During the reign of Xuan Di, the Han Dynasty was strong for a period of time. At that time, the power of Xiongnu declined more and more, because the nobles fought for power and profit. Later, the Huns split up, and the five Khan separated and attacked each other endlessly.
One of them, Khan named Hu, was defeated by his brother Khan, causing numerous casualties. After discussing with Hu He, he decided to mend fences with the Han Dynasty and personally took the minister to see the emperor.
Hu is the first Khan in the Central Plains. Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu, treated him like a distinguished guest, and personally greeted him on the outskirts of Chang 'an and held a grand banquet for him. Uhaanyehe lived in Chang 'an for more than a month. He asked Emperor Xuan Di to help him go back. Xuan Di agreed, and sent two generals to lead ten thousand cavalry to escort him to Monan. At that time, the Huns were short of food, and the Han dynasty also sent 34 thousand welcome food.
Uhaanyehe was very grateful and made up with the Han Dynasty. Hearing that the Huns and the Han Dynasty were reconciled, countries in the western regions rushed to deal with the Han Dynasty. After the death of Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di, his son Liu succeeded to the throne, namely Emperor Han Yuan. In a few years, the branch of Hun Khan invaded the western countries and killed the envoys sent by the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty sent troops to Kangzhou, defeated and killed Zhikhan.
When Zhikhan dies, his position will be stable. In 33 BC, Uhaanyehe went to Chang 'an again and asked to be close to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Han Yuan agreed.
In the past, both Han Dynasty and Xiongnu and their relatives had to choose a princess or the daughter of an imperial clan. This time, Emperor Han Yuan decided to choose a maid-in-waiting for him. He ordered someone to send a message to the harem: "Whoever wants to go to Xiongnu, the emperor will treat her as a princess."
The ladies in the harem are all selected from the people. As soon as they enter the palace, they are like caged birds, hoping to let them out of the palace one day. But I don't want to leave my country for Xiongnu.
There was a maid-in-waiting named Wang Qiang, also called Wang Zhaojun. She was very beautiful and learned. For her life, she resolutely signed up and volunteered to kiss the Huns.
The minister in charge is worried that no one will apply. He heard that Wang Zhaojun was willing to go, so he reported her name to Emperor Han Yuan. Emperor Han Yuan ordered ministers to choose a wedding day for Uhaanyehe and Wang Zhaojun in Chang 'an.
It goes without saying that Uhaanyehe is very happy and grateful to marry such a beautiful young wife. When Uhaanyehe and Wang Zhaojun thanked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty saw that Zhaojun was beautiful and generous, and some of them were reluctant to part with him. He wanted to keep Wang Zhaojun, but it was too late.
Legend has it that when Emperor Han Yuan returned to the Inner Palace, the more he thought about it, the more annoyed he became. He had the portrait of Zhao Jun taken from the portrait of the maid-in-waiting. Although it looks a bit like it, it is not as cute as Zhao Jun himself.
It turns out that ladies-in-waiting usually don't see the emperor after entering the palace, but painters draw portraits and give them to the emperor for selection. There is a painter named Mao Yanshou. When he painted the portrait of the maid-in-waiting, the maid-in-waiting gave him some gifts, and he painted it beautifully. Wang Zhaojun didn't want to give gifts, so Mao Yanshou didn't describe Wang Zhaojun's beauty truthfully. Emperor Han Yuan was very angry and killed Mao Yanshou.
Wang Zhaojun left Chang 'an under the escort of Han and Xiongnu officials. Riding a horse and braving the biting wind, she came all the way to Xiongnu and became the E Shi of Uhaanyehe. After a long time, she gradually got used to life and got along well with Xiongnu. Huns all like and respect her.
Wang Zhaojun lived in Xiongnu for a long time, far from his hometown. She advised Uhaanyehe not to wage war, and passed on the Central Plains culture to the Huns. After that, the Huns and the Han Dynasty lived in harmony, and there was no war for more than 60 years.
Shortly after Wang Zhaojun left Chang 'an, Emperor Han Yuan died, and his son Liu Ao succeeded to the throne, namely Emperor Han Cheng.
2
Zhao Sai
Xuan Di, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, fought for power and profit, and his power gradually declined. He was divided into five khans and attacked each other endlessly. Among them, Uhaanyehe was defeated by his brother Zhi Zhi Khan. Hu decided to make up with the Han Dynasty and personally appear before the emperor.
Hu is the first Khan in the Central Plains. Emperor Xuan Di personally went to the outskirts of Chang 'an to meet him and held a grand banquet for him. Uhaanyehe lived in Chang 'an for more than a month. He asked Emperor Xuan Di to help him go back. Xuan Di agreed, and sent two generals to lead ten thousand cavalry to escort him to Monan. At that time, the Huns were short of food, and the Han dynasty also sent 34 thousand welcome food.
