During the development of gardens in China, due to the differences in politics, economy, culture, background, living customs and geographical and climatic conditions, two schools of royal gardens and private gardens were formed, each with its own characteristics. Royal gardens are mainly distributed in the north, magnificent and not divorced from the strict and solemn royal style; Private gardens are divided into two branches: Jiangnan gardens and Lingnan gardens. Jiangnan gardens are free and compact, simple and elegant, and have a spiritual realm of worrying about dust. Lingnan gardens are compact in layout and gorgeous in decoration, pursuing pleasing secular interests. As a main branch of the world garden system, China gardens are all natural landscape gardens "created by people and full of oriental sentiment". The two schools with different styles in this gardening system all show the colorful natural interest and colorful beauty of China gardens.
(1) Royal Garden. The royal garden pursues grand style and the will of "whether the world is emperor or not", forming a pattern of "garden in garden". All royal gardens have dozens or even hundreds of scenic spots, which are bound to imitate some small gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and include Buddhism, Taoism and temples. At the same time, in order to be grand as a whole, it is necessary to arrange some single buildings with huge volume and architectural communities with rich combinations. In this way, the axis relationship or multi-axis relationship with clear focus is often incorporated into the gardening management method, emphasizing the nature due to mountains.
(2) Private gardens.
① Gardens in the south of the Yangtze River: Most of the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are gardens that integrate houses and gardens, concentrating the natural landscape in houses and creating a living environment where people and nature live in harmony in cities. It is a livable, pleasant and tourable city garden and an ideal home for human beings.
Taihu Stone and Huangshi are the main stacked stones in the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, which can simulate the mountain to make peaks, ditches, caves, cliffs, curved stone banks, or scattered, or lean against the wall to cut the wall. And rockery with rockery as the main landscape of the garden is excellent. In its heyday, the rockery in Suzhou Huanxiu Villa was a masterpiece.
② Lingnan Gardens: Lingnan Gardens are mainly gardens, usually in the form of gardens. Dieshan mountains are mostly inlaid with rugged and dense stones, with a smooth image of water and clouds. There are coral stones piled up on the coast to make rockeries. These buildings are transparent and open, with a long painting style, beautifully decorated wood carvings and stained glass. Because of the warm climate and a wide variety of ornamental plants, the garden is full of flowers almost all year round, and full of green.
The origin of western gardens can be traced back to ancient Egypt and Greece. 18 and 19 centuries of western gardens can be said to be the parallel development of Lenotel style and English style, and of course, many mixed entities have also emerged. Let's take a look at several typical garden countries. What are the characteristics of their gardens?
(1) Italian Renaissance gardens. Villa garden is the most representative type of Italian Renaissance gardens. Villa gardens are mostly built on hillsides, and several terraces are made according to the slope, which is called "terrace garden". The main buildings are usually located at the highest part of the hillside, and the terraces are opened on a central axis extending outward along the hillside in front of them, including platforms, flower beds, pools, fountains and sculptures. The platforms on each floor are connected by pedals. Trees such as boxwood and lycopodium are planted on both sides of the central axis as the transition between the garden itself and the surrounding natural environment. Standing on the platform and looking in the depth direction of the central axis, you can see the infinite scenery from outside the garden. This is a garden form that combines the conventional style with the landscape style, with the former as the main form. There is also a new gardening technique in Italian Renaissance gardens-Perterre, that is, shrubs and flowers are planted on a large area of land and inlaid into various patterns, just like carpets laid on the ground.
(2) French classical gardens: France has many plains, large natural vegetation area and many rivers and lakes. The French did not fully accept the form of "terrace garden", but applied the regular garden layout with symmetry and uniform central axis to plane gardening.
The garden style represented by the Palace of Versailles is called "Lenotel Style" or "Louis XIV Style", which was popular all over Europe and the world in the18th century. Most of the royal gardens and private gardens in Germany, Austria, Holland, Russia and Britain are "Lenotel style", and the European gardens in the West Building of China Yuanmingyuan also belong to this style.
Versailles covers an extremely wide area, about 600 hm ㎡. It was designed and planned by Lenotre, a famous landscape architect at that time. It has a central axis extending 25 meters from the center of the palace to the west. Large trees on both sides set off the central axis, forming a very wide Lin Yin Avenue, disappearing from east to west in the infinite sky. The design of Lin Yin Avenue is divided into two parts: the west is mainly composed of double water features, including a cross-shaped canal and an Apollo pool, decorated with marble sculptures and fountains. The northern end of the cross-strait cross-arm is the villa garden "Grand Tfianon" and the southern end is the animal breeding garden. In the eastern open space, there are several groups of large embroidered carpet planting altars symmetrically arranged left and right. There are some caves, water theaters, mazes and villas hidden in the Woods on both sides of Lin Yin Avenue, which are relatively quiet viewing places nearby. There are many straight Lin Yin paths in the Woods, and both ends of them have opposite views, thus forming a series of vision lines, so this kind of garden is also called the vision garden.
