Platinum —— "Noble House" in Metal
Palladium is one of the platinum metals. Platinum metals include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, etc. Most of them are better than Huang Jingui, which is a typical metal "family".
What are the characteristics of palladium?
Palladium, a member of the platinum group, has the element symbol Pd, which is similar to platinum in appearance, silvery white metallic luster and bright color. The specific gravity is 12, which is lighter than platinum and has strong ductility. Melting point 1555℃, hardness 4-4.5, slightly harder than platinum. Chemical properties are relatively stable, insoluble in organic acids, cold sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, soluble in nitric acid and aqua regia, and it is not easy to oxidize and lose luster under normal circumstances.
Why is palladium suitable for jewelry?
Palladium has excellent physical and chemical properties, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and strong ductility. It can replace platinum in purity, rarity and durability, and is the most ideal material for making jewelry or setting gems alone.
Why is palladium the most attractive metal in jewelry?
Precious, pure and eternal!
Palladium is one of the rarest precious metals in the world, and its content in the earth's crust is about one hundred millionth, which is much rarer than gold. Only a few countries in the world, such as Russia and South Africa, produce less than 5‰ gold every year. Rarer than platinum. Palladium is extremely tough, and jewelry made of palladium not only has the natural and charming luster like platinum, but also can withstand the tempering of years and last as long as new. Palladium has almost no impurities, high purity and white light. The purity of palladium is also very suitable for skin and will not cause skin allergies.
The difference between palladium and platinum, platinum and k platinum
Platinum (platinum)
Also known as k-platinum, it is an alloy made of gold and other white metals. Its code name is WG (Platinum), which means Platinum. White gold jewelry is often expressed as "18K platinum" or "14K platinum".
Platinum (platinum)
Symbol Pt, silver gray, specific gravity 2 1.35, melting point 170℃, Mohs hardness 4-4.5 degrees, stable chemical properties, no acid and alkali corrosion except aqua regia. Pure platinum is relatively soft, and the addition of metals such as ruthenium, rhodium and palladium will increase its hardness.
Platinum-based alloy
Refers to the alloy of platinum with other metals such as palladium, rhodium, yttrium, ruthenium, cobalt and copper. Although the hardness of pure platinum is higher than that of gold, it is not enough for inlay. It must be alloyed with other metals to make jewelry. The international symbol of platinum jewelry is the words Pt, Plat or Platinum, which is expressed by a few thousandths of purity. For example, Pt900 indicates a purity of 900‰. Commonly used platinum jewelry signs are Pt 1000, Pt950, Pt900 and Pt850.
Palladium (palladium)
Platinum group element, symbol Pd, silvery white, lighter than platinum, stronger in ductility, slightly harder than platinum, insoluble in organic acids, cold sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, but soluble in nitric acid and aqua regia. Under normal circumstances, it is not easy to oxidize and lose luster. Jewelry industry uses it alone or as a component of gold, silver and platinum alloys to increase its hardness. Common in the market are gold, palladium, alloys of gold and platinum and palladium.
Guide to the purchase of palladium
In the world, the moral imprint of palladium jewelry is "Pd" or "palladium", which is expressed by a few thousandths of purity. For example, the purity of Pd900 is 900‰, and the specifications of PD ornaments are PD 1000, PD 950, PD 900 and PD 850.
What is platinum? Platinum (abbreviated as Pt) shone brilliantly in the history of human civilization as early as 700 BC. At that time, the ancient Egyptians decorated their boxes with beautiful hieroglyphics in platinum. By 100 BC, South American Indians had successfully mastered the processing technology of platinum and made platinum jewelry with different styles. /kloc-In the 8th century, King Louis XVI of France especially favored platinum, calling it "the only precious metal worthy of the title of king". In modern times, the world-famous jewelry design Cartierfabergetiffany has created an immortal masterpiece with platinum. The world-famous Hope diamond is always set in a platinum chain. At the beginning of this century, platinum has become the most popular precious metal in the United States. Its natural white luster has conquered the hearts of countless aristocratic families. After the outbreak of World War II, platinum has a very important military use. The US government once banned the non-military use of platinum and replaced it with platinum (an alloy of gold and other white metals), although platinum can never replace platinum in many aspects such as luster and hardness. Today, the application of platinum in jewelry continues. Its three characteristics of rarity, purity and hardness and its natural white luster still fascinate men and women who pursue fashion. Platinum is rare because the treatment of platinum is much lower than that of gold. So far, the global platinum reserves add up to only enough to fill a medium-sized room. It takes five months to extract one ounce of platinum from 10 ton platinum ore. Platinum is pure because platinum ornaments usually contain 90% pure platinum and 10% platinum. In contrast, 18K white gold only contains 75% pure gold, and the white luster of platinum is natural and will not fade after long-term wear. It is said that platinum is hard because of its high density and almost twice the strength of gold, and it is the best choice for inlaying all kinds of precision. Because of its good performance, one gram of platinum can pull out 2 kilometers long filaments. The hardness of platinum makes it hard to wear, and platinum lasts as long as new. The intrinsic value of platinum and its elegant luster have inspired countless jewelry designers, and the jewelry industry or fashion industry is keen to set off a "white wave" again. Cartier, a French designer, called platinum jewelry "the king of precious