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(1) Overview: Myrica rubra originated in southwest China, distributed in the south of the Yangtze River Basin, and mainly produced in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan and other provinces. Myrica rubra has a long history of cultivation, strong adaptability, easy cultivation, high yield and rich nutrition. It can be planted in a large area in Jiangnan area to expand economic benefits.

Myrica rubra fruit is rich in nutrition and moderately sweet and sour. It contains soluble solids 9.6%- 14%, sugar 7.8%- 10%, and organic acid 0.8%- 1.4%. It also contains a variety of vitamins and mineral elements such as iron, calcium and phosphorus. Among them, the content of vitamin C is high. Raw Myrica rubra has the functions of promoting fluid production to quench thirst, promoting digestion to stop vomiting, moistening lung to relieve cough, relieving hangover and diarrhea, and stimulating appetite. When ripe, it is the off-season of fruit, which provides edible fresh fruit for the market and is well received by consumers. It can also be made into various nutritious foods, such as dried Myrica rubra, candied fruit, canned food, fruit juice, dried fruit, fruit wine, etc. It also has a certain medical effect. The seed kernel is rich in vitamin B 17, which is effective for cancer. The oil content reaches 40% and it can be fried and pressed. Leaves can extract essence, roots and bark can stop bleeding and break dysentery. Treat traumatic injury, fracture, toothache, traumatic bleeding, etc. It is both a fruit tree and a medicinal plant.

(2) Morphological characteristics and biological characteristics

1. Morphological characteristics Myrica is an evergreen shrub or tree, distributed in Hunan Province and mainly produced in Jingxian County. The plant is as high as 12 m, the bark is gray, the branchlets are thick and hairless, the lenticels are few and not obvious, and the mycorrhizal cattle grow vigorously. Simple leaves alternate, ovate or cuneate, slightly obtuse at the apex, narrow at the base, entire, glabrous. The wedge-shaped chamfer is 6-16cm long and1-4cm wide. Flowers are unisexual, dioecious, spikes, and male flowers have 2-4 sterile bracts and 4-6 stamens; The female flower has 4 bracteoles and the ovary is ovate. Drupe is spherical, with a diameter of 10- 15 mm and a single fruit weight of10-28 g. The exocarp is green before ripening, crimson, purple or white after ripening, and the endocarp is hard. 2. Biological characteristics

(1) growth environment. Myrica rubra is suitable for growing in an environment with mild climate and abundant rainfall. Because of its strong adaptability, the requirement for soil selection is not high, and the pH is about 5, which is suitable for acidic or slightly acidic topsoil; You can also reclaim barren hills for planting. Seedling roots have strong growth potential, can grow on barren and sandy slopes, and have the function of soil and water conservation.

(2) Growth phenology. The phenology of Myrica rubra is different in different places and varieties. Generally, it germinates in the middle and late February, blooms in March and April, and the fruit matures in the middle of June and early July. When the fruit is ripe, it should be picked in time, otherwise the fruit drop will affect the yield.

(3) Cultivation techniques

1. Main improved varieties

(1) bayberry. Location: Mudong, Jingxian County, Hunan Province. Its fruit is large, round or rectangular, the weight of a single fruit is about 18-25g, and the soluble solids are 10%- 1LL%, which is of high quality. The surface of the fruit is reddish brown. The cultivated varieties are 12, such as Guangguizao, Taipo Mei, Dayemei, Yin Hong, Vest Mei and Baiguan Mei. '

(2) Two-color red bayberry. Native to Jianyang and Gutian in Fujian, the fruit is nearly round, and the single fruit weight is 13- 15g. The upper part of the fruit surface is purple-black and the lower part is red. Therefore, it is called two-color red bayberry, with sugar content of 9.45%, soft meat, sweet and sour, and suitable for fresh food.

(3) Lilac plum. Mainly produced in Wenzhou, Ouhai and other places in Zhejiang Province, the fruit is spherical, with single fruit weight 1 1.3g, purple-black fruit surface, soluble solid plum. 1%, sweet pulp and juice, good quality, maturity in late June and good storage resistance. lgO。

(4) bayberry. Originated in Zhanghuxi, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, the fruit is nearly spherical, with a single fruit weight of 9. 15g, soluble solids 1 1%- 12%, purple fruit, soft and juicy meat, sweet taste and good quality. It can be introduced and cultivated in 3-5 years.

2. Selecting land and preparing soil Myrica rubra is suitable for growing in deep soil with good drainage and acidic or slightly acidic soil, and can be planted in various slope directions and slopes. When preparing seedbed soil, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied, and the plows and rakes should be fine and flat to make the edges ready for sowing. Dig a hole at the transplanting place according to the plant spacing and apply sufficient base fertilizer, preferably soil mixed fertilizer or decomposed fertilizer.

