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The quintessence of Sui and Tang Dynasties-the development and characteristics of garden art
The development of classical gardens in China can be roughly divided into five periods, namely, the budding period from the end of Yin Dynasty to the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the generating period between Qin and Han Dynasties, the turning period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the flourishing period of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the mature period from Song Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the wood structure architecture has reached full maturity in technology and art, and landscape painting, which reflects the beauty of natural scenery, has become an independent painting category, with a large number of pastoral poems describing natural scenery. With such a solid material foundation and prosperous culture, the garden construction in Sui and Tang Dynasties reached its peak. Royal gardens with royal style, private gardens with greatly improved gardening art and temple gardens with urban public gardens all reached unprecedented scale and artistic level, forming a huge system of garden development in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Unfortunately, these beautiful gardens are gone, and we can only know their original appearance from historical documents and limited information.

1 In the second year of Sui Dynasty (AD 582), there was a new capital-Daxing City. At the same time of building the city, the arrangement and construction of water system projects are also carried out simultaneously. Longshou Canal, Qingming Canal, Yong 'an Canal and Huang Qu Canal were successively dug to divert water into the city, and the old Caoqu Canal and the 300-mile-long Guangtong Canal from Daxing City to Tongguan were dredged, which basically solved the problems of urban water supply, palace water use and waterway transportation, and also provided sufficient water for garden construction. On this basis, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty built Daxing Garden in the north of Daxing City. In the first year of Daye (AD 605), Yang Di of Han, Wei and Yang built Luoyang, the eastern capital, about 8 kilometers west of the old city of Luoyang. Taking advantage of Luoyang's superior water conservancy conditions and the convenience of the canal, he opened a canal to draw water from the valley and Luoshui, and built an extremely grand West Garden in the west of the city. In 6 18 AD, Li Yuan replaced the Sui Dynasty, established the Tang Dynasty, and changed Daxing City to Chang 'an, still taking it as the capital. In addition to continuing urban construction, the Sui Dynasty further built and improved water conservancy projects. In terms of garden construction, Emperor Taizong not only kept and continued to build Daxing Garden in Sui Dynasty (renamed Forbidden Garden in Tang Dynasty) and Xiyuan Garden in Tang Dynasty (renamed Shen Du Garden in Tang Dynasty), but also built Jiucheng Palace in the fifth year of Zhenguan (AD 6 13), Daming Palace in the eighth year of Zhenguan and Huaqing Palace in the eighteenth year of Zhenguan in Guo Li. Since then, Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, built Xingqing Palace in Chang 'an City in the second year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 14), then restored and expanded Qujiangchi and the imperial home Lin Furong Garden in the southeast corner of the city, and built imperial roads in the northeast and east of the city, connecting the Forbidden Garden in the northeast of the city, Xingqing Palace and Furong Garden in the east of the city. Most of the above royal gardens were built in Sui, early Tang and prosperous Tang dynasties. The life of royal gardens in the Tang Dynasty was diversified, and the planning and layout of gardens also had their own characteristics, forming three categories: imperial gardens in inner halls, imperial gardens in palaces and imperial gardens in detached palaces.

There are mainly Xiyuan, Forbidden Garden, Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace.

Xiyuan is located on the west side of Luoyang City. Built in the first year of the great cause of Sui Dynasty (AD 605), it was built at the same time as Luoyang City. Within Fiona Fang100km, the plain fluctuates slightly. Luoshui, Shui Gu and Jianshui pass through the park, and the water source is very rich. The park is divided into mountain and sea area, canal courtyard area, waterless palace area and mountain scenic area. Each scenic spot has its own system and is interrelated at the same time. Among them, Shanhai District and Quyuan District are the most distinctive.

The layout of Xiyuan is centered on Beihai, which is a large lake dug artificially with a circumference of more than ten miles. There are Penglai, abbot, Yingzhou and other island mountains built of wood and stone in the lake, about 35 meters high. There are Tong Zhen Temple, Xiling Temple, Zongxian Palace, Fengting Temple and Yueguan Temple. There is Longlin Canal in Hubei, and the canal water winds into the lake. There are 16 courtyards along the canal, which are very famous. Each courtyard is a group of buildings. There are canals around the courtyard, and there are willows, bamboos and famous flowers and grasses in the courtyard. Decorate with colorful brocade in autumn and winter, and make colorful brocade in the pond. If the color doesn't work, it will change In every hospital, there is a Mrs. Spin and a 20-year-old beauty. There are three gates in the east, west and south of each courtyard, all of which are near the canal, and the bridge spans the canal. In addition, there are five small lakes in the park, namely Cuiguang Lake in the east, Yangying Lake in the south, Guangjin Lake in the west, bounded water lake in the north and Guangming Lake in the middle. The lake is full of earth and stone, and there are pavilions and pavilions on the mountain. There are ditches between lakes, which connect with the North Sea. The water depth is tens of feet, and you can cross the Longfeng Pavilion. Emperor Yang Di often went boating in the lake.

