1. Leibniz (1646- 17 16) is a German philosopher, mathematician and natural scientist. Leibniz was born in Leipzig and died in Hanover. He lost his father when he was a child, but as the father of an ethics professor at Leipzig University, he left him a rich collection of books. His mother is very knowledgeable and far-sighted, and sent him to the best school in Leipzig to study, so that he received a good family and school education from an early age. He learned to express his thoughts in many languages since he was a child, showing extraordinary philosophical talent. 166 1 year, he studied law at Leipzig University and geometry at Jena University, and was exposed to the philosophy of science of Galileo, Bacon, Hobbes and Descartes. 1666 obtained the doctor of law degree from Ortoff University in Nuremberg. Leibniz is well-read, and his research fields and achievements cover mathematics, logic, physics, geology, philosophy, etc. He has also done important work in chemistry, biology, meteorology, psychology and other fields. Leibniz is good at absorbing other people's thoughts. He is good at discussing problems with people through visits and exchanges. He corresponded with more than 1000 people in his life, leaving more than 15 thousand letters. He corresponded with various people, including famous scholars in the fields of science and philosophy, princes and princesses all over the world, as far away as China. The content involves history, philosophy, linguistics, mathematics, logic, chemistry, biology, physics, engineering technology and so on. These letters recorded his thoughts, opinions and research results. Many of his works were not published before his death, and a large number of manuscripts and letters were still kept in Hanover Library. The French Academy of Sciences is going to publish the complete works of Leibniz at the end of the 20th century. 2. Descartes (1596- 1650) is a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist and physiologist, and one of the founders of analytic geometry. Descartes was born in France, and his father was a juror in a local court in France, equivalent to a lawyer and judge now. When his mother died at the age of one, Descartes left a legacy, which provided a reliable financial guarantee for him to engage in his favorite work in the future. At the age of eight, I entered a Jesuit school, where I studied for eight years, received traditional culture education, and read classical literature, history, theology, philosophy, law, medicine, mathematics and other natural sciences. Descartes later recalled that this school was "one of the most famous schools in Europe". 16 12 went to the university of poitiers in Paris to study law, and received his doctorate four years later. 16 18 joined the army. 1625 Return to Paris. From 65438 to 0628, he moved from Paris to the Netherlands, where he began his 20-year devoted research and writing career and published many works that had a great influence on mathematics and philosophy. 1649 winter, died of pneumonia. Descartes is one of the founders of modern European philosophy. Hegel called him "the father of modern philosophy" and Engels called him "the outstanding representative of dialectics". At the same time, Descartes is a scientist who dares to explore, and he has commendable innovations in physics, physiology and other fields, especially in mathematics. He founded analytic geometry, which opened the door to modern mathematics and has epoch-making significance in the history of science. 3. Dennis Drouet (17 13- 1784) is an outstanding French materialist philosopher and atheist. Born into a craftsman family in Lelang. I studied theology and law in my early years. 1746, he published philosophical works with anti-religious tendencies, which were ordered to be burned by the government authorities. 1749 published a letter about the blind for the reference of the discerning, which angered the church and was arrested and imprisoned for three months. After he was released from prison, he began to preside over the compilation of encyclopedias, and it took him nearly 30 years to complete this scientific masterpiece, thus becoming the leader of the encyclopedic school. He affirmed that matter is the only entity, and there is no supernatural spiritual entity outside matter. It is pointed out that matter has "sensibility", which shows that human thinking is the product of long-term development of matter. It is believed that everything is made up of material elements, which are infinite for several days and have different properties, thus forming various different things. Affirming that motion is the inherent property of matter, matter is in eternal motion, and stillness is only relative. "Movement" and "excitement" are two basic forms of material movement. Put forward the viewpoint of development and evolution, and think that there is no absolutely insurmountable boundary between natural phenomena. In epistemology, nature is the only object of cognition, and cognition comes from sensory experience. It advocates the combination of feeling and thinking, and cognition should "return from feeling to thinking and from thinking to feeling", but denies the role of abstraction. Three main cognitive methods are put forward: observation, thinking and experiment. He believed that religion was the product of ignorance and declared that "there is no God; It is an illusion that God created the world. " His major works include Interpretation of Berran, A Brief Discussion on D'Alembert and Diderot, Philosophical Principles of Matter and Motion, and Ramo's Nephew. 