General Stars: Huang Chao, Li Keyong, Zhu Wen Wonderful Stars :★ Political Influence Stars :★★ Comprehensive Stars: 6.5★★★ Type of War: Guerrilla warfare-Huang Chao was able to bring down the elephant of the Tang Empire by guerrilla warfare, and soon failed after occupying Chang 'an, also because it could only fight guerrilla warfare.
In-depth analysis of the war: In 873 AD, Li, the 19 th emperor of the Tang Dynasty, did a very sensational thing at that time-welcoming Buddha bones.
The huge expense and grand scene of welcoming the Buddha's bones is the highest in the history of China. The 300-mile road from Chang 'an to Famen Temple is full of traffic and people's hearts are boiling. The treasures, incense sticks, banners, covers and other things used to welcome the Buddha bones are all decorated with gold and silver jewelry, even surpassing any national ceremony since the Tang Dynasty.
No one remembers the voices that advised and refused to welcome Buddha bones.
Even so, the Buddha didn't bless him to live a long life, the land of the Tang Dynasty, as Li wished. This autumn, Li went to the West to see the Buddha, and the Tang Dynasty empire was about to usher in a storm.
The event of welcoming Buddha's bones in 873 AD can be regarded as the last extravagant consumption behavior of the royal family in Li Tang, and it is a luxurious funeral for Li Jue and his 300-year-old Tang Dynasty.
Two years later, Huang Chao came.
Huang Chao, a native of Caozhou, was born in a salt merchant family, and his family was quite rich. Although he later led the largest peasant uprising in the history of China, Huang Chao had nothing to do with his peasant brothers in his early years.
Huang Chao's initial ideal was to spend ten years as the top scholar in IN, but the examination room in Huang Chao was not a blessed place. After years of exams, he failed. Finally, Huang Chao got angry and wrote a poem "Fu Ju" until September 8, when I was in bloom in Qiu Lai, all the flowers were going to kill me. Blooming chrysanthemums are in full bloom, Chang 'an is fragrant, the city is bathed in the fragrance of chrysanthemums-Italy, and the land is like golden chrysanthemums. To express dissatisfaction and anger with the imperial examination system.
The unsuccessful experience in his early years left a psychological shadow on Huang Chao, which made him have a dual personality in the later historical stage: on the one hand, he was good at killing tyranny; On the other hand, he has special respect for this scholar. In his eyes, anyone can kill him, but not the scholar.
After failing to return to China, Huang Chao started his ancestral business-smuggling salt. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, salt tax was one of the main sources of wealth for the Tang government and local provinces, and smuggling salt was profiteering, especially in Shandong. Moreover, the government's supervision of this industry is also very strict, and salt dealers usually kill without forgiveness. This is a business that lives at the tip of the knife.
In the process of smuggling salt, Huang Chao got to know Wang Xianzhi.
In 975 AD, Liu, a scholar of Hanlin at that time, made an incisive summary in his Book of Direct Advice, that is, the state-owned property was broken in nine ways: gathering troops all the year round, and breaking it once. Barbarian wars prosper, two break. Powerful people are extravagant and arrogant, but also broken. If the general doesn't go to court, he will be broken. Building a Buddhist temple widely will break five times. Bribery is bribery, and it's six broken. Sir, cruel, seven broken. Taxes vary, and eight are broken. Many people eat rich, but few people lose taxes. People have eight hardships: officials are harsh and bitter. It is also bitter that private debts are taken away. Tax is more than three pains. There are four pains in begging for money. It's hard to do poor work for fugitives. Unjust and unreasonable, bending can't stretch, and six pains are also. Cold without clothes, hungry without food, seven pains. Illness cannot be cured, death cannot be buried, and there are eight hardships.
Peasant uprising is the inevitable product of any last dynasty.
