Germination and bud removal technology

I. Objectives and tasks

In the early stage of grape growth, wiping off some budding buds and tender new shoots by hand is called wiping off buds, while completely breaking or cutting off some new shoots by hand or scissors is called pruning. Because the essence of the two is the same, it is customary to call it wiping the bud and removing the tip.

Under normal circumstances, the number of new buds after plant germination greatly exceeds the number that can be accommodated on the shelf surface. The main task of wiping and removing buds is to select a sufficient number of excellent new shoots for plants, and at the same time remove unnecessary new shoots to promote good growth and fruit.

In order to master the appropriate amount of tips, the amount of tips per 1㎡ shelf surface is often used in practice. Every 1m2 scaffolding surface 12 ~ 18 in Liaoning production area, 9 ~ 12 in Changli, Hebei province, and 0/4 in Huailai12 ~/kloc-0. The suitable branch quantity of Xuanhua milk grape is 7-8 branches per 1m2. Under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity in Japan, 5 ~ 10 leaves per 1m2 for different varieties, mostly 6 ~ 7 leaves. The leaf density per unit area of hedgerow plants is about 10 ~ 12. Generally, the spacing between new tips on the shelf surface is about 6 ~ 10 cm for single fence and 10 ~ 15 cm for double fence.

Second, the deadline and requirements

When the bud is obviously enlarged, the prepared bud (usually the weaker of the enlarged double buds) and the hidden bud can be erased. However, the most suitable time for bud wiping and bud removal is when the new flower is about 10cm long and the inflorescence on it is clearly identifiable.

The basic rules of germination and pruning are as follows:

(1) Except for some individuals who need to be cultivated to update the main vine, the budding tillers should be erased from the underground trunk.

(2) A small amount of branches with inflorescences can be reserved for regeneration or reduction of fruiting parts (in the case of insufficient plant fruiting), and most of the remaining branches can be cut off.

(3) The robust new shoots on the main buds are generally selected for the long fruiting mother branches and the new shoots on the replacement short branches. When the fruiting amount is insufficient, some of them can be kept, and the number of remaining branches can be mastered according to the robust degree and cutting length of the mother branches, and 1 ~ 2 robust new shoots are left on the replacement short branches.

(4) When the new shoots of the plant are dense, it is necessary to keep a considerable number of robust branches, which is helpful to maintain the good growth of the plant and is an excellent fruiting mother branch in the second year. In most cases, a certain proportion of developing branches are kept in the new branches. According to the variety and fruiting ability, the ratio of fruiting branches to developing branches after pruning is 2 ~ 4: 1.

(5) In principle, the new shoots at the bottom of the hedge frame and shed frame within the range of 30 ~ 40 cm near the ground should be removed to promote ventilation and light transmission at the lower part and reduce bacterial infection.

(6) When wiping and removing buds, we should take into account the possible losses caused by new shoots blown off by wind damage, leaving room.

Fertilization technology:

Mature vines in topdressing stage are generally divided into top dressing, top dressing for flowers, top dressing for fruits, top dressing for fruits and ripening, and top dressing for rich branches. After unearthed in early spring, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer 1 time is called germination accelerating fertilizer. It has a good effect on promoting bud germination, inflorescence differentiation and accelerating branch growth. In order to ensure normal flowering, pollination, fertilization and flower bud differentiation, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer or nitrogen-phosphorus compound fertilizer about 7 days before flowering can increase the yield by 10% ~ 20%, which is called flower-promoting fertilizer. If 0.3% borax is sprayed on the leaves 5 ~ 7 days before flowering, the fruit setting rate can be increased by about 20%, especially for the varieties of Kyoho Group. In the berry growing period, in order to promote fruit expansion, normal growth and development of seeds, enhance photosynthesis of leaves, enrich branches, and improve yield and variety quality, when berries grow to soybean grain size, topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 1 times is also effective. In autumn, in order to promote early maturity, good coloring and full branches of fruits, topdressing and spraying ripening fertilizers, mainly phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizers, are needed.

Topdressing amount:

In production, the amount of fertilization and the number of topdressing are mainly determined by vine growth, soil structure and soil fertility. The experiment of top dressing of grapes in main grape producing areas in China is: on the basis of applying about 5000 kilograms of organic fertilizer per mu as base fertilizer, the period, type, quantity and method of top dressing are determined according to the principle of "seeing trees, seeing land and seeing yield".

"Looking at the trees" refers to the age, growth and yield of grapes. Fertilizers for accelerating germination, flowers, fruits and vines should be applied every year. The general fertilization method is the combination of root application and foliar spraying. For example, the growth of new buds is moderate and the leaves are dark green, reflecting that the soil is rich in nutrients. Apply 0.5 ~ 1 kg compound fertilizer to adult trees according to the above fertilization period, and continue to supplement tree nutrition. But the types of topdressing are different in different periods. For example, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be applied to the roots to accelerate germination. The fertilizer for promoting flowers should be mainly phosphate fertilizer applied to roots and boron fertilizer sprayed on leaves; To promote fruit growth, it is better to apply compound fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the roots, and the best effect is to apply decomposed human manure to the roots and spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves. In the coloring stage, topdressing can promote the ripening of fruits, branches and leaves mainly by spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on leaves and applying phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer on roots. If the growth of new shoots is too vigorous in the early stage, it is necessary to properly control the application and irrigation of available nitrogen fertilizer and spray only a small amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. On the contrary, the new buds are thinner and the leaves are yellow. If the roots are disease-free, it means there is a lack of fertilizer in the soil. We should immediately apply available nitrogen fertilizer to the roots and add 0. 1% urea, and then irrigate them. Generally, the leaves turn green after 5 ~ 7 days of topdressing, and the effect is obvious.

"Looking at the land" mainly depends on the soil structure and fertility to determine the types, quantities and methods of topdressing. For example, sandy soil has low fertility and poor fertility conservation. For mature vines growing in this kind of soil, 50 kg of livestock manure and about 0.5 kg of quick-acting chemical fertilizer should be mixed in each time to enhance the soil fertility conservation and reduce fertilizer loss. Use diligent application, less fertilization, on the contrary, more fertilization.

"Looking at yield" means looking at yield and fertilization. If the annual output of the vineyard is 2000-2500 kg per mu, the nutrient absorption required to produce 1000 kg of grapes is about: nitrogen 5- 10 kg, p2o 5 52-4 kg, K2O 5 10 kg. The ratio is about 1: 0.4: 1, so the standard amount, type, frequency, period and method of fertilization are determined according to the predicted yield.

New binding technology of suction head;

I. Purpose

Make the new shoots evenly distributed on the shelf surface, and ensure the ventilation and light transmission of plants and the good development of new shoots.

Second, the period and quantity of binding.

When the new buds grow to 40 ~ 50 cm after germination, they are bound for the first time. At this time, the new buds of hedge plants have grown above the second lead wire, and the base of the new buds has begun to lignify. When the new tip is 70 ~ 80 cm long and exceeds the third lead, the second lead can be tied. Generally, a new tip can be pricked twice. However, according to the growth intensity of the secondary tip, especially for the extension of the top secondary tip, it can be tied again. Short branches that develop later can grow freely.

Third, the method of binding

The new shoots are tied in the same way as the old vines, using the figure-eight method. The new buds of hedge plants are basically erect, tied up to maintain growth potential. Pay special attention to the replacement of new buds on short branches and tie them in place. The main side of the trellis plant extends long branches, which should be knotted in the extension direction. The lateral new branches on the mother branch and the new branches on the dragon's claws on the dragon stem are tied obliquely forward.