3. Breeding method

(1) seed propagation. The seed propagation of Myrica rubra is mainly to provide grafting rootstock to prepare for cultivating strong seedlings. Wild and cultivated Myrica rubra seeds can be sown to raise seedlings, and the germination rate of fresh seeds is the highest, but autumn sowing is often used in production. The specific steps are as follows: ① Seed collection. When collecting seeds, the pulp on the surface of the seeds should be washed first. Seeds dried in a dry and ventilated place should be stored in sand. Sow the fields. Sowing is generally carried out in10-1February, and the sowing amount is 200-250kg per mu. After grinding, cover the seeds with a layer of fine particles with a thickness of 1cm, and then cover them with straw or other shade to protect water. ② Seedling management. Emerge after 80 days of sowing, and the emergence rate reaches 50%-60%. After emergence, transplanting in late April, according to the row spacing of 10 cm-25 cm, is beneficial to survival. After transplanting, strengthen tube culture to promote seedling growth. Early stage is not suitable for fertilization. In August and September, when the seedlings grow to more than 30 cm, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer (1. After 10 months, the seedlings are 50 cm high and 0.6 cm thick, and can be grafted in the next spring.

(2) Grafting propagation. The grafting survival rate of Myrica rubra is low. In order to improve the survival rate of grafting, scions should adopt good two-year branches from 7- 15-year-old healthy and disease-free mother trees. It is usually carried out in mid-February, when the sap has not yet started to flow. Grafting is mainly based on cutting, the scion is 8-9 cm long with 9- 10 buds, and then grafting is carried out. Cutting method is the same as other fruit tree grafting. After the grafted seedlings survive, attention should be paid to weeding and pest control to ensure the healthy growth of new buds (buds on scions).

(3) Layered propagation. The layering propagation of Myrica rubra is the same as other fruit trees. Generally, the low-pressure method is adopted, and the branches at the base of Myrica rubra are pressed down into the soil, and then covered with soil, so that the branches pressed into the soil take root and form new plants, and transplanted in the next year.

4. Tending management

(1) colonization. The transplanting of Myrica rubra is generally carried out in11-65438+February. The plant spacing is 4m× 5m, the hole depth is 0.7m, and the diameter is about1m.. It is advisable to apply sole fertilizer, such as soil mixed fertilizer or decomposed fertilizer, and then transplant seedlings and dig them, which will cause less damage to the root system and be beneficial to early survival. Water once after planting to keep the soil moist and improve the survival string. Because Myrica rubra is dioecious, the configuration of male and female plants should be considered when planting. Generally, 2%-4% male plants are allocated, which is beneficial to pollination, improving seed setting rate and increasing yield.

(2) intertillage weeding. Management should be strengthened after the survival of Myrica rubra, and weeding, loosening and ridging should be done frequently when young trees are planted to ensure the normal growth of young trees. Weeding is generally done twice a year, in late spring and late summer 1 time.

(3) Intercropping and interplanting. After transplanting Myrica rubra, other crops can be interplanted in the young forest land with large gap to improve the land utilization rate. Crops such as soybeans, peanuts and mung beans can be planted in spring, and cabbage and radish can be planted in autumn. It not only ensures the normal growth of young trees, but also increases economic benefits.

(4) fertilization. Before planting Myrica rubra, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied in the hole to ensure the normal growth of seedlings, and fertilizer should be applied once a year before fruiting, generally to promote the growth of roots and branches before young trees sprout. When bayberry is in the forest, it is fertilized twice a year. Before the first spring germination, it is mainly available fertilizer to promote the flowering, fruit setting and fruit development of spring shoots. The second time, after fruit picking, organic fertilizer is mainly used to promote flower bud differentiation, restore tree vigor and prepare for high yield next year. Fertilization methods and bayberry modeling generally adopt natural happiness. After the seedlings are planted, the top is cut at a height of 50-80 cm to dry, and the buds and new buds in the middle and lower parts of the trunk are erased, so that the upper spring shoots grow, and the spring shoots produce summer shoots to make them grow healthily. After the seedlings are planted in the second year, the growth momentum is maintained. Then, let it grow, reshape and prune, so that Myrica rubra can form a natural happy shape, blossom and bear more fruits, and increase yield.

6. Prevention and control of pests and diseases

(1) disease. The main diseases of Myrica rubra are cancer, brown spot and Fusarium wilt.

Carcinomatosis: It mostly occurs on the branches of 2-3 years old, and in severe cases, the branches will die. If it happens in the main branch, it will lead to the death of the whole plant. 200 times of antibacterial agent 402 solution can be used for prevention and treatment, and diseased branches can also be removed manually.