Uhaanyehe was very grateful and made up with the Han Dynasty. Hearing that the Huns and the Han Dynasty were reconciled, countries in the western regions rushed to deal with the Han Dynasty. After the death of Emperor Gaozu, his son Liu succeeded to the throne, namely Emperor Han Yuan. The Xiongnu Khan branch invaded the western countries and killed the envoys sent by the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty sent troops to Kangzhou and killed Zhi Zhi Khan. When Zhikhan dies, his position will be stable. In 33 BC, Uhaanyehe came to Chang 'an again and asked for marriage. Xu. In the Han Dynasty, Huns and their relatives had to choose the princess or the daughter of the imperial clan. This time, Emperor Han Yuan decided to choose a maid-in-waiting for him. He sent a message to the harem: "Whoever wants to go to Xiongnu, the emperor will treat her as a princess." The ladies in the harem are all selected from the people. As soon as they enter the palace, they are like caged birds, hoping to let them out of the palace one day. But I don't want to leave my country for Xiongnu. There was a maid-in-waiting named Wang Qiang and Zhaojun. She was beautiful and knowledgeable. Volunteer to kiss Xiongnu. Yuan Di married Uhaanyehe and Wang Zhaojun in Chang 'an. When Uhaanyehe and Wang Zhaojun thanked Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Gaozu saw that Zhaojun was beautiful and generous, making the Han Palace colorful.
Legend has it that when Emperor Han Yuan returned to the Inner Palace, the more he thought about it, the more annoyed he became. He had the portrait of Zhao Jun taken from the portrait of the maid-in-waiting. Although it looks a bit like it, it is not as cute as Zhao Jun himself. It turns out that ladies-in-waiting usually don't see the emperor after entering the palace, but painters draw portraits and give them to the emperor for selection. There is a painter named Mao Yanshou. When he painted the portrait of the maid-in-waiting, the maid-in-waiting gave him some gifts, and he painted it beautifully. Wang Zhaojun didn't want to give gifts, so Mao Yanshou didn't describe Wang Zhaojun's beauty truthfully. Emperor Han Yuan was very angry and killed Mao Yanshou.
Wang Zhaojun left Chang 'an under the escort of Han and Xiongnu officials. Riding a horse and braving the biting wind, she came all the way to Xiongnu and became the E Shi of Uhaanyehe. E Shi was named "Hu Ning", hoping that she could bring peace and tranquility to Xiongnu, and let Zhaojun stay away from his hometown and settle in Xiongnu for a long time. She advised Uhaanyehe not to wage war, and passed on the Central Plains culture to the Huns. After that, the Huns and the Han Dynasty lived in harmony, and there was no war for more than 60 years. It is commendable that after her death, she "did as the Romans do" and remarried to her eldest son. Although this violates the ethics of the Central Plains, she cherishes the friendship between Han and Xiongnu. Wang Zhaojun gave birth to a boy and two girls in Xiongnu. Zhao Jun's date of birth and death is not recorded in the history books.
three
Regarding Zhaojun's departure from the fortress, there are the following historical records in the official history:
Han Yuan Di Ji:
In autumn, Gan Yanshou, the commander-in-chief of the western regions, and Chen Tang, the deputy commander-in-chief, sent a captain of Wuji, the official of wasteland reclamation, and Hu Bing, the western regions, to attack Zhidan. Cut off its head in winter, spread the meaning of the capital, and hang the barbarian halls.
In the first month of the spring of four years, he sued Jiaomiao with a single penalty. Teach the world. Ministers bought wine for the first time and showed books to later officials and dignitaries (Yan Shigu called them "books of support").
In the first month of the first spring, Uhaanyehe, a Hun, came to Korea. The imperial edict said, "The Huns have betrayed their courtesy and righteousness, and they have levied their own disasters. They have not forgotten their kindness, and they have bowed to the township (item) and returned to the ceremony of welcoming the DPRK. I hope that the fortress will spread endlessly and there will be no military revolution on the border. Change it to Jingning and give it to the king waiting to be summoned in the name of E Shi. " (Ying Shao's note: "The county has given a daughter, but it has not been seen, and it has been ordered by the court, so it is said that it is waiting for a letter. Wang Hao, the daughter of Wang, is named Zhaojun. " Note: "The Zigui people in Bennan County are also." )
The biography of Han Xiongnu:
When Zhi Zhi was punished, Uhaanyehe was both happy and afraid. He wrote: "I always wanted to see the son of heaven, and I really supported the intellectual expedition to the west. I was afraid that he and Wu Sun would attack my minister, so I didn't go to Han. Today, I am willing to see you in North Korea. " In the first year of Jingning, Khan returned to Korea with the same gifts as before, including clothes, brocade, silk and wadding, all of which were twice as many as Huanglong. Khan said to himself that he would like to marry the Han family. After Yuan Di, the word "Wang Qiang, the son of a good family in the palace" was given to Khan by Zhaojun. Khan rejoiced and expressed his willingness to protect the fortress valley west of Dunhuang, and the matter spread like wildfire. Please prepare the fortress collectors and soldiers so that the people of Tian Zi can rest in peace ... Wang Zhaojun, a native of Huning, gave birth to a dentist named Zhi, who is the son of heaven. Hu was established for 28 years, and he died in the second year ... After Hu's death, it was carved as, in order to plant more plants, if tired, it was Khan ... If tired, Khan's wife Wang Zhaojun gave birth to two daughters, the eldest daughter was the second child and the youngest daughter was the second child.
