H
hydrogen
Qin Gui
1.008
1s 1
+ 1、- 1
Major groups
nonmetal
hydrogen (H)
The density is the smallest, and the isotopes are deuterium and tritium.
2
male
helium
sea
4.003
1s2
Major groups
nonmetal
rare gas
helium
The most difficult liquefied rare gas helium compound was successfully prepared by China scholars.
Na2He
three
nautical/sea mile
Lithium (Li)
plum
6.94 1
2s 1
+ 1
Main/gold/alkali
lithium (Li)
The density is less than kerosene, and the active alkali metal sealed with paraffin generates black lithium nitride in the air, which can react with water.
four
exist
beryllium (Be)
skin
9.0 12
2s2
+2
Main/Gold/Alkaline Earth Metals
beryllium (Be)
The lightest alkaline earth metal elements are toxic and hardly react with water.
five
B
boron
a surname
10.8 1
2s22p 1
+3
Major groups
nonmetal
boron
The hardness of a single substance is second only to nonmetallic elements and important trace elements of diamonds.
six
C
carbon
soup
12.0 1
2s22p2
Inorganic +2,
+4、-4,
Organic irregularity
Major groups
nonmetal
carbon
It has the highest hardness (diamond), conductivity (graphite) and the highest dry matter content in cells, and is the basic framework of life.
seven
ordinary
nitrogen (N)
pellet
14.0 1
2s22p3
-3、 + 1 、
+2、 +3、
+4、+5
Major groups
nonmetal
nitrogen (N)
The most abundant element in the air is inactive, and its oxide is an air pollutant.
eight
O
oxygen
oxygen
16.00
2s22p4
-2、- 1
Major groups
nonmetal
oxygen
Most of them are in the earth's crust and most of them are in organisms, which support combustion and aerobic biological respiration.
nine
F
fluorine
fú
19.00
2s22p5
- 1
Major groups
nonmetal
halogen
fluorine
The most active nonmetals have no positive valence, and simple substances cannot be oxidized.
10
neon
neon
Nüwa
20. 18
2s22p6
Major groups
nonmetal
rare gas
neon
Rare gas, used as light source
1 1
natrium
natrium
not have
22.99
3s 1
+ 1
Main/gold/alkali
natrium
It is active, reacts with air or water, and can only be stored in paraffin, kerosene or rare gases. Sodium lamp is an important yellow light source.
12
magnesium
magnesium
plum blossom
24.3 1
3s2
+2
Main/Gold/Alkaline Earth Metals
magnesium
Alkaline earth metals can be burned in carbon dioxide or nitrogen, and can react with water, but the speed is very slow.
13
aluminium (Al)
aluminium (Al)
plum
26.98
3s23p 1
+3
Major groups
metal
aluminium (Al)
The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is nonmetal, which is widely used.
14
silicon (Si)
silicon (Si)
ancient
28.09
3s23p2
+4、-4
Major groups
nonmetal
silicon (Si)
The content of the earth's crust is second only to oxygen. It looks like metal and is an important element of the chip.
15
P
phosphorus (P)
forest
30.97
3s23p3
-3、+3、+5
Major groups
nonmetal
phosphorus (P)
There are white phosphorus and red phosphorus. White phosphorus is highly toxic and can spontaneously ignite at room temperature.
16
S
sulphur
plum
32.06
3s23p4
-2、+4、+6
Major groups
nonmetal
sulphur
Yellow solid, soft and light in texture, is closely related to volcanic activity.
17
chlorine
chlorine
lǜ
35.45
3s23p5
- 1、+ 1、
+3、+4、
+5、+7
Major groups
nonmetal
halogen
chlorine
Yellow-green toxic gas, activity, combustion-supporting.
18
argon
argon
poplar
39.95
3s23p6
Major groups
nonmetal
rare gas
argon
Rare gas, the most abundant rare gas in the air.