Guo Peng Uprising in Jiangnan, Deng Pei Uprising in Hengzhou, Hunan, Qiu Fu Uprising in Zhejiang and Pang Xun Uprising in Guilin all put the last Tang Dynasty Empire in trouble. Especially the uprising in Pang Xun, Guilin, which lasted for one year and three months, was suppressed only when the Tang Empire dispatched hundreds of thousands of troops and invited ethnic mercenaries from Shatuo and Tuguhun. Later historians believe that although the Tang Empire destroyed Huang Chao, it caused disaster in Guilin.
After the uprising subsided, the Tang Empire thought it could catch its breath, but they were wrong. This is just a warm-up exercise of the peasant movement in the late Tang Dynasty.
In December of the second year of Xuanzong's reign, famine continued and refugees were everywhere. The discovery of smuggling salt is more profitable than selling salt, so we met in Changyuan.
Wang Xianzhi's army soon occupied Zhou Pu and Cao Zhou, and its ranks grew to tens of thousands. Our balance made Xue rush out to crusade and be defeated by the insurgents.
Great minds think alike. Chao Huang, a colleague and buddy in Cao Zhou, also participated in this business, and merged with Wang Xianzhi in April of the following year, with thousands of people.
After the confluence of Wang and Huang, the momentum was even greater, and it swept all counties in Shandong for a while.
In the face of Wang and Huang Yijun, the Tang Empire urgently dispatched Pinglu, Huainan, Zhongwu, Yicheng and Wudu to send troops to crusade against the insurgents, and Pinglu was under the command of our troops.
However, the administrative efficiency of the Tang government at this time was low, and it was impossible to fully dispatch all kinds of military forces. Only thousands of military forces under his command can move, and the rebels cannot be put down.
Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao adopted the strategy of mobile warfare. In December of the second year of Ganfu, he entered Xinzhou, was intercepted by Wei Songbu, and invaded the west, attacking the periphery of Luoyang and attacking Yangzhai and Tancheng.
When the troops of the Tang government rushed to the periphery of Luoyang, Wang Xianzhi turned to the south and attacked Ruzhou. In September of the third year, Gan Fu conquered Ruzhou, captured the shackles of Ruzhou's secretariat king alive, and continued to be in charge of Yinghe Fuzhou.
In the face of repeated military attacks, the Tang empire changed to caress, sent envoys to negotiate and win over, and agreed to be appointed as the left army commander and imperial overseer.
Wang Xianzhi was moved when the Tang Dynasty promised high officials generous salaries.
But Chang 'an executives ignored one person-Huang Chao, and did not give Huang Chao an official this time.
Huang Chao got angry and tied his head on a belt to live together. Why do you want to be an official in Wang Xianzhi? Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi had a big fight, and the two sides reached a deadlock. In the end, neither of them accepted the surrender, and soon. Shortly after the separation, Wang Xianzhi died in Huangmei in February of the fourth year of Ganfu.
Huang Chao returned to Shandong with two thousand troops. In March of Ganfu's third year, he killed Xue Chong in Yunzhou and Yizhou, and our time was in Tian Ping, then moved to Bozhou. After Wang Xianzhi's death, most of his ministers defected to Huang Chao, and Huang Chao replaced Wang Xianzhi as the soaring general, and Wang Ba took over.
When the troops of the Tang Empire came to Huang Chao again, Huang Chao felt overwhelmed and thought of surrendering to the imperial court. Chang 'an's opinion is that he can be appointed as the right-back general, but only if the army must be dissolved.
Huang Chao understood that there was no relieving and no official was useful. He refused the request of the imperial court, got rid of Tang Jun's pursuit, and led the army south into the Jianghuai area.
Jianghuai has always been rich, and it is also the main financial supply base of the Tang government. The arrival of Huang Chao is equivalent to inserting a knife in the heart of the Tang Empire.