Southern Xiongnu Biography in the later Han Dynasty;
At the beginning, Khan's younger brother, Right Valley's, was appointed as Left. Left is Khan Chu. Khan wanted to carry on the family line, so he killed the dentist. He who knows his teeth is also the son of Wang Zhaojun. Zhaojun is from Nanjun. At the beginning, in Yuan Di, he was elected to the court because of his good family. When Xie Han came to North Korea, the Emperor gave it to five guests and his daughter. Zhaojun entered the palace for several years, but he didn't see the royal family, and he complained bitterly. Therefore, he asked the court to order him to do so. The emperor told Xie Han to leave the meeting and called five women to perform. Zhaojun is decorated with wealth and splendor, Guangming Han Palace, Gu Jingpei back, moved to the left and right. The emperor saw that he was frightened and wanted to stay, but it was difficult to break his word, so he made peace with the Xiongnu. Have two sons. It is also said that Han Xie died, and his former son took his place. He wanted to marry a wife, Zhao Jun wrote a letter in return, and the emperor ordered him to obey Hu Zhi's customs, so he resumed Khan Hou Yan.
The above is the official record of Zhaojun's achievements.
According to legend, Cai Yong wrote "Cao Qin" in the late Eastern Han Dynasty:
Zhao Jun, the king of Qi, is busy with womanizing, upright and upright, and doesn't often peek at the door. Busy with it is different from others, and those who beg it don't accompany it. Seventeen years, dedicated to Yuan Di. Yuan Di is far from lucky to have a harem. After five or six years, every time the emperor visited the harem, Zhaojun often couldn't complain. Later, Khan sent envoys to congratulate him, and the emperor called the harem as much as he could, and Zhaojun decorated it all. The emperor asked: If you want to have a daughter for Khan, who can do it? Zhaojun has passed, please go. When Khan is around. The emperor was surprised and hated. When Zhaojun went to Xiongnu, Khan thought that Korea was thick with me. He indulged in drinking and having fun, and sent envoys to Korea to present a white jade, ten horses and jewels. Zhaojun hated the emperor, never met him, but wrote a complaint song. If you die alone, your child will be five years old. Zhaojun called it: Hu's wife and mother, and even more married by Qin. Shi Da said: I want to be Hu Li. Zhaojun swallowed medicine and died. (Quoted from Guo Songmao Qian's Yuefu Problem Solving)
Cao Qin seems to belong to unofficial history's miscellaneous notes, which is quite different from the official records, but the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress is quite close to the later Han Dynasty, and there is no ugly picture like Mao Yanshou's. But under the guise of Zhao Jun, he wrote a song of discontent and yearning (later called "Zhao Jun's Complaint"), lamenting that he had left his hometown and married an alien.
Since then, the story of Zhaojun has spread more and more widely. I don't know who embellished it, so I imagined the plot of a painter Mao Yanshou and his ugly photos out of thin air.
So there is the legend of Xijing Miscellanies (written by Liang Wujun in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and written by Jin):
There are many rabbits in Yuan Di. They are not common. Is to make the painter's picture, grid (press) picture auspicious. All the officials paid the painters, ranging from one hundred thousand to fifty thousand. Wang Qiang refused alone, so he couldn't see it. Xiongnu entered the DPRK to seek beauty for E Shi, so they went to the court to show their respect. And go, summoned, like the harem first; Be good at coping and behave gracefully. The emperor regretted it, but his name has been decided. The emperor believes in foreign countries, so he is no longer a man. This is a poor case, painters have given up the market, and their family assets are huge. Painters include Ling Du Mao Yanshou, who is humanoid, ugly, old and young, and must be true. Anling Chen Chang, Xinfeng Bai Liu, Gong Kuan, working with cows, horses and birds; People are too ugly to live longer. Looking down on Du Fu, he is also good at painting, especially at coloring; Fan Yu is also good at coloring and abandoned the market that day. Painter in the capital, so poor.