19
K
potassium
Ji
39. 10
4s 1
+ 1
Main/gold/alkali
potassium
More active than sodium, it burns in water.
20
calcium (Ca)
calcium (Ca)
Gay
40.08
4s2
+2
Main/Gold/Alkaline Earth Metals
calcium (Ca)
Air can combine with nitrogen and react with water, which is the main component of lime and bones.
2 1
scandium (Sc)
scandium (Sc)
healthy
44.96
3d 14s2
+3
subgroup
metal
scandium (Sc)
A soft transition metal, often mixed with gadolinium and erbium.
22
titanium
titanium
peaceful
47.87
3d24s2
+3、+4
subgroup
metal
titanium
It can burn in nitrogen and has a high melting point.
23
V
vanadium
square
50.94
3d34s2
+3、+5
subgroup
metal
vanadium
High melting metal
24
chrome
chrome
style
52.00
3d54s 1
+3、+4、+6
subgroup
metal
chrome
The hardest metal
25
manganese
manganese
first month of a season
54.94
3d54s2
Integer of interval [-3, +7]
subgroup
metal
manganese
Widely distributed in the earth's crust
26
Continuing education (UK)
iron
the base of a flower or fruit
55.85
3d64s2
+2、+3、+6
Viii family
metal
iron
The metal with the second highest crustal content has the highest monomer yield and is magnetic.
27
cobalt
cobalt
gǔ
58.93
3d74s2
+2、+3
Viii family
metal
cobalt
Isotope 60Co is used in X-ray generator, which is magnetic.
28
nickel
nickel
Niye
58.69
3d84s2
+2、+3
Viii family
metal
nickel
It has magnetism and good plasticity, and can be used to make rechargeable batteries, Jinchang nickel mine in Gansu Province.
29
copper
copper
soup
63.55
3d 104s 1
+ 1、+2
subgroup
metal
copper
One of the earliest metals discovered by human beings has good plasticity and excellent conductivity.
30
zinc (Zn)
zinc (Zn)
Layla
65.39
3d 104s2
+2
subgroup
metal
zinc (Zn)
Trace elements needed by human body, negative pole of dry battery.
3 1
gallium (Ga)
gallium (Ga)
jiā
69.72
3d 104s24p 1
+3
Major groups
metal
gallium (Ga)
Low melting point and high boiling point, used in semiconductors.
32
germanium (Ge)
germanium (Ge)
zhī
72.64
3d 104s24p2
+4
Major groups
metal
germanium (Ge)
Because it is amphoteric, it is an important semiconductor material
33
be like
arsenic
Shiluan
74.92
4s24p3
-3、+3、+5
Major groups
nonmetal
arsenic
Arsenic trioxide (arsenic) As2O3 is highly toxic.
34
selenium
selenium
xī
78.96
4s24p4
-2、+4、+6
Major groups
nonmetal
selenium
It can be used to make selenium drums and make the glass bright red.
35
bromine
bromine
Xidang
79.90
4s24p5
- 1、+5、+7
Major groups
nonmetal
halogen
bromine
Red-brown liquid, active, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.
36
krypton
krypton
victorious
83.80
4s24p6
+2
Major groups
nonmetal
rare gas
krypton
Rare gas, which can combine with fluoride
37
rubidium
rubidium
ú
85.47
5s 1
+ 1
Main/gold/alkali
rubidium
The density is higher than water and more active than potassium.
38
old
strontium (Sr)
sī
87.62
5s2
+2
Main/Gold/Alkaline Earth Metals
strontium (Sr)
It is the least content of alkaline earth elements, and the solution will turn white when it meets water.
39
Y
Yttrium (y)
Yang Jian
88.9 1
4d 15s2
+3
subgroup
metal
yttrium (Y)
Synthetic yttrium aluminum garnet has been used as a substitute for diamonds.
40
zirconium
zirconium
tall
9 1.22
4d25s2
+4
subgroup
metal
zirconium
Cubic zirconia is an artificial substitute for diamonds.
