The requirement for moisture is also higher. Because carambola grows fast, it can grow many new buds a year, with many flowers and many fruits. Therefore, anniversaries need a lot of water. Although the tree will not die after a long drought, it will shed leaves, flowers and fruits, and the small fruit will be stunted and unable to grow. But if there is too much water, it is also bad for the growth of carambola trees. Rainy weather, high groundwater level, stagnant water will cause root rot, and new leaves will turn yellow and fall off, which is not conducive to flowering and fruiting. Although Guangdong has abundant rainfall, it is unevenly distributed. There are many rainstorms in midsummer and early autumn, too much water tends to accumulate water and rot roots, and the rainy time in spring is too long, which is not conducive to the growth and flowering of carambola, and it is too dry in winter. These factors are not conducive to the growth, flowering and fruiting of carambola and should be overcome.
Carambola is a shade-tolerant fruit tree. It is afraid of the scorching sun. Young fruits are most afraid of the scorching sun and are easily burned. Therefore, the orchard should be properly shaded, and the tall fruit trees can be reasonably densely planted or interplanted.
Carambola is strict with soil conditions. It can blossom and bear fruit and grow well in barren mountainous areas or fertile alluvial plains. However, attention should be paid to drainage when planting carambola in plain areas, and attention should be paid to improving soil and applying more organic fertilizer in mountainous areas.
Guangdong is located in tropical and subtropical areas, and carambola is a tropical fruit tree, which likes warm climate, so carambola can be planted in tropical and southern subtropical areas of our province. In other words, it can be planted in most areas except northern Guangdong. Such as Chaoshan area in eastern Guangdong, Zhanjiang area in western Guangdong, Zhuhai, Zhongshan, Guangzhou, Panyu and Xinhui can all be planted.
In Guangzhou, carambola can blossom and bear fruit many times, usually with four flowers and four fruits. The first flower is from the end of May to the beginning of June. At this time, flowers are usually harvested in early autumn to bear fruit. The second flower blooms in the middle and late July, and the fruit of this flower generally matures in the middle and late September, which is a positive fruit. The third flower blooms in late September, and this flower is generally harvested from June 165438+ 10 to February 65438+February, making it the first fruit in the world. The fourth flower is in the first ten days of June at 5438+065438+ 10. This flower is usually picked in the spring of the following year to pick fruit for snow.
Generally, the first fruit has less yield, poor quality, high water content and low sweetness than normal fruit. Positive fruit, large amount of fruit. Because of the high humidity in the whole fruit development period, the fruit has short development time, fast maturity, large fruit, low water content, high sweetness and good quality. Hetou fruit has less water content, high sweetness and good quality, and its development time is longer than that of normal fruit. The development temperature of snow-harvested fruit is low, which takes the longest time, and the fruit is small and poor in quality. If the temperature is too low during fruit development, it often has astringency when it is ripe.
Carambola can blossom and bear fruit many times a year. The first fruit blooms from the end of May to the beginning of June and is harvested in early August. This time, because of abundant rain, soft pulp, poor quality and low sweetness during the fruit growth period, and because longan is on the market in large quantities, the price is low, so it is not suitable to leave a large number of first fruits. The cultivated fruit blooms in the middle and late July and matures in the middle and late September. There is less rain in the fruit growth period and sufficient sunshine in the later growth period, which is beneficial to nutrient accumulation and sweet fruit. At the same time, because of the low water content, the fruit can be harvested when it is fully mature, and the quality is good. In addition, the fruit ripens around the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the price is higher than the first fruit. Therefore, it is more suitable to keep fruits in production. The first fruit blooms in late September and is harvested at 1 1 ~ 12. Because the previous fruit making, that is, fruit making, has consumed a lot of nutrients in the tree, in order to help restore the vitality of the tree, it is generally not appropriate to leave a large number of first fruits. Snow-harvested fruit 165438+ 10 blooms in early October and is harvested in the spring of the following year. At this time, during the growth of fruits, cold currents are often encountered and the temperature is too low. Fruit can grow and mature, but it is astringent, so it is generally not appropriate to stay longer. In Guangzhou, however, the temperature is warmer in winter in some years, so it is possible to obtain considerable economic benefits by preserving snow and picking fruits, because spring is the off-season of fruits, and the listing price is generally higher at this time.
Carambola is more tolerant to shade, bears early and produces high yield, and can be planted closely. The planting specification can be 3m× 4m with 55 plants per mu, or 3m× 5m with 44 plants per mu. It can be put into production in the second year after planting, and high yield and early income can be obtained in the early stage. When the carambola grows up, it can be retracted or even thinned after the crown is closed.
