9 1 1, the confused king Charlie sent Normans to Rollo.
In 927, William Jian succeeded to the throne.
In 942, the fearless Richard succeeded to the throne.
In 987, Charlemagne's descendant, King Caroline, was hostile to the new pretentious Normandy for a long time, so Richard the Fearless helped Jorge Cappe, an ambitious aristocrat, ascend to the throne and established the Cappe Dynasty. Incidentally, Richard was not satisfied with the title of Earl, but adopted the title of Cappie, and the first Duke of Normandy was born.
1027, Richard III succeeded to the throne.
1028, the "generous" Robert succeeded to the throne, the younger brother of Richard III.
1033, the "magnanimous" Robert helped Henry I, king of France, regain the throne and took in Edward, a distant English relative who was driven away by Knut the Great.
1034, Robert appointed William, an illegitimate child, as his heir, made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and died on his way home.
William the conqueror succeeded to the throne.
1042, Edward the Confessor defeated Knut II and the Wessex Dynasty was restored.
1047, at the Battle of Vals Dune, the allied forces of French King Henry I and William defeated the anti-William rebels led by Burgundy nobles.
1053 In the Battle of Civit, Humphrey of Hartville and robert guiscard of Autheville defeated Leo IX, and Autheville became the most powerful force in South Italy.
1054, William's strength increased, which caused Henry I's concern. 1054 and 1058, Henry I tried to conquer Normandy twice, but both failed.
1066/ 1/6, Edward the confessor died of illness, and Harold II ascended the throne.
1066/9/25 Harold's brother Tostig, who was exiled, encouraged Harald III to compete for the English throne, and the "heartless" Harold died, indirectly helping the Normans defeat the English in Hastings three weeks later.
1066/10/14, Hastings Battle, Norman Conquest, Harold II died.
William I was crowned king of England, and the Norman dynasty began.
William I began to build the White Tower of the Tower of London.
1086, William I ordered the compilation of the doomsday judgment.
1087, in order to suppress the rebellion launched by his eldest son Robert II le Pieux in Normandy, William I personally returned to France, fell off his horse and was injured, and died two months later.
William divided his kingdom among his three sons.
William II died and Henry I succeeded to the throne of England.
1 103, the dispute over the right of recall (King Henry I of England and Pope Pascal II) 1 107, London Agreement The result of the brief dispute over the right of recall in Britain is that the secular power of the king has been strengthened.
1 106/9/28, Henry I defeated his brother Robert II le Pieux at the Battle of Tinchebre in Normandy, captured Robert and imprisoned him in England and Wales until he died at Cardiff Castle.
1 135, Henry I died and Stephen succeeded (Henry I's nephew).
1 154, Stephen died, Henry II succeeded (grandson of Henry I), and the Plantagenet Dynasty (Anjou Dynasty) was founded.
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1944/6/6, Normandy landing (Britain erected a monument in Peyo, which read "We were conquered by William and now liberated the conqueror's motherland").
In 568, Lombardy occupied Lombardy and Tuscany, established the kingdom of Lombardy, and then captured pavia and built its capital here.
75 1, Lombardy seized Lavaine in an attempt to seize the Pope's residence in Rome.
In 756, Pippin sent troops to defeat the Lombards, dedicated the recaptured territory to the Pope, and established a papal state, which was called "Pippin donated soil" in history.
In 774, Charlemagne captured Desidriss, king of Lombardy, who was also Charlemagne's father-in-law. As a result, Charlemagne became the king of Frank and Lombardy, and Lombardy's rule over Italy ended.
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1035, arm William arrives in Italy.
1043, William the Iron Wall established the Principality of Puglia.
1053 In the Battle of Civit, Humphrey of Hartville and robert guiscard of Autheville defeated Leo IX, and Autheville became the most powerful force in South Italy.
1054/7/6, Christian Division
1057, Humphrey died, and robert guiscard succeeded the Earl of Apulia.
1059, Nicholas II (1059- 106 1) made an alliance with the Normans, and Robert swore allegiance to defend the Pope from the German emperor; The Pope ensured Robert's sovereignty over his territory and awarded him the title of "Apulia, Calabria and the future Duke of Sicily"
1060, Robert and his brother Roger marched into Sicily.
107 1, Robert and his younger brother Roger captured the Sicilian city of Palermo, and Robert awarded Roger the title of Count of Sicily (Roger I) and returned to Italy.