4 1
niobium (Nb)
niobium (Nb)
ní
92.9 1
4d45s 1
+5
subgroup
metal
niobium (Nb)
Niobium steel is used to make automobile shells.
Forty two.
molybdenum
molybdenum
mù
95.96
4d55s 1
+4、+6
subgroup
metal
molybdenum
Trace elements needed for plant growth
43
technetium (Tc)
technetium (Tc)
morals
98
4d55s2
+4、+7
subgroup
metal
technetium (Tc)
The radioactive element with the smallest atomic number, the first artificially synthesized element.
Forty-four
ruthenium
ruthenium
Li ao
10 1. 1
4d75s 1
+ 1、+4、+8
Viii family
metal
ruthenium
A hard brittle light gray multivalent rare metal element.
45
rhodium
rhodium
collect
102.9
4d85s 1
+3,+4
Viii family
metal
rhodium
Basic elements of surface treatment in modern jewelry making.
46
palladium (Pd)
palladium (Pd)
Bly
106.4
4d 10
+2、+4
Viii family
metal
palladium (Pd)
This method has been applied to alcohol detection.
47
(Reacting to what others say or expressing anger or annoyance) Hmm.
silver
because
107.9
4d 105s 1
+ 1
subgroup
metal
silver
Precious metals have the best conductivity, and silver-plated glass mirrors are made by silver mirror reaction.
48
cadmium (Cd)
cadmium (Cd)
hot
1 12.4
4d 105s2
+2
subgroup
metal
cadmium (Cd)
Heavy metals are toxic, and excessive intake can lead to painful diseases.
Forty nine
In ...
indium (In)
poplar
1 14.8
5s25p 1
+3
Major groups
metal
indium (In)
Strong plasticity and ductility, 1 15In is the main nuclide, which is radioactive.
50
tin
tin
xī
1 18.7
5s25p2
+2、+4
Major groups
metal
tin
One of the earliest elements discovered and applied by human beings is used to make containers.
5 1
fool
antimony
tī
12 1.8
5s25p3
-3、+3、+5
Major groups
metal
antimony
Low melting point, used to make lead, Hunan Lengshuijiang Antimony Mine.
Fifty two
tellurium (Te)
tellurium (Te)
dì
127.6
5s25p4
-2、+4、+6
Major groups
nonmetal
tellurium (Te)
The densest nonmetallic telluric acid contains 6 hydroxyl groups.
53
I
iodine
Dion
126.9
5s25p5
- 1、+5、+7
Major groups
nonmetal
halogen
iodine
Violet-black solid, sublimation, activity, trace elements needed by thyroid.
54
xenon (Xe)
Xenon (Xe)
Xichuang
13 1.3
5s25p6
+4、+6、+8
Major groups
nonmetal
rare gas
xenon (Xe)
Rare gas, which can combine with fluoride
55
cesium (Cs)
cesium (Cs)
stopper
133
6s 1
+ 1
Main/gold/alkali
cesium (Cs)
An alkali metal with golden luster, extremely low melting point, more active than rubidium, and explosive when exposed to water.
Fifty-six
barium
barium
Bey
137.3
6s2
+2
Main/Gold/Alkaline Earth Metals
barium
It does not turn white when it meets water, barium hydroxide is soluble in water, and barium sulfate is used in barium meal perspective.
57
The sixth note of the major scale
lanthanum (La)
orchid
139
5d 1 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
lanthanum (La)
First lanthanide
58
cerium (Ce)
cerium (Ce)
hush
140
4f 1 5d 1 6s2
+3、+4
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
cerium (Ce)
Used to make flint
59
praseodymium (Pr)
praseodymium (Pr)
pǔ
14 1
4f3 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
praseodymium (Pr)
English name is the longest.