According to records, when Yang Di built the West Garden, it invited all parties in the world to send flowers, trees, birds and animals into the garden. Golden apes and green deer swarmed, and birds and animals flourished. In order to facilitate the emperor to visit the garden, he opened a royal road from Beijing to Xiyuan, and planted tall willows and long pine trees on the roadside.

As can be seen from the above, this waterscape-based garden was carefully planned and arranged from the beginning.

Waterscape in the park: Longlin Canal, Beihai, Qushuitang and Wuhu form a complete river and lake system, which not only plays an ornamental role, but also plays an artistic role in organizing garden space and various landscapes. 16 buildings are connected by canal water, forming an organic and harmonious scenic spot. Each courtyard in the scenic spot has its own independent small scenic spot, and there are gardens in the garden. This way of composition is not available in the previous generation. The combination of water system and mountain forms a three-dimensional landscape space with rich levels. Xiyuan is a beautiful garden, and its completion marks that the classical gardens in China have entered its heyday.

Forbidden Park is located in the north of Chang 'an Miyagi (Daxing Garden in Sui Dynasty), with a length of 27.5 Li from east to west and 23 kilometers from north to south.

The courtyard wall in the south is the north wall of Chang 'an, reaching the south bank of Weihe River in the north, facing the nuclear in the east and including the old town of Chang 'an in the Han Dynasty in the west.

With dense trees and sparse buildings, the emperor often entertains, hunts and sells here, domesticates wild animals and horses, and provides fruits, vegetables, fish and birds for the palace. There are 24 key buildings in the garden, including Yu Zaogong, Jiuqu Palace, Wangchun Palace and Liyuan.

The famous Yu Zaogong is just north of Daming Palace. Introduce swimming water into the fish and algae pond, build a mountain island in the pond, and build a Yu Zaogong on the island, where emperors often feast or watch colorful boat races.

The East Inner Courtyard is located in the southeast corner of Daming Palace, north and south 1 1,000m, and east and west 000m. There are dragon head hall, dragon head pool, teaching field, stable and polo field in the park.

Daming Palace is a relatively independent Miyagi with an area of about 32 hectares. It is located in the Longshouyuan of Manchuria outside Chang 'an, with dangerous terrain and cool and pleasant climate. Standing here, you know all the streets and cities in Chang 'an like the back of your hand. Miyagi is a palace area in the south and a garden area in the north. Yuanlin District is low-lying. There is an Artest liquid pool in the center, and there are two independent towers connected by a 3-meter-wide channel, covering an area of about 1.6 hectares. There are Penglai Mountain, widely planted flowers and trees, pavilions and pavilions in the pool.

Xingqing Palace is located in Xingqing Square in the southeast of Chang 'an. It used to be the residence of Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, when he was a prince. In 7 14 AD, it was rebuilt as Xingqing Palace. In the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728 AD), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty moved to this palace to listen to politics. The northern part of the palace is the palace area, and the southern part is slightly larger than the garden area.

There is a rectangular lake in the center of the park, with an area of about 1.8 hectares, which is introduced into the lake through the Longshou Canal. Lotus and water chestnut are planted in the lake, and Xuanzong and Yang Guifei often row boats on the lake. In the southwest of the lake, there are two main buildings, namely, the Calyx Xianghui Building and the Diligent Service Building. The square in front of the building is covered with willows. There are Changqing Hall and Changqing Building in the southeast of the lake.

There are hundreds of peonies that Yang Guifei likes in the garden. There is a dirt mountain in the northeast of the lake, and there is an agarwood pavilion on the mountain. The peony around the pavilion is particularly excellent, and Xuanzong and Yang Guifei often go to this pavilion to enjoy flowers.

Huaqing Palace is a detached palace, located in Lintong County, 35 kilometers east of Xi City. It consists of a palace area and a garden forest area, surrounded by a special-shaped wall as high as the mountain. The palace area is a rectangular Miyagi, facing south. Miyagi is divided into three parts: central, western and eastern. From there, there are left and right courthouses, Hong Wen Pavilion and Xiuwen Pavilion in the south of central China. Into the Jinyang Gate, there are front halls and back halls, and further south is the Imperial Palace. In addition to temple buildings, the Forbidden City also has a 16 hot spring bath, that is, sixteen soups. There is a merit hall in the west. In the east, there are mainly Eta Ursae Majoris and Feishuang Building, and in the south, there is Lotus Soup (also called Jiulong Soup), which is the imperial pool of Emperor Xuanzong and the place where Yang Guifei bathes. This swimming pool is luxurious and elegant. Another Royal Tang Chi is Long Soup, which covers dozens of rooms. The pool is carved with jade into a lotus-shaped spout, with the soup base rustling (the name of jewelry) and agarwood (fragrant wood) as mountains, which are shaped like Yingzhou and abbot. Outside Miyagi, there is a heavy Luocheng, with palaces where concubines live in the east and baiguan mansion and yamen in the west.

