 1.3- 1.7 meters or a narrow border with a height of 0.8 meters. When making the border, it is necessary to dig deep into the border ditch and waist ditch, and surround the ditch more than 27 cm to connect the ditches.

3. Re-apply base fertilizer, mainly organic fertilizer.

In the middle and late July, after the early harvest, dig deep into the heatable adobe sleeping platform, and sprinkle lime100-150kg per mu during soil preparation. In the plot where clubroot occurs, appropriate amount of lime should be applied in the sowing ditch. It is required to re-apply base fertilizer and mix nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium evenly. In early July, 40 tons of pig manure, 40-50 tons of garbage, 75 kilograms of dried vegetables and 40-50 kilograms of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus are mixed and stirred evenly, 30-40 tons of human excrement and urine are added, soaked in proper amount of water, stacked and fermented, and covered with plastic film to fully decompose them. Ditch and apply it when making a boundary. At the same time, apply10-15kg 45% compound fertilizer per mu.

Step 4: Sowing.

Chinese cabbage is usually directly sown or transplanted. Live broadcast is mainly based on strip broadcasting, supplemented by on-demand broadcasting. When the previous land is temporarily unavailable, in order not to affect the farming season, seedlings can also be transplanted. Either way, the soil must be fine and smooth. The amount of seed used for direct seeding is about 200 grams per mu. The seedling transplanter needs a seedbed of about 5-6 cm per 65,438+0 mu of land, and the seeding method is often used, and the seed consumption is 75-65,438+000 grams. After the live broadcast, use 40-50 loads of decomposed human excrement and urine per mu to cover the ground. After that, water 1 time every morning and evening to keep the indigenous soil moist, and seedlings can emerge in 3-4 days. The row spacing and plant spacing of Chinese cabbage should be determined according to different varieties. Generally, early-maturing varieties are 33-50×33 cm, with 2 100-2300 plants per mu, and late-maturing varieties are 67*50 cm, with less than 2000 plants per mu. It is best to choose cloudy or sunny evening for seedling raising and transplanting. In order to improve the survival rate, it is best to transplant seedlings with soil and water them with fixed roots after planting.

5. Tian Tuan management

(1), thinning: when there are 2-3 true leaves, the first thinning is carried out; The second seedling has 5-6 leaves; 7-8 leaves can be planted. Choose different row spacing according to different varieties, and leave 1 strong seedlings in each hole. Weeding can be combined with thinning.

(2) Topdressing: After the Chinese cabbage survives, topdressing can be started. Top-dressing 1 times 15% decomposed human excrement and urine every 3-4 days, and the dosage is 4-5 loads per mu. According to the weather and the dry and wet conditions of the soil, human feces and urine should be mixed with water. When Chinese cabbage enters the clumping stage, the fertilizer concentration should be increased. Usually, every 5-7 days, 30% of the decomposed human excrement and urine should be chased, and the dosage per mu is 15-20 tons, and the dried vegetable or hemp is 75- 100 kg. After packaging, topdressing and potash fertilizer should be applied again to increase production. 30-40 loads of 50% decomposed human manure can be applied per mu, and plant ash 100 kg or potassium sulfate 10- 15 kg can be applied as topdressing in furrow. This time, vegetable farmers are called "stuffing the heart". After vegetation plants are closed, topdressing is generally not needed. When the base fertilizer is insufficient, urea can be applied between rows as appropriate.

(3) Intertillage: In order to facilitate topdressing, loosen the soil and weed for 2-3 times in the early stage. Especially after the long rain clears up, the kang land should be cultivated in time to promote root growth. In the middle of the rosette stage, cake fertilizer was applied to the border to fertilize the soil, and the ridge height was 10- 13 cm. The main purpose of ridging is to facilitate fertilization and watering and reduce diseases. After the cultivation, the manure should be poured into the border, and the leaf label should not be attached; Water is poured into the ditch to avoid soaking the stump. At the same time, the air circulation in the ditch is maintained, so that the air humidity between plants is reduced. This can reduce the occurrence of soft rot.