60
neodymium (Nd)
neodymium (Nd)
nǐ
144
4f4 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
neodymium (Nd)
ferromagnetic
6 1
Prime minister
Promethium (Pm)
pú
145
4f5 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
promethium (Pm)
radioactive
62
samarium (Sm)
samarium (Sm)
Shian
150.5
4f6 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
samarium (Sm)
ferromagnetic
63
europium
europium
Lady Yang
152
4f7 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
europium
Lively, can emit red light
64
gadolinium
gadolinium
add
157
4f7 5d 1 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
gadolinium
Unmatched electrons reach the upper limit.
65
Trillion byte
terbium (Tb)
tè
159
4f9 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
terbium (Tb)
Change shape after being electrified.
66
dysprosium (Dy)
dysprosium (Dy)
dī
162.5
4f 10 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
dysprosium (Dy)
The English name comes from "hard to get"
67
ah
holmium
moustache
165
4f 1 1 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
holmium
Silver white, soft texture, can be used to make magnetic materials.
Sixty-eight
hum
erbium (Er)
r
167
4f 12 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
erbium (Er)
Silver gray, soft, can be used to make special alloys, lasers and so on.
Sixty-nine
thulium (Tm)
Technetium (Tm)
ancient name for ethnic groups in north China
169
4f 13 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
thulium (Tm)
It is silvery white and soft, and can be used to make X-ray sources.
70
ytterbium (Yb)
ytterbium (Yb)
yì
173
4f 14 6s2
+2、+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
ytterbium (Yb)
Silver-white, soft, can be used to make special alloys, but also can be used as laser materials.
7 1
lutecium (Lu)
lutecium (Lu)
lǔ
175
4f 14 5d 1 6s2
+3
Vice/Gold/Lanthanum
lutecium (Lu)
Silver white, soft texture, can be used in nuclear industry.
Seventy two
half
hafnium (Hf)
bend
178.5
5d2 6s2
+4
Deputy/gold medal
hafnium (Hf)
Silver white, high melting point. It can be used to make high temperature resistant alloys and also used in nuclear industry.
73
tantalum (Ta)
tantalum (Ta)
the emperor's kindness
18 1
5d3 6s2
+5
Deputy/gold medal
tantalum (Ta)
Steel is gray, hard and corrosion resistant, and has a high melting point. It can be used in aerospace industry and nuclear industry.
74
W
wolfram
wō
184
5d4 6s2
+4、+6
The periodic table of chemical elements is a list of chemical elements sorted from small to large according to the charge number of nuclear power. The list is generally rectangular, and some elements have spaces in their periods, so that elements with similar characteristics belong to the same group, such as alkali metal elements, alkaline earth metals, halogen elements, rare gases, nonmetals and transition elements. This makes the periodic table of elements divided into 7 main groups, 7 sub-groups, 8 groups and 0 groups. Because the periodic table of elements can accurately predict the characteristics of various elements and their relationships, it is widely used in chemistry and other scientific fields as a very useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior.
The position of elements in the periodic table not only reflects the atomic structure of elements, but also shows the gradual change law of element properties and the internal relations between elements. It constitutes a complete system and is called one of the important milestones in the development of chemistry.
In the same period, from left to right, the number of electron layers outside the nucleus of the element is the same, the number of outermost electrons increases in turn, and the atomic radius decreases (except for group 0 elements). The ability to lose electrons is gradually weakened, the ability to gain electrons is gradually enhanced, the metallicity is gradually weakened, and the nonmetal is gradually enhanced. The highest positive oxidation number of elements increases from left to right (except those without positive valence), and the lowest negative oxidation number increases from left to right (except O and F elements in the first and second periods).
In the same family, from top to bottom, the number of electrons in the outermost layer is the same, the number of layers of electrons outside the nucleus increases gradually, the atomic radius increases, the atomic number increases, the metallic nature of elements increases, and the nonmetallic nature decreases.
The periodic table of elements is of great significance, and scientists use it to discover new elements and compounds.