Arute was born on the first day of July in the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), two years older than Emperor Tongzhi. His father advocates elegance, is good at calligraphy and painting, is versatile and has high cultural attainments. Empress Xiaozhe was born in such a cultural family, was taught and edified by her father, and had a high cultural accomplishment. It is said in a book that Empress Xiaozhe "was quiet and wise when she was young, and she worshiped the public and read ten lines every time she taught herself." Rong De is very prosperous. At one time, all ethnic groups in Manchu and Mongolia knew that they would be in the palace when choosing a spouse. "Influenced by her father, she wrote beautifully, especially her left hand, which was highly praised by people at that time. There is a poem praising the filial piety and philosophy queen in the Qing Palace Ci:
Empress Yong Tongzhi
Hui's heart is beautiful, and Huahua recalls the beginning of love.
Yu Xun's color can spread all over the country, but it is negative for the left-handed books in the palace.
Xun and Yu refer to Princess Arut of Xun and Princess Hersairihara of Yu. It means that Xun and Yu are both beautiful, but they are not as good as Zhonggong Empress who is good at writing with her left hand. Empress Xiaozhe likes literature and can recite famous Tang poems. At ordinary times, she is "calm and unsmiling" and "has never lost her temper", which is quite a mother instrument.
However, such an outstanding queen could not please her mother-in-law, Cixi, and was humiliated in the palace. Why doesn't Cixi like this daughter-in-law? Things have to start with the establishment of the Tongzhi emperor.
Mother-in-law and daughter-in-law are at odds and abused.
After the big marriage, Arut fell in love with the Tongzhi emperor En. Cixi sees it in her eyes and hates it in her heart. She spread spies in the palace to monitor the young couple's words and deeds. Cixi saw that the Tongzhi emperor seldom went to Huifei Palace, and Huifei was alienated and neglected by the emperor. She was quite dissatisfied, so she called the Tongzhi emperor and said, "Hui Fei is virtuous, and although she is a princess, she should visit her as soon as possible. The queen is young and has no manners in the palace, so she should always learn. There is no need for the emperor to enter the palace, which will hinder government affairs. " Cixi seriously interfered with their husband and wife life. Emperor Tongzhi had to listen to Cixi, but he didn't want to get close to Hui Fei, who he didn't like, so he simply lived alone and worked in the Qing Palace. The newly-married Arut lives alone in the palace, hanging alone and unhappy. Cian often calls her to Zhong Cui Palace to have a heart-to-heart talk with her and comfort her in every way. Emperor Tongzhi respected the queen, and the queen loved her husband more. Arut always smiles when he sees the emperor. On the contrary, Cixi said that the queen "flatters the Lord".
Since she entered the palace, Arut's family has been careful everywhere without any disrespect. However, when Cixi saw her, she was always angry and found fault with everything. Emperor Tongzhi was ill, and Alut was anxious, but he dared not wait on him. Cixi blamed her for "the demon maid has no feelings of husband and wife." On the deathbed of Tongzhi, Arut secretly went to visit and wiped the pus and blood for the Tongzhi emperor. Cixi also called her a "demon maid. At this time, I am still sycophantic and must die." Arut is in a dilemma and can't do anything well. According to the chongling Biography, Arute visited the Emperor Tongzhi, shed tears and talked about the loneliness in the palace, suffering from abuse. Emperor Tongzhi comforted her and said, "Your patience is over." These words of the young couple were heard by Cixi, who followed behind and eavesdropped outside. She flew into a rage, immediately broke into the palace, grabbed Arut's hair, pulled it and beat it, and threatened to prepare a big stick to serve. The Tongzhi emperor in the hospital bed tried to save him, but watched the queen humiliated, anxious, angry and afraid, and fainted. Cixi spared the Arut family. "Miscellanies of the ruling and opposition since Daoxian County" written by Chongyi contains: On one occasion, Cixi sprouted the idea of abolishing the throne of Arut. So Zongren Palace ordered Prince Yi Xuan, the fifth brother of Emperor Xianfeng, to discuss the matter. Prince Dun said, "If you want to abolish it, you can't abolish people who enter the Qing Dynasty unless you enter through the Qing Dynasty. I dare not be ordered. " Cixi wanted to abandon Arut's heart, but she deeply hated Prince Yi Xuan.