This is a copy of Mao Yanshou's story, which was added to later poems and plays.
The predecessors questioned the discrepancy between the fact that Zhao Jun deviated from the official history in unofficial history's essays and the fact that Zhao Jun's story was mixed with Mao Yanshou's ugly face. For example, Song's "Wild Guest" series cloud:
The story of the princess of the Ming dynasty is contained in the biography of Xiongnu in the former Han Dynasty. He said: In the first year of Jingning, Khan entered the DPRK and was willing to marry the Han family. After Yuan Di, Wang Qiang, the son of Gong Liangjia, gave Khan the word Zhaojun, and Khan was overjoyed. That's all. The Miscellanies of Xijing is written in great detail. Because there are many rabbits in Yuan Di, it is not common, so painters draw these rabbits according to the pictures and call them lucky. Painters are paid, with hundreds of thousands less than 50 thousand. Wang Qiang refused alone, so he couldn't see it. After the Huns entered the DPRK, they sought beauty for E Shi. Therefore, according to the picture shows respect. And go, summoned, like the harem first. Be good at coping and behave gracefully. The emperor regretted it, but his name has been decided. The emperor is disloyal to foreign countries, so he is no longer alone. This is a problem of poverty, and painters like Mao Yanshou have given up this market. This is slightly different from the record in the biography of Xiongnu in the later Han Dynasty. Such as Miscellaneous Notes, is the reason why Zhao Jun didn't become a painter. For Yuan Di's wrong election, he moved on. As the Book of the Later Han Dynasty said, it was Zhao Jun who refused to see the imperial court for a long time, so he made a determined effort and invited himself. These two theories are different, but Mao Yanshou's theory is rare in the later Han Dynasty. The theory of Yuefu Solving Problems is close to Xijing Miscellanies. Cao Qin said that it was close to the Biography of Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty. However, it is different. "Cao Qin" said that Khan sent a congratulatory message to the court, and the emperor answered it, asking people in the harem to ask who could go. Zhao Junsheng decorated it and told him to go. As Cao Qin said, it's not just messengers who come to North Korea, it's not just coming to North Korea. Zhaojun asked permission before the emperor, not because of the court's order. How embarrassing! This matter was omitted by the former Han Dynasty, and should be regarded as positive by the later Han Dynasty. Everything else is one after another, and there is not enough evidence.
Lu E's Preface to Wen Qi Zhai Ji Wang Ming Jun in Qing Dynasty says:
Shi Jun, all according to Xijing Miscellanies. It is said that Yuan Di is lucky according to the map. All imperial secretaries are painters, and there are hundreds of them, but not less than 50,000. Zhaojun is self-reliant, beautiful and moving, and there is nothing wrong with it. The workers are ugly for this. The emperor then took his wife Xiongnu. Yes, I doubt it. Husband Han and Yuan used to be rich, but neither was a lucky imperial secretary. How can Ann get so much gold to pay for the painter? Who will go to court to talk about it? To its golden dusk, it is also forbidden, and it is hard to believe. Since Liu Shi, the wife of Wang Shu in the Liang Dynasty, said in a poem: "Danqing lost her old instrument, and the jade box became autumn grass", so she said: "The Han Palace with pictures and texts can hire Khan to come from afar." Sui said, "I don't want to be a female historian, let alone a painter." This is a classic for the Tang people. For example, Cui said, "When will you meet an envoy from the Han Dynasty and pass on books and cut out paintings for my concubine?" Shen Quanqi: "Bad luck is arrogant and ruthless as a painter." Liang Xian: "Tu Naive, Hua Rong is wrong." Guo: "My face is getting haggard every day, and I have no time to draw." Liu Changqing: "I am proud of my enchanting color, regardless of Danqing people." Li Bai: "Life is short of money to buy paintings, and it is embarrassing to stay in the tomb." She fell: "Her face! Can you imagine the spring wind? , back to the moonlit night. Bai Juyi: "Sorrow, toil and fatigue have all been exhausted, but now it seems like painting." Li Shangyin: "Mao Yanshou wants to know God, but he is not a gold man." Fan Jing's wife, Shen Shi, said, "I believed in Danqing Bridge, valued the master of Luo Yang, bought cicadas with my daughter and millions of moths", and so on. Before the beam, there was no one at first. Zhaojun said to himself, "I will never leave the palace to destroy Tibet." Shi Chong's new song "Ming Jun" only says "I am a Han family, so I will be comfortable in court". The picture is nothing. On the other hand, Han Shu said that Khan was willing to marry the Han family. After Yuan Di, Gong Liangjia's son Wang Qiang gave a list with the word Zhaojun on it. Khan is happy. I wrote, I want to guard the fortress from Shangguxi to Dunhuang, so please stop and prepare to let the loyalist rest in peace. It refers to Yan Di Shan Yu, who summoned the harem and demanded that Shan Yu have a daughter and be rewarded by Zhaojun, so he went to the Xiongnu and thought that Han was kind to him and gave him a treasure. The picture is not registered. Naturally, Xiongnu III was later called a vassal in the Han Dynasty, not a frontier disaster. Hu Ning E Shi Zhaojun. Therefore, Wen Pengyang's "On Reading History" said that "Zhao Jun defeated Anbian and passed twelve generals." The husband is not in the beginning, and there are people who have the words of the class; Then it is not difficult to appoint, and Feng Nv is Xiong Zhiyong; When I left, I went to a secluded place and occasionally made up a frontier fortress, meaning that Weng Xu and Rong and Mulan joined the army. And the speaker will help the absurd history become a beautiful talk, let the emperor get eternal glory, stop being a woman who has fallen out of favor with beauty and wealth, and why not be good at adult beauty. I take the book "Cao Qin" as an example. This book is close to the official history, distinguishes between right and wrong pictures, takes fallacies after the text, and even creates the word to bring good things.