(3) British natural landscape architecture. The combination of lush grasslands, forests and trees with hilly landforms constitutes a special landscape caused by natural winds in Britain. This beautiful natural landscape promotes the prosperity of landscape painting and pastoral poetry, while landscape painting and romantic poets indulge in praising nature, which makes the British deeply feel the beauty brought by natural wind.
British landscape architecture rose in1at the beginning of the 8th century. Contrary to the "Lenotre" style, it denies the pattern of planting altar, straight forest vagina, square wall pool and plastic trees, abandons all geometric shapes and symmetrical layout, and replaces them with curved roads, natural trees and grasslands and winding rivers, paying attention to borrowing scenery and integrating with the natural environment outside the park.
At this time, through the spread of Jesuit missionaries in China to the Holy See, China garden art represented by Yuanmingyuan was introduced to Europe. William Chambers, a British royal architect, visited China twice. After returning to China, he wrote an article about gardens in China, and used the so-called "Chinese style" technique in his Qiuyuan for the first time.
(4) Japanese gardens.
Japanese gardens are greatly influenced by China gardens, and the gardening techniques of landscape gardens are the same as those of China gardens. However, combined with Japan's geographical conditions and cultural traditions, it has formed its own unique style and system.
Types and characteristics of Japanese gardens;
① Building a mountain pavilion in Chiquan: During the Heian period, Japan gradually got rid of the direct imitation of China culture and focused on developing its own culture. Japan is an island country with beautiful scenery and close to the ocean, which truly reflects the Japanese people's love for the motherland and their feelings for marine islands. It was also during this period that gardens with Japanese characteristics developed, that is, the so-called "Chiquan Mountain Pavilion".
(2) The level of dry landscape:13rd century, Zen, Buddhism and Nanzong landscape paintings were introduced from China. The philosophy of Zen and the freehand brushwork techniques of Nanzong landscape paintings gave gardens another great influence, which made Japanese gardens show an extreme freehand brushwork and philosophical trend, which is also the biggest and most important feature that distinguishes Japanese gardens from China. The Horizontal Pavilion of Ganshan Mountain is a typical example of this freehand brushwork style.
"Dry scenery" attaches great importance to placing stones, mainly using the shape of a single stone itself and the collocation relationship between them. The stone shape is steady, the bottom is wide and the top is cut, and it does not make strange structures such as flying beams and overhangs, and it rarely folds into mountains. This is very different from the rubble in our country.
3 "Tea Court". The area of "Tea Pavilion" is smaller than that of "Chiquan Zhushan Pavilion", which requires a quiet environment and is convenient for meditation, so the gardening design is more focused on freehand brushwork. People want to move in the garden, so they use grass instead of white sand. The grass is paved with stone roads, and several stones are scattered with stone lamps and several small trees. There is a Shi Shui bowl in front of the teahouse for guests to purify water.
④ "Swim-back" landscape garden. Guizhai Palace is a representative work of Japanese "back-to-back" landscape garden, which is a realistic simulation of natural wind as a whole, but it is mainly freehand brushwork locally. This garden is centered on a big pond, with a big island and two small islands, which is influenced by the "one pond with three mountains" in China Garden.
Today, the scope and content of gardens in China are more extensive. It not only includes important components handed down from ancient times, such as royal gardens, private gardens, temple gardens and landscape gardens, but also extends to most areas of people's leisure activities: green parks in residential areas, street gardens, various forms of parks in cities, large green spaces around cities, natural scenic spots, national park browsing areas and convalescent areas. The form of the garden also presents a scene of flowers in full bloom.
Westerners began to appreciate and love oriental garden design more and more, and began to study and learn. In the design of oriental gardens, more attention is paid to the arrangement and placement of various parts, such as plants, rocks, gravel layers, water and various wood structures, rather than winning by size. The connection between indoor and outdoor in oriental architecture is much closer than that in the west. For example, a traditional Japanese-style house is equipped with a large sliding door, and the garden is outside the door, so as soon as the door is opened, the sense of distance between indoor and outdoor is suddenly shortened. The residential area seems to extend into the natural scenery and blend in with the garden next to the house. Interestingly, it was at that time that these gardens provided a good example for private garden villas that led the current architectural trend.
However, in western gardens, tradition is still the basis of design, and the form and space are still tempered in a rational way. Harmony and perfection are still the ultimate goals of design. Of course, this harmony and perfection is not limited to the form itself, but the unity of the form and the modern garden service with various functions and needs of society and most people. This is also the mainstream of contemporary western garden design.