Mawangdui is the most complete batch of bamboo slips of its kind. The list of objects listed in the map of Tomb No.1 is as follows: Jiuding, Ding Qi, Sanding, Earrings, lacquered wood as materials, various soups, meat on bamboo warehouses, sauce and wine in pottery, grain in cloth bags, lacquered wooden dishes, toiletries, silk clothes, musical instruments, fans, mats and civil objects. Besides most of the contents of the bamboo slips in Tomb No.3 are the same as those in Tomb No.1, there are also attendants such as horseback riding, dancing and boy servants, including ritual vessels, weapons and musical instruments, which can be compared with the unearthed wooden figurines and the silk paintings on the two walls of the tomb.
Exquisite painted silk paintings were also found in Mawangdui Han Tomb. Silk painting is a kind of painting in ancient China, named after it was painted on silk. Silk is a kind of white silk fabric, on which ancient people often painted figures, animals, birds, gods and animals. Five silk paintings were found in Mawangdui Han Tomb, including one in Tomb No.1 and four in Tomb No.3. These silk paintings were painted and well preserved. Most of them are colorful and lifelike, and they are rare art treasures. The silk painting of Tomb No.1 is T-shaped. Its picture is complete, the image is clear, and it depicts the scenes in the sky, on the ground and underground from top to bottom. A silk painting unearthed from Tomb No.3 is similar to Tomb No.1 in size, shape and content ... These two silk paintings systematically show the cosmic picture in people's ideas in the early Han Dynasty. A large number of images taken from ancient myths and people and things described according to reality constitute the realm of communication between heaven and earth. A silk painting on the west wall of Tomb No.3, with a length of 2.12m and a width of 0.94m, depicts a grand ceremony of horses and chariots. Some people think that this painting depicts the scene of the oath society and the holy land of farming, while others think that it depicts the ritual ceremony of the tomb owner's inspection according to the fact that most of the paintings are soldiers and chariots. Another silk painting of Tomb No.3 is a guide map. Red, blue, brown, black and other colors depict men and women doing fitness exercises, with 44 people in four rows. These people are men and women, old and young. Some of them are wearing robes, some are wearing short skirts and shorts, and some are naked.
The types of sports include stretching, kneeling, turning and jumping, as well as equipment sports using sticks, sandbags and ball games, as well as sports imitating the postures of various animals such as bears, cranes and birds. According to the movements of the characters and the inscription beside them, we can know that this is a picture about sports, and it is named "Guide Map". There are more than 200 kinds of textiles and clothing in the funerary objects of Mawangdui Han Tomb. It includes most of the silk varieties in the Han Dynasty, such as plain silk, crepe silk and yarn, plain suro and flower weave, twill weave, brocade and loop brocade, pocket woven tapestry and color-printed yarn, and coarse and fine hemp made of hemp and ramie. A large number of silk books were found in the rectangular lacquer box in the east compartment of Tomb No.3, which are the only ones that can be compared with the female corpse of the Millennium. Silk book, also known as silk book, uses white silk as writing material, and its origin can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period. There are 28 kinds of silk scripts in Mawangdui Han Tomb,1.2000 words, which are seriously damaged. Generally, silk books are spread horizontally from the right end. Some first draw the upper and lower columns with ink or cinnabar, and then draw straight squares with cinnabar, which is a "cinnabar column" for later generations. Silk books are long and short. Short, just write a book or draw a picture on a piece of silk; Dragon, after writing a book or painting a picture, don't cut it, but start a new line and write or draw another picture. There are different styles of silk books, some of which are marked with a small black square above the first line, indicating that the book starts here; The others are not marked with the beginning of the line. Some books are plagiarized throughout, regardless of chapters; Some use ink dots to mark chapters; Someone mentioned a new chapter. Most silk books have no titles. The title is usually written at the end of the article. Since the Qin dynasty unified the characters, it has been stipulated that the seal script is the national standard font, and the official script is also stipulated as the daily common character, which is popular all over the country. The characters in the whole silk book represent the whole picture of the font in this period. In addition to fonts, there are many borrowed characters and simplified characters, which further shows that Chinese characters are in a new development process in the early Western Han Dynasty after Qin unified the national characters.