metals": GiorgioArmani used platinum wire in his evening dress; CalvinKlein also weaves his evening dress with platinum wire. The design of platinum jewelry is also constantly innovating, among which Japan, as the largest market of platinum jewelry, is particularly representative. Japanese platinum jewelry works fine, from casting to polishing, without exception. The design style is both fashionable and subtle. Every piece of jewelry is like a work of art. As the second largest platinum jewelry market in the world, China needs to further improve its design concept and processing technology to meet consumers' demand for personalized and fashionable jewelry. Therefore, the International Platinum Association will hold the first expert lecture on jewelry designers in Shanghai in early July, and invite Mr. Sekikazu, one of the top ten famous Japanese jewelry designers, to teach design concepts and skills to platinum jewelry designers in China. Generally speaking, simple lines, exquisite ideas and fine processing are the fashion of platinum jewelry design at present. So Thai platinum design is talked about by designers, because many modern works can be made by borrowing the silvery white and lines of the metal itself. The passage of time did not take away people's love for platinum, but increased its beauty. The charm of platinum lies in its peaceful aftertaste from the inside out. Its value, firmness, truthfulness, purity and elegance all make people feel that platinum is worth owning. ■ Seven characteristics of platinum 1. The alloy with the highest purity of platinum contains 95% pure platinum, and 18K gold is 75% gold. The purity of a platinum jewelry is higher than that of gold jewelry. The rarest thing is that the world produces 140 tons of platinum every year, while the annual output of gold is 3300 tons. Only skilled craftsmen can make it. The melting point of platinum is higher than that of gold, so the technical requirements for workers are more skilled. 4. The most stable platinum is the metal with the strongest acid resistance, alkali resistance and high temperature resistance, and will not fade or change color. Platinum rings generally do not deform. 5. Platinum with good gloss and ductility has natural white and luster, which will not affect the color of gemstones and make them glow "fire". Good ductility also makes them suitable for processing. 6. Do not cause allergic reaction to the wearer. 7. Valuable and excellent. ■ The fineness of Platinum internationally, the symbol of platinum is the words Pt, Plat or Platinum, which are expressed by thousands of pure numbers. For example, the purity of Pt900 is 900% O, and the specifications of platinum ornaments are Pt 1000, Pt950, Pt900 and Pt850. Purity is expressed as the lowest value without negative tolerance. The table shows the purity range of platinum. The content of platinum in platinum alloy jewelry shall conform to the provisions in the table below, and the total content of platinum and palladium shall not be less than 950‰. ■ Types of Platinum Pure Platinum: Platinum with the highest purity. It is often used to make engagement rings to show the purity and eternity of love. In foreign countries, many people think that setting diamonds with gold may lead to the yellowing of diamonds, thus greatly reducing the price of diamonds. Diamonds inlaid with platinum can keep the pure white color of diamonds, especially as engagement rings. Diamonds inlaid with platinum are white and crystal clear, symbolizing eternal and long-lasting pure love. However, although the hardness of platinum is higher than that of gold, it is still not enough to set diamonds and jewels. It is often necessary to mix "gold" and make "platinum alloy" to set diamonds. Iridium-platinum alloy: An alloy of iridium and platinum. The color is also silvery white and has a strong metallic luster. High hardness. With high relative density and stable chemical properties, it is an excellent platinum alloy jewelry material. ■ The difference between platinum and K- platinum Platinum: Platinum is a precious metal, which is naturally white. The annual output of platinum is only one twentieth of that of gold, and it takes five months to extract one ounce of platinum from 10 ton platinum ore. Domestic platinum jewelry usually contains 90% pure platinum and is marked with "Pt900". White gold: Gold appears white after adding some alloys. It only contains 75% gold at most. White gold cannot be marked with Pt mark, only gold and its purity can be marked according to its purity. For example, 18K platinum can only be stamped with "18K" and "G750". In the international precious metal market, the price of platinum far exceeds that of gold, which is the highest among all precious metals. In addition, some white jewelry may be made of silver or coated with white metal, which may show its original appearance after a long time. Although platinum is sometimes commonly known as platinum, it should be called "platinum" in a strict sense. Platinum means platinum in English. Therefore, the purity, rarity, durability and natural white luster of platinum are incomparable to platinum. ■ The reserves of platinum in nature are less than that of gold. According to incomplete statistics, the global total platinum reserves are about 6.5438+0.4 million tons (the total platinum group mineral resources reserves are about 3.65438+0.0 million tons). Although more than 60 countries have discovered and mined platinum ore, their reserves are highly concentrated in South Africa and the former Soviet Union. Among them, the South African (azania) platinum reserves are about 6.5438+0.2 million tons, and Transtuva platinum mine is the most famous and largest platinum mine in the world. The reserves of platinum in the former Soviet Union were 1.866 tons. Natural platinum with a weight of 8-9 kg was found in the platinum mine of Ural placer, and natural platinum with a weight of 427.5 g was obtained in the primary mine. Their total reserves account for 98% of the world's total reserves. Every year, the annual output of platinum in the world is only 85 tons, far less than that of gold. In addition, platinum has a high melting point, so it is more difficult to purify and smelt than gold and consumes more energy, so its price is also higher than that of Huang Jingui.