Brown spot disease: it mainly harms leaves, which will dry up and fall off when it is serious, and become serious when it grows in cohesive soil. 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution or 65% zineb 600 times solution can be sprayed with obvious effect.

Dry disease: mainly damages branches. When the damage is serious, the lesion spreads to the depth of xylem, resulting in the death of branches. Hanging bactericide 402 can be applied to the affected area with good effect.

(2) pests. There are mainly street moths, termites and caterpillars.

Leaf roller: May-August larvae damage young leaves and bite the leaves, and 50% acetaminophen emulsion 1000 times solution or 90% refined trichlorfon can be sprayed.

Dendrolimus punctatus: Larvae damages new shoots and leaves in April-May, and eats a lot of leaves. 90% purified trichlorfon 1000 times can be sprayed. Termite: it mainly harms the root neck and trees of xylem, causing trunk damage or death. You can spray ant spirit or chlordane water. You can also dig nests manually to kill ants.

(4) harvesting and storage

1. Myrica rubra fruits are harvested due to different varieties and producing areas, different maturity periods and different harvesting times. They should be harvested at maturity to prevent the fruit from falling or rotting due to over-ripening, thus affecting the yield.

2. Myrica rubra fruits are generally kept fresh at room temperature for 2-4 days after storage and harvesting; Under the conditions of 0-0.5℃ and humidity of 85%-90%, it can be kept fresh for 7- 15 days.

3. The harvested fruits can be sent to the processing factory in time. First, they can be stored in the cold storage at 65438 08℃ for 6 months. Second, it can be processed into canned bayberry, bayberry honey juice, candied fruit, dried bayberry and bayberry wine.

red bayberry

Grafting seedling raising techniques of Myrica rubra

Publisher: chasion

Subtitle:

Source: Meizhou Agricultural Research Institute.

Date of issue: July 2006-18 09: 34: 40

Grafting seedling raising techniques of Myrica rubra

main body

Myrica rubra is a unique fruit tree in China. Its fruit ripens in early summer, which is suitable for the shortage of fresh fruit in season. Its bright color, sugar content 12% ~ 13%, sweet and sour, rich in Vc, is very popular in the market. However, the seedlings of Myrica rubra will not bear fruit until about 10 years after planting. In order to bear fruit early, grafting method is generally used in production, and half of the fruit can be produced in the third year of planting. The grafting seedling raising techniques of Myrica rubra are summarized as follows:

1, sowing. Harvest fully mature fruits from robust annual trees, pile them up for 3-5 days after harvest, wash off the shriveled seeds that are not fully floating after pulp rot, dry them slightly, and sow them in sand storage. The germination rate of seeds is 40% ~ 70%, and the sowing place should be sandy red and yellow soil with good drainage and loose soil. After sowing, the seeds should be pressed into the soil with wooden boards, flush with the border, covered with a layer of fine soil and then covered with straw to prevent the soil surface from hardening. Generally, it can germinate and be unearthed one month after sowing.

2. Rootstock management. After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be managed frequently, supplemented with water in time to promote the growth of new buds. In order to make the seedlings strong, apply light liquid fertilizer once a month when the seedlings are 3cm high, and do a good job in weeding and pest control. When the seedling base begins to lignify and the seedling height is about 6 ~ 10 cm, it can be transplanted.

3. Selection of rootstock and spike. The optimum rootstock diameter for cultivating robust rootstocks is about 1cm. Determine the mother tree of good varieties, and choose the middle part of last spring shoot (no pests and diseases, full bud eyes) as the scion from the excellent single plants in the full fruit period, and it is appropriate to pick it as you go. If you can't take it off that day, you should wrap it in a wet cloth or keep it in the sand.

4. Grafting method. Using splicing method, it is usually carried out after budding and spreading leaves (from fright to vernal equinox). When grafting, choose a smooth side on the rootstock, cut the cortex from top to bottom with a grafting knife, just cut the xylem, cut off the spare branches of 1 ~ 2 buds per scion, then cut off the inclined plane and joint surface of the scion, insert the cutting surface of the scion into the incision of the rootstock, align one side of the two layers, and wrap them with a special grafting film without exposing the buds.

5. Post-grafting management. The new buds germinated below the grafting interface should be wiped off in time, the young buds germinated on the scion should be left strong and weak, 2 ~ 3 buds should be left to grow, and the rest should be wiped off. When new shoots are lignified, decomposed human excrement can be applied 1 time, and then 1 time every other month, so as to apply thin fertilizer frequently. Prevent and control pests and diseases in time during the growth period of new shoots, and use 800 times solution of 70% thiophanate-methyl and 800 times solution of omethoate to prevent and control anthracnose and yellow caterpillar.