Judging from the contents of this batch of silk books, only a few have been handed down, and most of them have been lost for a long time. The contents of the book are mainly ancient philosophical thoughts and history, a considerable part of which are works on natural science at that time, as well as various miscellaneous books. According to Hanshu? According to the classification of local chronicles, the silk manuscripts of Mawangdui Han Tomb can be divided into six categories: Zhouyi, Mourning for the Past, Stories of the Spring and Autumn Period and Letters of the Warring States Period. There is a book of Laozi, a book of Laozi, nine main pictures and a book of Huangdi. Among them, A and B Laozi are the oldest books seen at present. Criminal Morality has three kinds of art books: A, B and C. Mathematical arts include seal script, official script, five elements, five-star account, astronomical and meteorological miscellaneous account, tourist account, wooden man account, Zuo Fu, divine map, fortification map, garden sleeping map and fragrant horse sutra. Among them, Wuxing Zhan is the earliest astronomical document in China. There are prescriptions for 52 diseases, viviparous charts, health charts, miscellaneous prescriptions and guidance charts, among which prescriptions for 52 diseases are the oldest medical books found in China.
There are also three maps: the topographic map of southern Changsha, the garrison map and the city map. At the same time, five musical instruments, such as Qin, cymbals, flutes, harps and cymbals, were also found in Mawangdui Han Tomb. In addition, there are three model musical instruments attached to the wooden figurines: bell, Qing and Zhu. In addition, many names of songs, dances and musical instruments are recorded in the plan of Tomb No.3, such as Chu singer, Hejian dancer, Zheng dancer, sword drum, big drum, Zhong Qing, Zheng Yise and Hejian instrument. From this, on the one hand, we can understand the luxurious life of Chiyou family, on the other hand, we can also enhance our understanding of the development level of music culture in Han Dynasty. Among them, the black lacquer banjo has 25 strings, which is a wooden stringed instrument. Its face is arched, the middle is empty, and the bottom plate is embedded below. The head and tail are black paint, and the rest are light elements. There is a first yue and a tail yue at both ends of the bottom plate.
Keep the appointment, there are 25 chord holes on the right; There are three tails in the tail, namely, inside, middle and outside. There are 9 chord holes on the left side of Inner and Outer Yues and 7 chord holes on the left side of Zhongwei Yues. Four wooden beams are tied with strings at the ends, and the ends of the beams are made of silver and decorated with vortex patterns. The string is made of four left-handed twisted silk threads. The string on Zhongyue is thicker and the string on the inner and outer yue is thinner.
There are arched wooden columns under each string. The other is the black lacquer lyre, which is a wooden stringed instrument. Covered with black paint, the head is wide and the tail is narrow, and the round face is flat and can be divided. The wood on the front panel is soft, like paulownia, and the wood on the bottom panel is hard. There is a T-shaped groove at the bottom of the face, which together form a * * * sound box. There are 48 earthen barns buried with Mawangdui Han Tomb, most of which are in the west, east and south compartments.
According to the relics in the granary and the records on the wooden signs, the funerary objects in the granary can be roughly divided into silk, food, medicinal materials, funerary objects and so on.
There are six silk barns, two of which are clothes, two are buttons, and two are full of sachets, shoes and silk fragments; The funerary objects in barnyard grass are mainly food, reaching 37 barnyard grass; There is a kind of herbs, such as equisetum, pepper, cinnamon and so on. There are 4 funerary objects, including a bag of clay beads, 8 pieces of wooden ivory, 13 pieces of wooden rhinoceros horn and 23 pieces of wooden bi. Some beautifully made and lifelike wooden figurines were also found in Mawangdui Han Tomb. Among them, there are more than 0/00 pieces of Tomb No.1 and more than 30 pieces of Tomb No.3, which are divided into two types: large wooden figurines in the east, south and north compartments and small wooden figurines in the gap between the middle coffin and the inner coffin. Xiao Mu figurines, except for three pieces of clothes made of silk and hemp, are all made of twigs, colored with ink, and woven into two groups with hemp rope.
Big wooden figurines are divided into figurines and sitting figurines. Some of the big wooden figurines are dressed up, some are painted, and their costumes and buns are slightly different. The clothes of the big wooden figurines are robes, embroidered robes and clay silver painted robes, and the sleeves are supported by thin bamboo strips. Most of the wooden figurines unearthed in Mawangdui are beautifully made and lifelike, among which female wooden figurines are the most striking. There is a female dancing figurine in the No.1 Han Tomb. The legs of the dancing figurine are slightly bent, as if dancing. The dancing figure is elegant and curvy; Dance is light and dynamic; Dance bravely with sleeves, it has a beautiful shape. The artist who made the wooden figurine seems to give life to the dancing figurine and let her sing and dance in front of people.