Lu E's Preface not only confirms Liang's previous photos, but also believes in the official records of Zhaojun's achievements. It is particularly noteworthy that, in the words of Wen Ling and Huang Pengyang, he praised Zhaojun for "winning the frontier and connecting twelve generals in Huang Wu". In addition, he also strongly criticized the fallacy of credulity, including many famous poets, and the rash writing of "making absurd history a beautiful talk" He indignantly described Zhaojun as "a woman who fell out of favor because of her beauty and wealth" and highly praised Zhaojun's noble character, which was not advanced by her original color, her heroism, which was not difficult to appoint, and even her great achievements in going to the frontier. This view is really different from popular customs and deserves praise.
Also, in the Qing Dynasty, Lu Ciyun's "North Book Yan Xu Fei Ming Debate" cloud:
..... Ming princess please shu khan, want to worry about the Han Xiandi slim north gu also, its meaning. Why don't you go with a woman who is enough to algebra armored soldiers? Xire didn't die of old age in Yongxiang, Nagato, but what did he do abroad? Therefore, his poem Autumn Wood Poetry is full of tenderness and irony, with resentment and no anger, which fully symbolizes its affection. Who hasn't been warned by a bonfire for decades after intimacy? Playing pipa and music, eliminating drums. Caught dead, yellow-hairy white reed, a blank soil, growing wild grass. Heaven and earth do not change their spirit, mountains and rivers do not hide their meaning, cold and summer do not change their feelings, frost and dew do not change their color. With Wen Tomb, Tomb, Xu Jun Sword Grass, Zhong Qing Marriage Tree, and Wu Mu Branch in the south, it is the same as Zhao Huijin. And those who say they follow Korean customs can have this. You can make it clear without arguing. However, does Hanshu think there is a post-E Shi theory? Some of them are the speaker, almost because of the emperor's embarrassment, mistakenly thinking that they have been served. Otherwise, I will laugh at Yuan Di and attach a book to him.
This passage by Lu Ciyun is aimed at the statement in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty that "Xie Han died, sought his return, proclaimed himself emperor and followed Hu customs, so he became an empress". From the standpoint of safeguarding the ethics of the Han nationality, he categorically failed to adopt the Xiongnu custom of "the son is the mother" (stepmother, not the biological mother). Therefore, he thinks that Zhaojun will not follow Hu's footsteps, but will only swallow medicine and die. In his view, the burial place of the Ming princess is "barren of grass" and "full of grass", which "shows that the imperial concubine never forgets the ambition of the Han Dynasty". He argued that "from Hu Customs to Hou" in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was "almost because of the embarrassment of being an emperor, I mistakenly thought it was a letter. Otherwise, you may laugh at Yuan Di and attach a book. " He thinks that Zhao Jun's "Please make Khan comfortable" is "worrying about the North for Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty". Obviously, he used the idea of loyalty to the monarch to explain Zhao Jun's departure from the fortress. However, after all, he realized that "it is better to' establish a foreign country' than to die of old age in Yongxiang, Nagato"; Advocating to take Jia Bing as a parent; He also affirmed that after the Han, Hungarian and pro-Qin dynasties, "there was no fire alarm for decades" and "playing the pipa while extinguishing the drum" were the historical achievements of Zhaojun. From the perspective of consolidating the Han family, he does not doubt that Zhaojun is "Xiao Khan". On the contrary, he warmly praised Zhao Jun for volunteering and dying for his country, to "offer the emperor for the Han Dynasty and worry about the North".