Arut is honest and frank, and will not please everyone. She thought she was the queen who got married from Daqingmen. As long as what she does is right, there is no need to flatter and flatter. Moreover, she stimulated and angered Cixi several times intentionally or unintentionally, which made the contradiction more acute. On one occasion, Arute accompanied Cixi to the theatre. "Play an obscene drama, will look back, don't want to see. Cixi is tired, she hates it. " On the one hand, Arut's behavior is disobedient, on the other hand, it also reflects Cixi's lewd and vulgar style, thus deepening her resentment against Arut. People around Arut advised her to please Cixi everywhere, please her, and only by having a good relationship with Empress Dowager Cixi can she keep her seat, otherwise it would be bad for her. "If you respect it, you can't," Arut said. I am the founder of Heaven, and I am welcomed by the Qing people. I can't be easily shaken. " Cixi entered the palace through the draft, and she was most afraid of being mentioned by others through the Daqingmen, which has always been a pain in her heart. Someone secretly told Cixi what Arut said. Cixi flew into a rage and thought it was a deliberate contempt for herself, so she "hated Alut even more because she had a heart of death".
There are other stories about why Cixi didn't like the Arutes, which finally drove her to the wall.
Some people say that because Arut is the granddaughter of Zheng Qinwang Duanhua. Duan Hua was one of the main members of the eight ministers of Zan township government appointed by Emperor Xianfeng when he died. He was the sworn enemy of Cixi and was later granted the death penalty by the court. Cixi was therefore angry at Arut.
Others said that Cixi heard that Arut was pregnant and was afraid of giving birth to a prince to become an heir. Arut became the empress dowager and could not listen to politics.
Others said that Cixi was afraid that Alut would reveal her secret of violating the imperial edict of Tongzhi Emperor, so she was executed.
In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), on December 5th, the Tongzhi emperor died young. 14 days later, the empresses of the two palaces issued an imperial edict: "The empress is the emperor of the Great Line, and she is the empress of Jiashun." On February 20th, the first year of Guangxu (1875), Arute died in Palace of Gathered Elegance at the age of 22, only 75 days after the death of Emperor Tongzhi.
There are two reasons for Arut's death: First, there is no backer, and life is a long way to go in Xiu Yuan. Emperor Tongzhi is Arut's only backer and hope. When Emperor Tongzhi was alive, he was also insulted and humiliated by Cixi. When the Emperor Tongzhi died, the backer fell down, and the hope of life was shattered. Second, the situation is embarrassing. After the death of Emperor Tongzhi, Cixi did not make an heir for him, but made Zai Tian, the cousin of Emperor Tongzhi (who was also the nephew of Cixi), the successor of Emperor Xianfeng, which made Alut's position as the empress dowager embarrassed, neither the empress dowager nor the power and aristocratic status in the original empress dowager's palace. After the establishment of Emperor Guangxu, Alut's position will be even more embarrassing, which has never appeared since the Qing Dynasty, and objectively pushed Alut to a dead end.
On the day of Arut's death, the Empress Dowager told the cabinet: "In the eleventh year of Tongzhi, Queen Jiashun became the emperor of the Grand Palace, and she was in the palace. She is gentle, cautious and elegant. I serve the Empress Dowager of the two palaces, bearing Yan Shunzhi's filial piety and not violating it. Last December, Emperor Yulong, a guest with dysmenorrhea, suffered serious injuries and clung to his life. It is really sad to die today. " This is the official cause of death announced by the Qing court, but it is vague and unconvincing.
Arut is only 22 years old, and he is not sick at ordinary times. How could he die suddenly? Obviously not a natural death. There were different opinions about how she died at that time. To sum up, there are four kinds of statements:
Swallow gold and die. This statement is quite extensive and has great influence.
Die of hunger strike. "Mr. Li Hongzao's Chronicle" contains: "After the collapse, the hunger strike was also built." Chronicle of Qing Dynasty, Notes of Wan Yong, etc. I also hold this view.
Swallow opium and die. Outdoor Ji of Qing Dynasty holds this view.
Die of poison. "De Zongcheng Children's Private Training" records this.
Either way, it was suicide. It is said that before Arut committed suicide, her father Chongqi visited her in the palace. Seeing my daughter in Lacrimosa all day, my eyes were swollen with pain, so I called Cixi and asked what to do. Cixi said: "The queen is so sad that she can go with the emperor." It means that the queen can be martyred. At this time, it happened that my daughter wrote a note, asked her what to do now, and criticized the word "death" on the note. A few days later, Arut died.
Husband and wife share the same hole, and it will be a disaster after burial.