4. Socrates Socrates was born in an ordinary citizen family in Athens; It is said that his father is a stonemason and his mother is a midwife. He inherited his father's footsteps in his early years, engaged in carving stone statues, and later studied philosophy. In Athens, he discussed philosophical issues with many wise men at that time, mainly about ethics, education and politics. At that time, some people regarded him as a wise man, but he thought he was different from a wise man. A wise man teaches young people all kinds of false knowledge, but he seeks real knowledge. He was regarded as the cleverest man at that time. As a citizen, he joined the army three times and showed tenacity and courage in the war. He served as a jury member of the Athens Civic Assembly. When he was in office, he rejected the unfair judgment of the six generals regardless of the opposition of everyone. He refused to cooperate with the tyrant when he was restored. After the restoration of slave-owner democracy in Athens, Socrates was accused and sentenced to death on charges of flouting traditional religion, introducing new gods, corrupting youth and opposing democracy. He refused the advice of friends and students asking him to beg for mercy and go out to escape, and died of drinking alcohol. Socrates himself did not write any works. His behavior and theory are mainly passed down through the records in the works of his students Plato and Xeno Finney. In Plato's Dialogues, Pleadings, Tenet and Phaedo directly describe Socrates' self-defense during his trial, even the dialogue before taking poison. In his other early and middle dialogues, Socrates was also the main interlocutor, expounding various philosophical thoughts. 5. Holbach (1723- 1789) is an outstanding French materialist philosopher and atheist. Born into a merchant family in Bavaria, Germany. When I was young, I moved to Paris with my father at the invitation of my uncle. He studied at Leiden University in the Netherlands and returned to Paris to obtain French nationality after graduation. Soon I met Diderot and others and became one of the main authors of the encyclopedia. The greatest achievement is to systematize the French materialist worldview in the18th century. It is believed that nature is the confluence of matter and movement, and matter is something that stimulates our senses in any way, with qualitative diversity. It is affirmed that motion is the inherent essential attribute of matter, and the forms of motion are classified from different angles, but ultimately the motion is attributed to mechanical motion. It emphasizes that everything is in an inevitable causal relationship, but equates causal relationship with inevitability and denies the objective existence of contingency. It is believed that man is the product of nature and is restricted by natural inevitability. The human soul is a part of the body, and it lives and dies with the body. Adhere to the materialist theory of reflection and think that feeling is the only source of knowledge and the result of objective things acting on the senses. Denying the existence of God, pointing out that religion is a "sacred plague", which originated from people's fear and ignorance and the deception of theologians, and proposing that the only way to eliminate religion is to publicize atheism, educate people and inspire their rationality. His major works include: Exposed Christianity, Holy Plague, System of Nature, Sound Thought, System of Society, etc. 6. Hegel (1770- 183 1 year) was a German philosopher and a master of German classical philosophy. I studied at Tubingen University in my early years, and once yearned for the French bourgeois revolution. Later, I was afraid of jacobins's dictatorship and compromised with the Prussian autocratic dynasty. Since 180 1, he has taught in Jena University, Nuremberg Middle School, Heidelberg University and Berlin University successively, and 1830 was promoted to be the president of Berlin University. Hegel's philosophy reflected the class characteristics of the German bourgeoisie at that time, which was both revolutionary and timid. His philosophical system is conservative, while his dialectical method is revolutionary. Engels pointed out: "The true significance and revolutionary nature of Hegel's philosophy lies in that it has forever put an end to the view that all the results of human thinking and action are final." Hegel's third stage includes personal consciousness stage, social consciousness stage and the highest stage of self-knowledge of ideas in the form of religion, art and philosophy. He declared that philosophy is "absolute knowledge" and decided that his philosophy is the last stage of the development of ideas. This is Hegel's idealistic philosophy system. The most valuable thing in Hegel's philosophy is his dialectical method, but the idealistic system of Hegel's philosophy stifles his revolutionary spirit of dialectics. On the basis of revolutionary practice, Marx and Engels critically absorbed the "reasonable core" of dialectics in Hegel's philosophy, abandoned its idealistic shell, revolutionized it and founded materialist dialectics. Hegel's philosophy is one of the theoretical sources of Marxist philosophy. Hegel's main works are: Principles of Philosophy of Right, Lectures on Historical Philosophy, Lectures on Aesthetics, Lectures on Religious Philosophy, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Phenomenology of Spirit, Logic, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Little Logic and Natural Philosophy. 7. Friedrich Angel (1820.11.28-1895.8.5) is one of the founders of Marxism, a materialist philosopher, a great mentor and leader of the proletariat all over the world, and a close comrade-in-arms of Marx. Born in Bamen, Rhein, Prussia (now Perthar), his father was the owner of a textile factory. 