Although the above textual research on Zhaojun's deeds and the identification of Zhaojun's story evolution have different views, they are all aimed at maintaining the official history brushwork and defending Zhaojun's historical spirit.
I have carefully studied the records of Zhaojun in Hanshu and Houhanshu, and I think there are several points worthy of attention:
First, Zheng Gu was a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Ye Fan was a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, which is closer to the Zhaojun era, so the authenticity of historical materials may be more reliable. At the same time, because they write history books, they identify historical materials more carefully and write more seriously.
Second, people who write history look at historical phenomena from a political perspective. History of Han and History of Later Han recorded that Uhaanyehe came to Korea from the relationship between Han and Xiongnu, "May the fortress continue", "Please stop and prepare officers and soldiers to stop the emperor's people", "I hope my husband Han is my relative." For the sake of national unity and border peace, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty "named Khan as the national title". And in order to celebrate this great event, it is better to exchange RMB. It can be seen that the relationship between Han, Hungary and Qin was of great significance between the two peoples at that time.
Third, the author of history books objectively recorded the historical facts of Zhao Jun's departure from the fortress with the viewpoint of turning the enemy into jade. Historians like Ban Gu, although they think that "affinity is useless", have not shown the heart of national humiliation. For Zhao Jun, "from Hu vulgarity to the post", he did not show unacceptable feelings.
Fourth, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty clearly recorded that Zhao Jun was "seeking an order from the court". At the same time, it is further explained that the reason why she volunteered to go is because "she has been in the palace for several years and has not seen the royal family, and she has accumulated resentment and sadness." Then, her "sadness" is obviously aimed at the emperor. Here, in that short narrative, there is actually a character with strong estimation and high temperament. The vivid description of Zhao Jun's appearance at Hu's farewell ceremony can be said to be a wonderful drama scene.
All these provide a historical basis for Comrade Cao Yu to conceive Wang Zhaojun's creation, and become the life foundation to inspire him to make artistic fiction.
two
Zhaojun was in the first year of Jingning (33 BC). The History of Han Xiongnu recorded the relationship between Han and Hungary in this period in detail.
Since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the Huns have been the strong enemies of the Han nationality in the Central Plains. At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, when Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were still fighting for hegemony, the Xiongnu took the initiative to kill their father and stand on their own feet, and their force was unprecedented. The East Lake was destroyed, Yueshi was attacked in the west, Loufan and Baiyang were served in the south, and the Hetao area was reoccupied, endangering Yan and Dai (Hebei and northwestern Shanxi), conquering Xiongnu, Qushe, Dingling and tribes in the north, and controlling the vast areas in northeast, north and west of China at that time, which posed a serious threat to the Central Plains.
In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu (20 1 BC), Xiongnu Khan besieged Mayi (Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province) and Han Wangxin surrendered. Then the next year, Jinyang (Taiyuan, Shanxi) was besieged. Liu bang personally led the troops to fight. Due to the cold winter, heavy snow, frostbite of foot soldiers and poor command and mobilization, Dengbaishan in Pingcheng was besieged by 300,000 elite cavalry for seven days and seven nights. Later, Chen Ping's plan was adopted, and it was more important than E Shi's plan to get out of the encirclement. After the Han Dynasty, people constantly surrendered, and the Xiongnu led the troops to invade many times, which made Liu Bang very nervous. At that time, due to years of war, the social economy of the Han Dynasty had not been restored and the internal rule had not been consolidated, so it was impossible to carry out a large-scale military counterattack against the Xiongnu and had to adopt a compromise policy. So Emperor Gaozu adopted Lou Jing's suggestion of marrying the Xiongnu, took the imperial daughter as E Shi, and became brothers with the Xiongnu, giving a lot of flocks, tapirs, wine, food and so on every year. Later, Hui Di, Lv Hou, Wendi and Jingdi pursued this policy of being close to the people until the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. For example, when Wendi married the imperial clan woman to Chanyu, Jingdi married the imperial clan woman to Chanyu.