107 1, Robert captured Barry (heel), and Byzantium completely lost its Italian territory.
1075, the dispute over the right of appointment (Caesar Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII)
1084, Robert ransacked Rome for three days and rescued Gregory VII.
1085, Robert and Gregory VII died.
1085, Robert's eldest son Bo Himonde inherited the Earl of taranto of Barry.
1085, son of Robert, Roger Bolsa succeeded the Duke of Apulia.
1096, the first crusade (1096- 1099), Bo Himonde had a brilliant record (Bo Himonde couldn't get along in Italy, Apulia was taken away by his younger brother, and his uncle Roger I in Sicily didn't support him, so he just joined the crusaders of the mob and became their leader).
1098, after the Crusaders captured Antioch, the Salazar defense center in Syrian territory, the Crusader State Antioch Principality was established in the city (1098- 1268), completely copying the European feudal system. Bo Himonde was made Prince of Antioch, known as Bo Himonde I (at the same time, he is still Prince of taranto).
1099, the Crusaders occupied Jerusalem, established the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099- 129 1), and established its suzerainty over other northern Crusader countries in the following years.
11kloc-0/,Roger I of Sicily died and his eldest son Simon succeeded him.
Simon died and his second son, Roger II, succeeded him to the throne.
1 130, the opposite Pope Anaclet II awarded the title of King of Sicily in Roger II, and the Kingdom of Sicily was founded (1130-1816).
1 145, the Second Crusade (1145-149), after the first Crusade successfully occupied Jerusalem, in order to respond to the demands of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the call of the Holy See, French kings Louis VII and Caesar Conrad III
1 147, the Byzantine emperor Manuel confronted Roger II of Sicily, who sent troops to seize Corfu Island in Byzantium and plunder Thebes and Corinth. At that time, it was the richest city in Greece and an important silk textile center in Byzantium. At the same time, Roger II plundered the craftsmen who were proficient in Byzantine silk textile to Palermo, where the newly established Norman silk workshop was in urgent need of them. Although the invasion of the Balkans by the Kumans distracted Manuel, he made an alliance with Caesar Conrad III in 1 148. With the help of Venetians, Byzantium quickly defeated Roger II by relying on Venice's powerful fleet.
1 154, Stephen died, Henry II succeeded (grandson of Henry I), and the Plantagenet Dynasty (Anjou Dynasty) was founded.
When Roger II died, his son William I succeeded to the throne.
1 155, Pope Adrian IV, Byzantine Emperor Manuel I and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I encouraged the nobles who were dissatisfied with the royal power of William I to launch a rebellion. Greek troops captured Bari, trani, Giovinco, Andrea and taranto, and surrounded Brindisi.
Adrian IV compromised and recognized the kingship of William I.
1 160, Mehdiyah, a North African city captured by Roger II, was captured by the Muwahid dynasty, and Sicily's "African Empire" ended.
After William I's death, his son William II succeeded to the throne.
1 167, Lombardy Union was established, and Sicily joined it. The purpose of the alliance is to resist the attempt of the holy Roman emperor of Hohenstaufen family to expand his power in Italy. This alliance was supported by Pope Alexander III, who was also happy to see Frederick's power decline in Italy. At its peak, most cities in northern Italy joined the alliance. With the death of Frederick II, the third and last Hohenstaufen emperor, in 1250, the mission of the alliance was completed and then dissolved.
1 167/5/29, in the Battle of Monte Polzi, Frederick I looted Tusculum near Rome, but a plague forced the Kaiser to return to Germany.
1 176/5/29, in the Battle of laigna, the Lombard League defeated Frederick I, and Frederick I almost died.
1 177, William II married Joan of Arc, the daughter of King Henry II of England, which made him have a higher position in the political structure of Europe.
1 177, William II legalized the marriage between Aunt constance and Henry, the son of Frederick I, and agreed that once William II had no children, they would inherit the throne. This was fatal to the Norman dynasty in Sicily, and this decision was probably made because William II wanted to conquer foreign countries.
1 180, Manuel I'm dead.
1 185, William II invaded Byzantium in chaos and was defeated by the new emperor Isaac II Angelos.
1 186, Henry VI, the son of Frederick I, married constance of Sicily in Milan. This marriage is only to maintain Germany's influence and rule over Italy. It was not foreseen that this marriage would make Henry VI the king of Sicily in the future, bring nearly a century of war and turmoil to Germany and Italy, and eventually lead to the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages.