Poplar is very tall and can be planted sparsely. The planting specification can be 5m× 5m, and 26 plants can be planted per mu. Or 5 m ×6 m, planting 22 plants per mu; Or 6 m× 6 m, planting 18 plants per mu. Planting with these specifications generally does not require thinning in the future, but the yield per mu in the early stage is low.
Before planting carambola, dig big planting holes. The planting hole in the flat orchard is 0.5 meters deep and 0.5 meters wide. The planting hole depth of mountain orchard is 1m, and 40-50kg of soil mixed fertilizer, 20-30kg of livestock manure and 2kg of calcium superphosphate are applied to each hole. All the fertilizers are mixed with the soil and returned to the cave to cultivate a mound about 0.2 meters high.
When planting, the seedlings should be righted, the surrounding soil should be compacted, watered thoroughly, covered with grass leaves to prevent excessive evaporation of water, and supported by small bamboo branches to prevent the wind from blowing the seedlings and shaking the roots. In addition, because the trunk of carambola is afraid of the sun, it is impossible to form a crown to cover the trunk at seedling stage, so it is necessary to do a good job of sun protection for carambola planting. The method can be to wrap the trunk with straw or cloth for two years until the crown is formed and the trunk can be covered.
Fertilization of young carambola trees is different from that of fruit trees. Young trees should master the principle of applying thin fertilizer frequently. Fertilization can be started as early as 65,438+0 months after planting. It is best to apply dilute human and animal manure or bran water first, 65,438+0-2 times a month, and stop applying quick-acting fertilizer after 65,438+065,438+0 months. In winter, we should ditch and apply decomposed fertilizer, miscellaneous fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, each plant is about 65438+. The purpose is to strengthen the growth of poplar, improve its cold resistance and prepare for a smooth winter.
Adult fruit trees are fertilized about five times a year. Generally, quick-acting water fertilizer is applied in April-May, which can be fermented according to the ratio of calcium superphosphate, wheat bran fertilizer and human excrement and urine of 2: 3: 100, and then diluted with urea, and then sprayed to promote the germination of spring shoots and the formation of flower buds. From June to July, when the thumb of small fruit is big, quick-acting water fertilizer can be applied, which can be calcium superphosphate, bran fertilizer and human feces 1: 2: 100 retting, in order to promote fruit growth. After August, wait until the fruit is fully shaped and the next batch of flowers continue to bloom. Sometimes, in order to make the fruit mature early and improve the quality, a quick-acting chemical fertilizer, mainly urea, can be applied when the fruit is about to mature, about 20 grams per plant. By June 5438+February, we should apply less quick-acting fertilizer and give priority to organic fertilizer, so as to enhance the tree vigor, improve the cold resistance of carambola trees, reduce the falling leaves and branches in winter, and lay the foundation for the safe overwintering of carambola trees. This kind of fertilization is the key fertilizer in a year, accounting for 25% of the annual fertilization. Mountain orchards can also be combined with deep ploughing and soil improvement, and deep ditches can be opened along the crown near the drip irrigation line, and organic fertilizer can be applied to the ditches before returning the soil.
Small trees should be cultivated into a round umbrella crown. When the seedlings grow to about 80 cm after planting, if there are no branches, the top ends are manually cut off and 3-5 evenly distributed main branches are cultivated. In order to make the crown form as soon as possible, we should try to keep the branches on the main branches and cut the excessively long branches short. Because the branches of carambola are thin and easy to droop, they can be supported by bamboo piles or hung by ropes during shaping, so that the main branches are evenly distributed and not drooping.
After the carambola enters the fruiting period, attention should be paid to pruning, but the pruning should be light. Keep the middle and lower branches as much as possible, and properly remove the upper branches in the crown to inhibit the upward growth of carambola trees. Pruning time is usually twice a year. The first time was before the end of April, that is, before the spring buds sprouted. The main purpose is to cut off the dead branches and weak branches left after winter, loosen the branches that are too dense and too long, and cut short the branches that are excessively drooping. If you find that the branch is too long, you should also pay attention to the short section and keep it at about 30 cm. Many shoots will grow soon after pruning, so the shoots should be loosened and fixed in time, that is, too many shoots should be loosened, and 2-3 shoots should be left in each branch. In this way, the remaining branches can be thicker, and the canopy can also be prevented from being too shady. The second pruning is in June, mainly to cut off long branches, too dense branches and weak branches, but pay attention to keep drooping branches, because drooping branches are easy to blossom and bear fruit.
In short, the purpose of two pruning is to make the crown clear and the branches and leaves evenly distributed. When pruning, the whole branch is usually not attached to the base, but to the base 1-2 cm, that is, the carambola can bear fruit on the branch pile. This is the difference between carambola and other fruit trees, so pay attention to it.