The closeness of the ruling class between different ethnic groups is of course a political means. At that time, it was a last resort for the Han Dynasty to implement this policy of intimacy and alienation, and its purpose was to exchange temporary peace on the border. Today, the policy of affinity and alienation is an ancient and outdated strategy, but in ancient feudal society, it is an effective way to maintain friendly relations between ethnic groups. The war has been temporarily avoided, which is conducive to the rest of the people of the two nationalities. The Western Han Dynasty's policy towards Xiongnu was mainly people-friendly policy. Of course, the ruling class clearly knows that affinity is not a panacea, what matters is military strength. So when the affinity policy doesn't work, or your own military strength is enough to defeat the Huns, it will turn into war. In the 14th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 166), Khan, an old merchant, listened to the plan of the traitor theory, led 140,000 cavalry to invade Chaona (northwest of Pingliang County, Gansu Province) and Xiaoguan (south of Guyuan, Gansu Province), killed a captain in the north, plundered a lot of human and animal property, arrived in Pengyang (Zhenyuan, Gansu Province), burned back to the palace, and rode all the way to Yong and Ganquan areas. In the sixth year of Emperor Wendi (KLOC-0/58 BC), Khan sent troops into Shang Jun and Yun Yun, each riding more than 30,000 people and plundering everywhere. During the Jingdi period, tarquin often invaded the border counties, but there was no large-scale war. Although Wendi and Jingdi still carry out the policy of being close to the people, they are already preparing to fight back against the Xiongnu rulers.
After the rule of cultural scenery, the social economy of the Han Dynasty has been restored and developed, and its military strength has become increasingly strong. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the goal of "wealth is more than enough, and people are stronger than horses" has been achieved. With the elimination of feudal forces and the strengthening of centralization, various conditions have matured to counter the Huns. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty launched a large-scale war against the Huns in the second year of Yuan Guang (BC 133). First, Nie Wengyi, a Mai, was sent to lure the Huns to plunder Khan, and 300,000 Han soldiers were ambushed in the valley near the Mai, ready to annihilate the Huns in one fell swoop. Unexpectedly, the plan leaked out and the Xiongnu quickly withdrew. Since then, it has evolved into a long-term and frequent war.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were three large-scale battles against Xiongnu. The first time was in the second year of yuanshuo (BC 127). General Weicon went out to the west of the cloud and bypassed Longxi, defeated the Loufan King and the Aries King of Xiongnu, seized millions of sheep, restored the Hetao area, established Shuofang County there, and placed 100,000 people, becoming a border defense center. After several attacks, Huns were forced to move Long Ting to the north of Mongolian desert in 123 BC.
The second battle was in the second year of Yuanshou (BC 12 1). General Huo Qubing, a general in title of generals in ancient times, led tens of thousands of cavalry to attack from Longxi twice, once crossed Yanqi Mountain (in Shandan County, Gansu Province) and seized the gold worshippers of the King of Soil Repair. He once crossed Juyanze and attacked Qilian Mountain (western Gansu). The victory of the Han army caused internal disputes among Xiongnu nobles. Xiongnu Khan wanted to kill the evil king of Xiongnu who was defeated by the Han army. The evil king of Xiongnu killed King Xiutu and led more than 40,000 people to surrender to the Han Dynasty. Han placed them in five counties along the Great Wall, namely Longxi, Beidi, Beifang and Yunzhong, which are called "five subordinate countries". After that, there was no Xiongnu in the west of the Yellow River from Jincheng (Lanzhou) to Yanze (Robnor). The four counties of Wuwei, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Dunhuang were successively established in the Han Dynasty, which cut off the connection between the Xiongnu and the frontier ethnic groups and opened the road to the western regions and Europe in the Han Dynasty.
The third battle was in the fourth year of Yuanshou (BC 1 19). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent a large number of foot soldiers, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing each with 50,000 cavalry, hundreds of thousands of soldiers and trench, and went deep into Mobei to find the main force of Xiongnu. Weicon set out a thousand miles beyond the Great Wall and fought Khan with Xiongnu, but Khan was defeated. Only a few hundred people escaped, and the Han army caught up with Zhao Xincheng in Yanshan, Mobei. Huo Qubing went out of Dai Jun, more than 2,000 miles from the Great Wall, and defeated the Xiongnu soldiers in the east. Although the Han Dynasty won the war, the losses were very serious. From then on, there was no power for a large-scale attack. And the Huns, defeated several times in succession, suffered heavy casualties, and in the last years of Emperor Wu, "Are you pregnant?" , (tired) extremely (sleepy), bitter, since Khan often has desires and pro-plans. "
In order to strengthen the northern frontier defense, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty immigrated in large numbers, settled fields with border soldiers and developed agriculture and animal husbandry. The Great Wall is also newly built, extending the Great Wall of Qin Dynasty from Lingju (Yongdeng, Gansu) to Dunhuang County. Pavilions and beacon towers have been erected along the Great Wall to prepare for war.
In the second year of Emperor (72 BC), Tian Guangming of Han Dynasty led 40,000 troops out of Xihe River, Fan led 30,000 troops out of Zhangye, Han Zeng led 30,000 troops out of the clouds, 30,000 troops out of Jiuquan, and Tian Shun led 30,000 troops out of Wuyuan. In addition, Chang Hui sent Wu Xizheng from the Western Regions, and * * * more than 200,000 soldiers and horses joined forces with the Xiongnu. The Huns were defeated again. Subordinate also took the opportunity to attack. So, "Xiongnu is weak, the prisoners of all countries are disintegrated, and it is unreasonable to attack thieves. "From then on, the Huns were no longer able to fight against the Han Dynasty. Thirty-nine years before Zhaojun left the fortress.