The garden area is a mountain scenic spot on the northern slope of Mount Li. Along the mountain landform, various scenic spots are planned. Many flowers and fruit trees are planted in the hilly areas, as well as polo fields and racetracks. The mountainside is steep, and valleys, waterfalls and reindeer graze in the mountains. At the top of the mountain, Yuan Chaoting and the Laojun Temple next to it are Taoist temples, and the Imperial Road goes down to Zhaoyang Gate in Miyagi. On the way, the hall of eternal life was built for the emperor to fast and bathe before entering the incense. According to legend, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei vowed to be husband and wife forever in the Seven Spirits. Bai Juyi's "Song of Eternal Sorrow" On the seventh day of July, in the Palace of Eternal Life, we secretly told each other in the silent midnight world that we would like to be love birds in heaven, and we would like to be in harmony with each other, with two branches in one tree. Described the story

Qujiangchi is located in the southeast corner of Chang 'an City. At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, the water from Huang Qu was introduced, which expanded the water surface of Qujiang pond. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty renamed it Furong Pool. During the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, it was rebuilt, and the water in the pool was richer, and the old name of Qujiang Pool was reused. There are Ziyunlou, Cai Xia Pavilion and Furong Garden in the south of China, and Apricot Garden and Qiongzhi in the west. Furong Garden is the royal garden of Sui Dynasty. In the early Tang dynasty, it was given to Mrs. Wang, and later to the East Palace. At the beginning of kaiyuan, it was converted into a royal garden, and civilians were not allowed to enter.

Before Kaiyuan, Qujiang Lake was different from royal gardens and private gardens. People go for an outing in spring, climb mountains in Chongyang, beg for rain in drought, and usually go to Qujiang for sightseeing. Among them, Zhonghe Festival (February 1 day), Shangsi Festival (March 3) and Double Ninth Festival (September 9) are the most lively. At this time, the emperor led his concubines to Qujiang to play and hosted a banquet for his ministers. The coastal areas are decorated with lanterns and colorful paintings, the people are bustling, and the cars and horses are crowded. Chang' an City is almost half empty. This kind of garden with the nature of urban public sightseeing is very rare in the era when imperial power dominated in feudal society.

2. After the rise of private gardens in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, elegant and simple private gardens developed more prosperously in the Tang Dynasty. Private parks and country villas in cities have been widely built, and their gardening level and artistic characteristics have been greatly improved. Private gardens in Tang Dynasty were mostly concentrated in Chang 'an and Luoyang. At that time, almost all officials and nobles had gardens. In the area of Duqu and Fan Chuan in the south of Chang 'an, there are dozens of Fiona Fang gardens, full of spring rocks and scenery. Luoyang, the capital of Luoyang, has two rivers, the Yi River and the Luo River, which pass through the city, with criss-crossing ditches and abundant water resources. Dignitaries dig pools to divert water, and the wind of building houses and gardens is no less than that of Chang' an in Kyoto. Li recorded in "Records of Famous Gardens in Post-Luoyang": Gardens flourish and Luoyang flourish. The chaos in the world, such as the rise and fall of Luoyang, the rise and fall of Luoyang, and the waste of the back garden. Although private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River did not flourish in the Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were quite a number of gardens with unique styles in Yangzhou and Chengdu.

Private gardens in Sui and Tang Dynasties were mostly built in cities and suburbs, so the area was generally small. In the gardening style, the gardens of the royal family and the bureaucratic family are luxurious and beautiful, with many buildings, while the gardens of the scholars are fresh and elegant, plain and natural. This feature of literati gardens has a great influence on northern gardens, and has been an important feature of China gardens ever since. In gardening techniques, due to the limited garden area, more emphasis is placed on symbolic techniques and imagination. In the pursuit of middle hills and moldy rocks, it is more common to replace mountains with single stones. Mountain pond is an indispensable main landscape of urban private parks, and the word mountain pond once became synonymous with private parks. In order to break through the visual limitations caused by high walls and deep courtyards, urban private parks often build pavilions or rockeries for overlooking. In addition, the rural gardens and literati gardens in the Tang Dynasty have integrated ornamental and daily life, and they are unified and infiltrated with each other. For example, Bai Juyi once described his private garden in Luoyang: a 10-acre house and a 5-acre garden; There is a pool of water and a thousand bamboo poles. Not narrow soil, not partial; Enough to sleep and rest your shoulders.

There are halls and courtyards, bridges and boats, books and wine, songs and strings. When you are in the middle, your beard is floating, and when you are ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. At the same time, I will die. Scholars not only inherited the tradition of picking exotic flowers and herbs for viewing, but also expressed their feelings with the characters of flowers and trees, such as cold pines and cypresses, pure plum blossoms as ice, modest and vigorous bamboo and spotless lotus flowers.

There were many famous private gardens in the Tang Dynasty, such as Bai Juyi's Lushan Caotang. Wang Wei's career in Wangchuan, Pingquan Village in Li Deyu, Huanhuaxi Caotang in Du Fu and so on.