Huang Chao led his troops to the Jianghuai area, where he joined Wang Chongyin and Cao Shixiong, the remnants of Wang Xianzhi, and his strength was enhanced. He successively captured Nanling, Xuanzhou, Runzhou and other cities without making too many stops, so he could not capture the next city. In August 878, Huang Chao captured Hangzhou, an important town in the south of the Yangtze River. In September, Huang Chao was defeated by Tang Jun and came to Fujian again to capture Fuzhou.
In the first month of 879 AD, Huang Chao came to Guangdong and surrounded Guangzhou. Huang Chao has traveled more than half of China, and he is a little tired. He began to talk with the Tang government about wooing him. He wanted the court to give him a balanced position and time. At this time, the Tang Empire took Prime Minister Wang Duo as our time in Jingnan, and was responsible for dealing with Huang Chao. Wang Duo granted Taining our time, and Elvis Lee sent 50,000 soldiers to Tuntanzhou to deal with Huang Chao.
Faced with this great opportunity to surrender to Huang Chao, the Tang Empire missed it because of the chaos and decay of state affairs. The Prime Minister and eunuch Tian refused Huang Chao's request, and advocated that his cronies Huainan and Gao Pian should make contributions in peacetime and wartime.
Never giving up, Huang Chao once again sent someone to tell Chang 'an executives not to spend our time on the scales, but to spend our time in Annan and Guangzhou.
Huang Chao made eyes at him twice in a row, and the top officials of the Tang Empire also felt Huang Chao's intention, and held a special seminar to discuss the matter.
If the Tang Empire is willing to give Huang Chao a second-class official of our time at this time, perhaps the Tang Empire will have a strong buffer zone, and history will be rewritten later.
However, the result of the discussion under the party struggle is still negative, and the Tang government only agreed to give Huang Chao a vacant position of four-pin prince to lead the government
Huang Chao studied hard at the cold window, and now he has hundreds of thousands of troops, but he still can't get what he wants.
Is it really that difficult to be an envoy of the Tang Dynasty? Huang Chao is angry. He wanted the Tang government to pay for its stupidity.
In December of the sixth year of Ganfu, the peasant army conquered Guangzhou, which was an important foreign trade and port of the Tang Dynasty, and the city was full of treasures and goods.
In Guangzhou, Huang Chao's troops were attacked by the plague, nearly one third of the soldiers died of the plague, and the rest of the surviving soldiers did not want to stay in the south. Huang Chao was helpless and had to go north again.
In October of the sixth year of Ganfu, Huang Chao led the rebel army from Guilin to the north, and successively conquered Yongzhou and Hengzhou in Hunan, and captured Tanzhou on October 27th, and defeated the 50,000 Tang Jun led by Danielle stationed in Tanzhou.
When the rebels from Huang Chao entered Hubei, their army had claimed 500,000. Huang Chao easily captured Jiangling, and Prime Minister Wang Duo retreated to Xiangyang.
Later, in Jingmen, Huang Chao suffered the first crushing defeat in the formation of the rebel army. Entrusted by Jiangxi, Cao Quan and Liu Jurong, the generals in Shannan, were ambushed and defeated, and Tang Jun captured nearly 70% to 80% of the rebels.
Cao and Liu did not pursue victory for the simple reason that Huang Chao was a cash cow for their promotion and wealth. Why should the rebels take credit for their premature pacification? Huang Chao moved to all parts of Jiangxi and snowballed his team to more than 200,000 people in a short time. The court appointed Gao Pian to replace Wang Duo as the new commander-in-chief of the camp, led 70,000 troops to fight against Huang Chao, and won several victories. Huang Chao was very passive at the moment. His generals Wang Chongba and Chang Hongzhang all surrendered to Tang Jun, and the situation developed in favor of the Tang government.
However, in order to monopolize the meritorious military service, Gao Pian sent all the army horses from all over the country back to quell the chaos, saying that the yellow chaos was almost flat and did not need your help.