(4) Irrigation: Chinese cabbage should be watered lightly and frequently at seedling stage to keep it moist; Intermittent irrigation in rosette stage, see dry and wet, and properly practice seedlings; High water content is required when pelletizing, and furrow irrigation can be used when soil is dry. Irrigation should be carried out in the evening or at night after the ground temperature drops. Fill in slowly, don't fill the border. After water seeps into the soil, the remaining water should be discharged as soon as possible. Make sure there is no water in the ditch, no water on the sides and no water shortage at the roots. Generally speaking, keeping the soil moist is one of the keys to high yield of Chinese cabbage from the end of heading stage to the middle stage.

(5) Mulching with threshing leaves: It is an inevitable law for Chinese cabbage to grow and develop without threshing leaves. However, if late-maturing varieties encounter severe cold, in order to promote good fruit and delay harvest supply, the outer leaves are lifted after light snow, tied with straw and covered with a straw-type agricultural film, which can not only protect the heart leaves from freezing damage, but also soften the heart leaves. Early-maturing varieties do not need bunching leaves and covering. [2]

Key points of cultivation techniques of Chinese cabbage in autumn and winter

1. Variety selection: according to different supply periods and market periods, select early, middle and late maturing varieties for reasonable collocation. Early-maturing varieties should be Zaoshu 5, Xiaoza 56, Bai Lu 6 and Huaibai 6. Kang Feng 70, Kang Feng 80, etc. Medium-mature varieties should be selected. Late-maturing varieties should be Bai Lu 20, Shandong 5 and Jinza series.

2. Land selection and soil preparation: select a place with fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage, close to the village and not easy to be hurt by livestock. Before sowing, cut off the rice pile, dig deep into the soil, and then open the warehouse according to 4-5 feet for soil preparation. Combined with soil preparation, apply 30-40 kilograms of compound fertilizer, human excrement and urine10-5 tons or biogas slurry fertilizer.

3. Suitable sowing date: The suitable sowing date in our county is around beginning of autumn, and direct seeding or seedling transplanting can be adopted. Generally, it is best to directly sow early and middle-maturing varieties, and it is best to seedling and transplant late-maturing varieties. [3]

Eliminate pests and diseases

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The main pests and diseases of Chinese cabbage are soft rot and Spodoptera litura.

(A), soft rot

Also known as rotten acne. Most of them begin to get sick in pericardium. At the beginning of the disease, the outer leaves droop under the sunlight, but they will recover sooner or later. With the development of the disease, these diseased leaves no longer recover and show bulbs. The lesion was soaked in water, and the lesion turned brown, rotten and sticky, with a bad smell.

Prevention and control methods: adopt the principle of comprehensive prevention and prevention first. The specific method is:

1, implement rotation. Where conditions permit, rice-water rotation is appropriate. Don't apply sick organic fertilizer. Need to turn over the sun to control the source of germs.

2. High border cultivation is beneficial to drainage and waterlogging prevention, and can reduce the occurrence of diseases.

3. Rational irrigation and fertilization: timely application of base fertilizer and topdressing to make seedlings grow vigorously and enhance disease resistance.

4, timely removal of diseased plants: removal of diseased plants can reduce the source of germs and prevent the spread of germs. Especially before irrigation, check and handle it in time. Sprinkle lime on the hole to sterilize it.

5, pay attention to the prevention and control of pests: avoid causing wounds and prevent the invasion of germs.

6. Selection of disease-resistant varieties: Generally, Lvgang varieties and hybrids have strong disease resistance.

7. Chemical control: the following pesticides can be selected: each package of agricultural streptomycin water 100 kg or 70% dixone 600 times; You can also use 20% dracocephalus for 600 times or 47% garenon for 800 times 1 time every day, 2-3 times in total.

(2) Spodoptera litura

Also known as hemp insect and lotus leaf insect. The newly hatched larvae gather on the back of leaves, leaving only the upper epidermis and veins, and the injured leaves are like "screens". When the larvae grow up, they eat the leaves into notches. In severe cases, they can eat up the whole leaves and even bite off the young stems.

Control methods: Spodoptera litura is omnivorous, explosive and prolific.