1 187, Saladin, Egypt captured Jerusalem (the last stage of the first kingdom of Jerusalem), which triggered the third Crusade.
1 189, the third crusade (1189-192), William II wanted to play a leading role in the third crusade. His fleet commander, Ma Garito, was a naval genius, similar to George of Antioch. He led 60 ships to open the passage to the eastern Mediterranean for the Franks, forcing Saladin, who had been invincible before, to retreat to Tripoli in the spring of 1 188. The Third Crusade was an alliance of Frederick I, Richard Lionheart of Britain and Philip II of France, with the aim of seizing Jerusalem occupied by Saladin of Muslim Syria. But Frederick I fell into the water in Asia Minor and died, and the Germans immediately retreated. The British and French allied forces arrived at the holy land from the sea and advanced to Jerusalem. Soon after, the leader of the Anglo-French Coalition was in trouble, and Philip II ordered the withdrawal. Because the troops were weak and could not attack effectively, they decided to retreat. Since then, Saladin of Egypt has reached an agreement with the Crusaders to allow unarmed Christian pilgrims to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem freely.
William II died childless. In order to avoid Sicily being ruled by the Germans, the Norman nobles headed by matteo of Aiello did not support konstanz, but supported William II's illegitimate cousin, Count Tancredi of Lecce, to inherit his throne.
1 190, Frederick I died in the Crusades, and Henry VI succeeded to the throne.
1 19 1, Henry VI invaded Sicily with the support of Roger of Andrea (the great-grandson of Drogo), but the invasion finally failed.
1 192, the second kingdom of Jerusalem was established in Ak, also known as Ak Kingdom, when Jerusalem was still controlled by Muslims.
Tancrede died and Henry VI won. Tancrede's youngest son, William III, was deposed (died four years later), and constance was crowned king and queen of Sicily, and the throne fell into the hands of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
1 197, Henry VI died, and his son Frederick II fled to Sicily with his mother constance. With the support of Archbishop Cologne and King John of England, the Welf family, a traditional German tycoon, chose Otto IV as the king and opposed Philip of Henry VI's younger brother Schwaben.
1 198, Frederick II succeeded to the throne of Sicily, constance died, and Pope Innocent III became the guardian of Frederick II.
1202, the fourth crusade (1202- 1204)
1209, Philip of Schwaben died, and Otto IV's throne was recognized by the Pope and most German governors.
12 1 1 year, because Otto IV tried to get his hands on the kingdom of Sicily under the influence of the Pope, Innocent III broke with him completely, expelled his religious membership at the Nuremberg conference in121/year, and later made Frederick II. Frederick II promised that the Holy Roman Empire would break away from Sicily, give up all the Germanic forces on the Italian peninsula, and undertake the Sixth Crusade. Since the Normans established their kingdom in southern Italy, popes of all ages have regarded it as a fortress against the German Empire. As Frederick II was the heir to the monarchies of Germany and Sicily, he became the pope's nightmare: the papal state was surrounded by a powerful country from south to north. So at the beginning, he specially crowned Otto IV (Pope Innocent III crowned Otto IV first, and then turned to support Philip) to prevent this from happening, but now Otto has entered Italy and is likely to win Sicily, which will make the Pope's nightmare come true. The Pope got two promises-to continue the Crusades, and the monarchs of Germany and Sicily would never be monopolized by one person again, and then he turned to support Frederick II. Although Frederick II finally inherited the two royal powers of the Kaiser and the King of Sicily, he surrounded the papal state and settled in Sicily for a long time. In Germany, Frederick II's rights are limited, and he is responsible for the feudal nobles, who gathered under his command not out of loyalty, but to get rid of the former rulers. But in Sicily, he was a monarch with absolute power and grew up there. Although he has a Teutonic name, he is a descendant of the southern Norman. Generally speaking, Frederick II paid little attention to German affairs, and his ruling center was Sicily. In his later ruling career, he only went back to Germany once, only for a short stay.
12 13, the fifth crusade (1213-1221)
At the Battle of Buven, the allied forces of Otto IV and King John of England were defeated by King philippe auguste of France. This war not only ended Otto IV's regime, but also had another great significance: the era of the Holy Roman Empire ruling Europe ended, and the French Kingdom became the most powerful Christian regime.
1220 Everyone in the Fifth Crusade is waiting for the arrival of the German emperor Frederick II, but he has never been out of Europe. 1 year later, the fifth Crusade failed.