After Arut's death, because Hui Ling of Tongzhi Emperor had just been built in Kyrgyzstan, she and Zigong of Tongzhi Emperor temporarily settled in Long Fu Temple in Dongling. On September 18th, the first year of Guangxu (1875), Emperor Guangxu personally escorted Zigong to Long Fu Temple in Dongling, where he stayed for three and a half years.
Build a mountain ridge. According to the national custom of feudal society, after the new emperor ascended the throne, a mausoleum should be built within 1000 years. However, during the Tongzhi period of 13, Empress Xiaozheyi and Emperor Tongzhi were buried in Hui Ling.
Never mentioned the mausoleum. It was not until the Tongzhi emperor died and was in urgent need of burial that Cixi had to send ministers to choose the mausoleum site for the Tongzhi emperor in Dongling and Xiling. In more than two months, Minister Du Xiang and his Feng Shui officials visited the mountains and rivers of Dongling and Xiling. After repeated comparison and screening, they finally think that the double valleys in Dongling and the Jiulong Valley in Xiling are the best feng shui. Dongling, with double valleys and dragons, the hall is wide and flat, Luocheng is thorough and the barriers are complete. "The back thought, before Venus thought. On both sides of Mount Venus, there is Qian Shan on the left and Xiangshan on the right, which is a real blessing. On February 21st, the first year of Guangxu (1875), Cixi summoned the Prime Minister. Cixi inquired about Du Xiang's mausoleum in detail, which was decided by Prince Gong. It echoed. Finally, the focus is on whether to use the Double Valley in Dongling or the Jiulong Valley in Xiling. Cixi asked the ministers for advice, Yi? Back in the play, he said, "With reason, Kowloon Valley will be better; Sentient, the prospect of Hui Ling (provided by Xu Guangyuan)
I dare not speak. "Clearly reveals the intention of choosing double valley. Hey? Among them, "reason" refers to the system of "learning from each other" stipulated by Emperor Qianlong. According to this system, Emperor Xianfeng has been buried in Dongling, and Emperor Tongzhi should be buried in Xiling. Hey? "Love" refers to the love between father and son, and the love between mother and child. Emperor Xianfeng's Dingling and Cixi's Bodhisattva Guding Dongling were both built in Dongling. If we care about this, let Joule kneel down. Emperor Tongzhi should be buried in Dongling. Hey? Very tactful and good at words. He obviously prefers to choose Shuanggu, but he said "I dare not say" in order to let Cixi make her own decision and avoid being accused of undermining the system of "Zhao Mu Xiang Jian". What a clever person Cixi is, she immediately understood the game. In my mind, I immediately decided to take Shuangshan Mountain Valley as Hui Ling's mausoleum site. Prince Yi of Chun, Yu Kuiling of Zuo Dushi, Rong Lu, assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, and Weng Tonghe, acting assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, were appointed as ministers of undertaking repairs. They broke ground at noon on March 12th in the first year of Guangxu (1875) and started work at noon on August 3rd. After three years of intense construction, they arrived in Hui Ling in September of Guangxu 4th year (1878). Although the regulation of Hui Ling is not as good as that of the Qing Mausoleum in the past, its wood is hard and precious, so Huiling is known as the "copper beam and iron column".
The queen was buried. Emperor Tongzhi and Empress Xiaozhe were buried in Huiling Underground Palace on March 26th in the fifth year of Guangxu (1879). March 2 1 day, Zhusha Monument in Hui Ling, Guangxu.
Feng Taihou of the two palaces left Beijing for Dongling to attend the Fengan ceremony of Tongzhi Emperor and Empress. I arrived at Long Fu Temple in Dongling on 23rd and stayed there. On 24th, Emperor Tongzhi's Zigong and Empress Xiaozhe's Zigong moved to Hui Ling from the temporary security of Long Fu Temple. After seeing Emperor Guangxu off on his knees, he went to Hui Ling through the underground passage. After visiting the Fangcheng, the Ming Building and the Underground Palace, he knelt in front of the shrine to welcome Emperor Tongzhi and Empress Xiaozhe to Hui Ling. Both Zigong stopped at Long 'en Hall. On March 25th, Emperor Guangxu moved to Zigong, the Tongzhi Emperor. After the ceremony, he moved the two Zigong to Ludian in front of Fangcheng and put them on the dragon cart. At the beginning of the 26th year, Zi Gong, the Filial Piety Empress, and Zi Gong, the Tongzhi Emperor, were buried together in the underground palace. The tribute of Emperor Tongzhi was placed in the center of the coffin bed, and the tribute of Empress Xiaozhe was placed next to Emperor Tongzhi's left (east), with the coffin head facing north and the coffin tail facing south. Before the burial in Zigong, the suicide note and legacy of Emperor Tongzhi and Empress Xiaozhe were placed on the jewel seats of the left and right books in the underground palace. After the ministers withdrew from the underground palace, the imperial concubine Dunyi (that is, the ambassador Hui Cha) and others entered the underground palace to pay homage to the Emperor Tongzhi and the Filial Empress Zi Gong. With the Imperial Concubine Dunyi, there may be Yu Fei, Herseri Hala, Xunfei and Xi Lin Jue Roche who entered the underground palace. They made a final farewell with their husbands, the emperor and queen Arut. When the Tongzhi Emperor died, the oldest Yu Fei 19 years old, and the youngest imperial concubine Fu Chashi (Hui Fei) was only 16 years old. She has just entered the prime of life and started a long widowed life for decades. After Emperor Guifei of Dunyi and others withdrew from the underground palace, they made a ceremony at the stone altar. Cover the stone gate of the underground palace and the big burial will be completed.