Huang Chao once again saved himself, defeated Gao Pian in Xinzhou, killed his general Zhang, and recovered his strength. In July of the first year of Guangming, Huang Chao led 150,000 people to cross the river, defeated Cao Quan in Sizhou and captured Xuzhou. In October, Huang Chao entered Ying, Song, Xu and Yan. In the face of the menacing insurgents, Liu left Luoyang to surrender in Kaesong, and Luoyang was occupied by the insurgents.
Huang Chao sword refers to sad Chang 'an. 1 February1day, the insurgents arrived at the gate of Tongguan, and it took only one day to conquer the entrance.
1February 4th, the Tang government finally issued the appointment document, and appointed Huang Chao as the time he wanted, but this appointment has never had any effect. On the 5th, Tang Xizong Li Yan began the second and last escape of the royal family of Li Tang along the route of their ancestors.
On the same day, General Chai Cun of Huang Chao led the vanguard troops into Chang 'an, and General Zhang Zhifang of Tang Jinwu led officials to meet Huang Chao.
Blooming chrysanthemums are in full bloom, Chang 'an is fragrant, the city is bathed in the fragrance of chrysanthemums-Italy, and the land is like golden chrysanthemums. Huang Chao fulfilled the oath of that year.
Fate of war figures moves towards Huang Chao: Huang Chao has realized his dream of life. Establish the Daqi regime in Chang 'an and become an emperor above ten thousand people. But he forgot that the emperor of the Tang Dynasty was still in Bashu, and all the forces in the world wanted to make great contributions by defeating him. Huang Chao used to rely on mobile warfare, but now Huang Chao is entrenched in Guanzhong and has become a fixed target. But calming people's minds, restoring the economy and building the Guanzhong base area are obviously not Huang Chao's strong points.
In February of the first year of neutralization, Tang Jun launched a counterattack against Huang Chao. On April 5th, the general of the Tang Dynasty, Chu Wang Cun, led 5000 troops to attack Chang 'an. Huang Chao didn't know the details of Tang Jun, so he fled hastily and made a comeback five days later. At this time, Huang Chao has lost the high-spirited when he first entered Chang 'an. He resented Chang 'an people for helping Tang Jun, killing people in Chang 'an, and completely losing people's hearts.
After that, Tang Jun of all stripes started a tug-of-war with the Banner Army.
At that time, Shatuo Li Keyong also took advantage of the chaos to send troops. In April of the second year of Zhonghe, he defeated the Qi army in Yili and became a key figure in the war.
In September of the second year of Zhonghe, Huang Chao's general Zhu Wen threw a stone when he left the field, and Huang Chao suffered heavy losses.
In the third year of neutralization, Huang Chao was forced to leave Chang 'an and resume guerrilla warfare.
After the ups and downs, Huang Chao's mentality has been unbalanced, and there is no clear strategy and deployment. It was purely impulsive. Because his general was killed by the secretariat Zhao, he was besieged for nearly 300 days. When the food ran out, Huang Chao openly ate human flesh.
Huang Chao's army could not conquer Chen Zhou, and it was at the end of its rope. In May of the fourth year of Zhonghe, Li Keyong, a Shatuo man, and Zhu Wen, an old subordinate, stormed Huang Chao's headquarters in Wangmandu again, basically eliminating Huang Chao's main force.
On June 17, 883, Huang Chao, desperate, committed suicide in the Tiger and Wolf Valley in Laiwu.
Chrysanthemum residue is everywhere. The peasant uprising in Huang Chao in the late Tang Dynasty ended an era and brought unforgettable memories to the history of China.
War conjecture: Peasant uprisings in the history of China always made their debut, but they ended in misery. From Guangwu and Chen Sheng to the Yellow Scarf, from the Yellow Scarf to Huang Chao and from Huang Chao, the peasant brothers always watched them cross the finish line with the historical baton and suddenly died. They fell before the finish line and never got up again.
What is the most fundamental reason? I'm afraid different people have different opinions, but the peasant brothers' ability to destroy the social economy is far greater than their ability to build, but it is a very important factor in the military. The Huang Chao Rebellion is a typical example.