In the second year of Xuan Di (60 BC), he won the title of Wei Yan Khan, killed his father, Kongyouqu Khan, and used time to punish nobles. And appointed Zhuan Xu's younger brother, E Shi, as a human being, and spared his father and daughter's close relatives and changed into his own children. The son of Khan, the son of Xu Luquan, cannot be established as Khan. So he went to see his father-in-law, Wu Chan Mu. In the fourth year of Shenjue, Wu Huan sent troops to defeat King Guxi in the east of Xiongnu. Khan was furious and wanted to punish King Gu Xi. So the king and Wu Chan curtain and the nobles in the left made it easy, attacked Yan Yu Khan in the west, defeated Yan Yu and committed suicide, and won all the Xiongnu subjects.
Since then, there has been a power struggle within the Xiongnu ruling group, forming a situation in which five families dominate. After a complicated struggle of attacking and killing each other, Uhaanyehe won the victory in the second year of Xuandi Wufeng (56 BC), and they all fought alone in the imperial court. But two years later, he was defeated by his brother Zuo Wang Xian, became a self-reliant Khan, and was forced to leave Long Ting. At this time, Zuo Yi offered suggestions and said, "Today, the Han Dynasty is prosperous, and all countries in Wusun City are courtiers. Since the birth of Hou Chanyu, the Huns have been cutting back day by day and can't return. Although they are here, they are never safe for a day. Doing something today is safe, and doing nothing is dangerous. " Advise Xie Han to "serve as an official and serve the Han Dynasty". After a heated debate, Uhaanyehe adopted Zuo Yi's suggestion. In the third year of Xuan Di Ganlu (5 1 BC), in the first month, he was called into the palace to see Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who treated him with courtesy and gave him a generous reward, and sent Han Changhu to send him a ticket to Shuofang Chicken Lusai. Since then, it has reversed the hostile situation of the Han and Hungarian ethnic groups for about 150 years since the early Han Dynasty, and established peaceful and friendly relations.
It was also in this year that Khan, who was far away in Mobei at that time, saw Hu go to the Han Dynasty, fearing that he would be jointly attacked by Hu and the Han Dynasty, and sent envoys to the Han Dynasty to offer sacrifices and servants to the DPRK to show his kindness.
In the fourth year of Xuan Di Ganlu (50 BC), Uhaanyehe entered the Han Dynasty for the second time, and the emperor Xuan Di received the same courtesy and was richly rewarded.
When Zhi Zhi Khan saw that the Han Dynasty sent troops to the valley to support Huhan, he knew that he was unable to unify the Huns, so he developed westward (now the Ili River Basin), broke up with Han, got back his servants, and killed Ji Gu, the messenger of Han.
At the beginning of the Han Emperor's accession to the throne, Uhaanyehe wrote that the people were trapped, and the Han Dynasty sent a letter to Yunyun and Wuyuan County to turn to the valley for 20,000 yuan. Ministers around Hu advised Khan to return to Long Ting in the north. At that time, Han Chang, a surname, and Seimi Zhang, a doctor of Guanglu, were sent away by Hu Hanye's assistant by car, fearing that it would be difficult to restrain Khan after going north. Thus, in the first year of Yong Guang (43 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Han Chang, Alina Zhang, Khan and Xiongnu ministers made a covenant by committing crimes against the white horse and drinking blood wine. Its word says: "From then on, the Han and Xiongnu families will never be bullied and attacked again." If there are thieves, report to each other, punish and compensate; Coach, send the army to help. Those who dare to be broken by the Han and Xiongnu first are unlucky. Let its descendants be as close as an alliance. This is the "infinite alliance of water" mentioned in Cao Yu's Wang Zhaojun.
In the third year of Emperor Zhao Jian of the Han Dynasty (36 BC), Gan Yanshou, the commander-in-chief of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, and Chen Tang, the deputy commander, were killed in Kangju. Since then, the hostile forces between Xiongnu and Han were finally eliminated, and all the Xiongnu land returned to Hu Hanye's rule. Three years before Zhaojun's departure.
Zhi Zhi Khan was punished, and Uhaanyehe was both happy and afraid. If you are happy, you will be killed with your support, and your political enemies will be eliminated, and there will be no future trouble; Afraid, the Han Dynasty was strong, and the Huns were already weak after years of war. Once they offended the Han Dynasty,