The underground palace was stolen. The first robbery in Dongling, which shocked China and foreign countries, took place in July 1928. Sun Dianying, a warlord, robbed Emperor Qianlong's Yuling Underground Palace and Cixiling Underground Palace. 1In August, 945, after Japan surrendered, some bandits and lawless elements in Dongling took advantage of the turbulent situation and the chaos of regime change to create the second robbery in Dongling. The tombs stolen this time include Emperor Kangxi's Jingling, Emperor Xianfeng's Dingling, Emperor Tongzhi's Hui Ling and Qianluling. With so many grave robberies, the losses are even more serious than last time.
According to the World Journal reported on April 22nd in the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1946), "In December of the thirty-fourth year, the Qing tombs were stolen. First of all, there are two coffins in Tongling, Tongzhi. A companion, a concubine, looks like life. There is Tongzhi Cuiyin 1 table and gold watch 1 block in front of the golden coffin. Jewelry, jade, metal and other products inside and outside the coffin are packed in sacks and then measured with a censer. Gold is about 20 kilograms. "
According to1North China Daily on May 29th, 935, Confessions of Huiling Thief is abbreviated as 1934 1 1 month. Under the command of the commander, civilian workers were recruited to dig Hui Ling and blast the stone gate with explosives. There are four shelves on the first floor, one on each side. On the one hand, there are the emperor's seal and the queen's seal, on the other hand, there are books and printing plates. There is nothing on the second and third floors. There are two coffins on the fourth floor. Split it with an axe and hammer, and take out a half-catty ink bottle, a four-liang gold bagua palm, an American gift gold watch with white beads on all sides that can be used for half a year, two strings of white beads on each side, two strings of twenty-four white beads, a green finger, a golden brazier and a green smoking bag from the imperial coffin. Take out a rockhopper, a pair of white jade bracelets and gold bracelets, a string of jadeite, pearls, agate and wooden beads, a nine-ring chain weighing three taels of gold, a phoenix hairpin, an agate fingerboard, a gold-inlaid white bead ring, a jade brand and a jade hairpin. Other odds and ends can't be counted. "
These funerary objects in the coffin of Empress Xiaozhe and the funerary objects in the coffin of Emperor Tongzhi were stolen.
After Hui Ling was stolen, because Dongling was left unattended at that time, it was not until 1952 that the Qing Dongling set up a cultural relics storage office that the theft was stopped. Because this hole has not been blocked for a long time, many locals have visited this underground palace. According to local legend, the body of the Queen of Hui Ling Underground Palace did not rot at all, and her face was lifelike. She was stripped naked, her stomach was cut open and her intestines spilled all over the floor. It is widely rumored in society that the queen swallowed gold and died. In order to get gold, they rolled her intestines from beginning to end.
The personal file of Empress Xiaozhe
Surname: Arut, born in the first day of July in the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854).
Zodiac: Tiger Father: Chongqi
Husband: Tongzhi Emperor Zai Chun Children: None.
Entering the Palace: September 15th, 11th year of Tongzhi (1872); September 14th, 11th year of Tongzhi (1872)
Proudest thing: being elected queen
The saddest thing: the biggest regret of my husband's early death: no children.
Date of death: February 20th, the first year of Guangxu (1875). Year of death: 22 years old.
Time of burial: March 26th, 5th year of Guangxu (1879) Mausoleum: Hui Ling.
Posthumous title: Filial Piety, Philosopher, Jiashun, Tree God, Sage, Judge, Zhang Tian, Yi Sheng.
(From "Talking about Twelve Empresses of Qing Dynasty")