1225, Frederick II married Queen Isabella II (yolanda) of Jerusalem and became the king of Jerusalem.
1228, Conrad iv was born and succeeded as king of Jerusalem. His mother Isabella II died, and his father Frederick II was the Regent.
1228, the Sixth Crusade (1228- 1229), was launched by the Teutonic Order under the leadership of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Although it is called "Crusade", in fact, there is almost no substantive combat action in this operation. Frederick recovered Jerusalem without a single soldier by showing his military strength and diplomatic negotiations, and was praised as a "crusader without a single soldier" by later generations. Frederick proved to the Christian world that it is still possible to launch a Crusade to successfully recover the Holy City without the support of the Pope and the inferior forces.
1250, Frederick II died, and Conrad IV succeeded the German emperor and the king of Sicily, continuing the endless struggle with the Pope.
1254, Conrad iv died, and his son Kang Lading succeeded the king of Sicily, the king of Jerusalem and the duke of Swaban, and continued to fight endlessly with the Pope. Kaiser appeared in the "big vacancy era"
1266, Pope urban IV made Charles of Anjou, the younger brother of French King Louis IX, king of Sicily. 1266 and 1268, Charles of Anjou defeated Conrad and Manfredi who were hostile to the Pope (illegitimate children of Conrad IV of Sicily), destroyed the Hohenstaufen dynasty and conquered Naples and Sicily respectively. Since then, he has extended his influence to the Balkans and became the heir of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1277.
1268, the principality of Antioch was conquered by Sultan Baibal I of Egypt. With the extinction of the Count of Tripoli, the title of Prince Antioch was passed on to the royal family of Cyprus and became a symbolic title granted to young members of the royal family from time to time.
1273, Rudolf von Habsburg (Rudolph I) was elected as the king of the Roman people, ending the "Great Vacancy Era". He was the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Austria.
1282, vespers in Sicily
129 1, Aka was captured by Mamluk dynasty, and the kingdom of Jerusalem perished.
In 330, Constantine the Great established New Rome (Constantinople, Byzantium) and the Eastern Roman Empire was established.
In 476, the Western Roman Empire perished, and the imperial power of the Roman Empire was unified into the hands of the Eastern Roman Emperor.
In 527, Justinian the Great ascended the throne.
In 620, Emperor Chirac made Greek replace Latin as the official language of the empire for the first time.
In 867, Vassili I killed Mikhail III to seize the throne and established the Macedonian dynasty (the heyday of the Byzantine Empire).
In 976, Basil II succeeded to the throne as a "Bulgarian butcher". During his reign, the Byzantine Empire reached its peak in the Middle Ages.
1057, a powerful man in Constantinople, who owned real estate in Asia Minor, rebelled and overthrew the emperor Mikhail VI, Isaac Komuning ascended the throne and established the Komuning dynasty. He devoted himself to weakening the secular and religious dignitaries in Constantinople.
107 1, battle of manzikert, until 1080, Byzantium almost lost all of Anatolia.
107 1, Robert captured Barry (heel), and Byzantium completely lost its Italian territory.
108 1, Alexius (nephew of Isaac I) deposed Nikki Foros III who was hiding in the monastery and ascended the throne.
1096, the first crusade
1 1 18, the eldest son of Alexis I, succeeded by John II.
John II's third son, Manuel I, succeeded to the throne.
1 145, the Second Crusade (1145-149), after the first Crusade successfully occupied Jerusalem, in order to respond to the demands of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the call of the Holy See, French kings Louis VII and Caesar Conrad III
1 147, the Byzantine emperor Manuel confronted Roger II of Sicily, who sent troops to seize Corfu Island in Byzantium and plunder Thebes and Corinth. At that time, it was the richest city in Greece and an important silk textile center in Byzantium. At the same time, Roger II plundered the craftsmen who were proficient in Byzantine silk textile to Palermo, where the newly established Norman silk workshop was in urgent need of them. Although the invasion of the Balkans by the Kumans distracted Manuel, he made an alliance with Caesar Conrad III in 1 148. With the help of Venetians, Byzantium quickly defeated Roger II by relying on Venice's powerful fleet.
1 180, Manuel I'm dead.
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1204/4/ 13, Constantinople was captured and looted by the fourth Crusade until 126 1 year.
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1453/5/29, the Ottoman Empire captured the capital Constantinople, and the last emperor Constantine Xi died, thus ending the Eastern Roman Empire that lasted for more than 1000 years.