1837 was forced into the sea by his father before he graduated from middle school. 184 1 During his military service in Berlin, he often attended lectures at Berlin University and participated in young hegelians. 1February, 844, The Critique Outline of Political Economy was published, criticizing the capitalist economic system from the standpoint of the proletariat. 1at the end of August, 844, he met Marx and became close comrades-in-arms who struggled for the cause of proletarian liberation all their lives. In the same year, he cooperated with Holy Family to criticize young hegelians's idealism philosophy and expound the historical role of the people. Written in March of 1845, The Situation of the British Working Class reveals the inherent contradictions of capitalism and points out the historical position and role of the proletariat for the first time. /kloc-moved to Brussels in 0/845, wrote German Ideology with Marx, expounded the basic principles of historical materialism, and put forward the historical task of the proletariat to seize power for the first time. 1847 joined the * * * producers' alliance with Marx, and successively drafted the draft program "Draft Producer Theory" and "Producer Principle" for the alliance, and co-wrote the official program "Producer Party Manifesto" with Marx, thus establishing Marxism. 1877-1878 wrote "On Anti-Turin", which comprehensively criticized Turin, which wantonly attacked Marxism, and systematically expounded the three components of Marxism for the first time. 1883 after Marx's death, he undertook the task of sorting out and publishing the second and third volumes of Marx's Capital, and continued to lead the international workers' movement. 1888 wrote ludwig feuerbach and the End of German Classical Philosophy, which revealed the relationship between Marxism and Hegel's and Feuerbach's philosophy, and elaborated the basic principles of dialectical materialism and historical materialism in detail. 1889 personally participated in leading the establishment of the second international, guiding its activities and fighting against all kinds of opportunism. 1895 died in London on August 5th. 8. Lenin (1870.4.22-1924.1.21) is the successor of the cause and theory of Marx and Engels, a great mentor and leader of the proletariat and working people all over the world, and a materialist philosopher. Formerly known as ulyan Noda, he was born in Simbilsk (now Daske,, Yangzhou) on the Volga River. 1887 entered Kazan university to study law and was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities. /kloc-moved to Petersburg in the autumn of 0/893. 1894 wrote "What is a" friend of the people "and how do they attack the Social Democratic Party? Criticize populism and expound the basic principles of historical materialism. 1900 12 founded the mars newspaper in Leipzig, Germany, to make ideological and organizational preparations for the founding of the party. 1904 wrote "One Step Forward, Two Steps Back" and proposed that the proletarian political party is a unified organization established in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism. 1905 after the first bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out in Russia, it was written in July as "Two Strategies of Social Democratic Party in Democratic Revolution", which pointed out the way to carry the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the end and turn it into a socialist revolution. In the same year 165438+ 10, he returned to China to directly lead the revolutionary struggle. Critique of Materialism and Experience, written in 1908, criticized idealism, developed the epistemology of dialectical materialism and defended the party spirit principle of philosophy. 1908- 19 12 years, he devoted himself to summing up the experience of the first Russian revolution, opposing the abolitionists and the depositories, and confronting the leaders of the second international opportunism. 19 15 wrote a slogan about the European Federation in August, and for the first time came to the conclusion that socialism may win first in a few or even a single capitalist country. 9. Karl Marx (1818.5.5-1883.3.14) is the founder of Marxism, a materialist philosopher and a great mentor and leader of the proletariat all over the world. Born in Trier, Rhein, Prussia, into a Jewish lawyer's family. 1835 ——1841studied at Bonn University and Berlin University successively. 1842 began to write for Rheinische Zeitung, and in the same year 10 was hired as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper in June. 1843 10 moved to Paris to establish contact with secret workers' groups in Germany and France. At the beginning of 1844, the German-French Yearbook was published, and articles such as Introduction to the Criticism of Hegel's Legal Philosophy and On the Jewish Problem were published, pointing out for the first time that the proletariat is the only class that can eliminate the exploitation system, and the workers' movement must be combined with the scientific world view. 1844 co-wrote The Holy Family with Engles, criticizing young hegelians's idealism philosophy and expounding the basic principle of materialism that people are the creators of history. 1845 moved to Brussels, Belgium, where he wrote the Feuerbach Outline, the first document containing budding geniuses of the new world outlook. 1845 ——1846 co-wrote German Ideology with Engels, discussed the basic principles of historical materialism, pointed out that the demise of capitalism and the victory of capitalism were the inevitable result of historical development, and put forward the historical task of the proletariat to seize power for the first time.