One of the characteristics of gold is its softness, so it is difficult to inlay various exquisite styles, especially when inlaid with pearls, precious stones and jadeite, it is easy to lose. Therefore, people add a small amount of silver, copper, zinc and other metals to gold to increase its strength and toughness. The gold ornaments made in this way are also called K gold.
K gold can be made into various colors as needed. K-gold jewelry popular in the world has various colors, and the common ones are yellow and white. When 25% palladium or nickel is mixed with gold, it will turn white, and its main component is gold. This is called platinum.
As far as the current level of science and technology is concerned, it is impossible to extract pure gold materials with the purity of 100%. Therefore, the gold standard K, which represents the pure gold content in gold products, generally refers to pure gold as 24K gold, but it is gold with a theoretical gold content of 100%, which does not actually exist. Therefore, in the national standard, merchants are not allowed to use the nonstandard standard method of "24K gold" to mark the gold content of gold jewelry. Since pure gold is called 24K, that is, the theoretical gold content is 100%, then 1K means that the gold product contains 1/24, which is about 4. 16%. 18K gold means that the gold content is 18/24, that is, it contains 75% pure gold, and the rest is other materials such as silver or copper.
As the saying goes, "there is no shortage of gold." General gold ornaments contain other metals below 1%. For the fineness of gold content of gold products, the national standard has very clear provisions, that is, every gold jewelry sold by merchants must be listed to indicate its gold content and weight. The weight of gold ornaments shall use the national legal unit of measurement. Its gold content should use "K gold" (excluding 24K gold), "pure gold" (with a gold content of not less than 99%) and "thousands of gold" (with a gold content of not less than 99.9%), and non-standard methods such as "thousands of gold", "pure gold" and "24K gold" and "9999" which do not actually exist should not be used.
Platinum is a natural white precious metal. The annual output of platinum is only one twentieth of that of gold, and it takes five months to extract one ounce of platinum from 10 ton platinum ore. Domestic platinum jewelry usually contains 90% pure platinum and is marked with "Pt900". Platinum has a natural white luster and will not fade after long-term wear. The hardness of platinum makes it the best friend of diamonds. And white gold is gold with some alloys, which appears white. It only contains 75% gold at most.
White gold cannot be marked with Pt mark, only gold and its purity can be marked according to its purity. For example, 18K platinum can only be stamped with "18K" and "G750". In the international precious metal market, the price of platinum far exceeds that of gold, which is the highest among all precious metals. In addition, some white jewelry may be made of silver or coated with white metal, which may show its original appearance after a long time. Although platinum is sometimes commonly known as platinum, it should be called "platinum" in a strict sense. Platinum means platinum in English. Therefore, the purity, rarity, durability and natural white luster of platinum are incomparable to platinum.
Therefore, in fact, some jewelry marked "platinum" on the market is not platinum jewelry, so it is very important to look at the imprint on jewelry when choosing.
Platinum and silver are similar in color, and inexperienced people are easily confused.
There are five ways to distinguish platinum from silver, as follows:
Comparative method. Platinum is grayish white to the naked eye, with a hard texture and a hardness of 4.3. With naked eyes, the color of silver is white, the texture is fine and smooth, the hardness is lower than that of platinum, and the hardness is 2.7.
Identification seal. Because every piece of jewelry must be engraved with a component seal, as long as it is Pt, platinum or Plat, it is platinum; If you see S or silver, it's silver. Also note that the symbol of copper and silver plating is SF.
Weigh. This method can be used if the seal is blurred or has been cut off. The density of platinum is very high, the specific gravity is 2 1.4kg/m3, and the specific gravity of silver is 10.49kg/m3. In this way, the weight of the same volume of silver is only half that of platinum, so it is easy to distinguish the two.
Cremation identification. Sometimes the material is less, the weight on the hand is not obvious, and there is no seal at the same time, so this method has to be adopted. After platinum is heated or burned and cooled, its color remains unchanged; When silver is heated or burned and cooled, its color becomes moist red or black red.
Chemical methods. Grind platinum on the touchstone and drop a few drops of mixed solution of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. If there are grinding marks, it means platinum. As for the fineness, there are only some differences in color. If this liquid is dropped on silverware, the traces of wear will dissolve.
Platinum should be platinum.