18 1 1 year, Pushkin went to Petersburg with his uncle and entered Xinhuang Village aristocratic children's school. 18 12 The Great Patriotic War aroused his patriotic enthusiasm. He met some security officers who later became party member of the1February Party, especially Cha Adayev, who had a great influence on him. He accepted progressive liberalism from the works of Rachev and the French Enlightenment. Pushkin wrote when he was a student, and the earliest poem handed down was a love poem "To Natalya" (18 13). 18 14 His poem "To Friends of Poetry" was published in the European Herald. 18 15 At the beginning of the year, the school held a public examination. He recited a poem "Memories of Imperial Village" (18 14) in public, which was greatly appreciated by the old poet Jerchavin, and he was considered as "the person who will succeed Jerchavin in the future". 18 16 Pushkin joined the Al-Zamasu Society, which represents the new trend of literature, and opposed the conservative forum for Russian lovers. 18 17 graduated from Huangcun School and worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with ten titles. 18 19 joined the literary group "Green Light Society" which is associated with the secret organization "Happiness Alliance" in party member in December. From 18 17 to 1820, according to folk stories and legends, Ruslan and lyudmila, the first narrative poem written in the language of the rich, challenged the aristocratic traditional literature and was regarded as the beginning of the transformation of Russian poetry. Pushkin inherited Rajshev's tradition during this period, and wrote Ode to Freedom (18 17) and poems full of revolutionary passion, such as To Chaadayev (18 1865438) and The State (/kloc). These poems are widely circulated in manuscripts and have great influence. Therefore, he actually became the spokesman of the liberation movement. Alexander I decided to exile him to Siberia, and later sent him to South Russia as a celebrity by transferring his post.
1820 In May, Pushkin fell ill on the way south, met the family of General Layevski, the hero of the Great Patriotic War, and accompanied them to travel and recuperate in the Caucasus and Crimea, and arrived in Kishniov in Bethany in September. At this time, both the European revolutionary movement and the Russian peasant uprising had new development. At the same time, he met with davydov, Layevski, orlov, Peter Thierry and other members of the1February Party. His poem "Short Sword" (182 1) calls for revolutionary action to kill the tyrant. His early romantic narrative poems, Prisoner of the Caucasus (1820 ~ 182 1), Bandit Brothers (182 1 ~ 1822) and Bahce's saraj. 1 In May, 823, he began to write chapters1and 2 of the long poetic novel yevgeni onegin in Odessa. Due to the growing reactionary forces in Europe and Russia, his personal experience also made him feel imprisoned. There have been doubts and pessimism in his thoughts and works (such as 1823' s poem "People who sow freely in the wilderness" and "Waves, who can stop you").
Pushkin was transferred from Kishniov to Odessa in 1823, and was monitored and framed by Odessa Governor Vorontsov. At the end of July the following year, Pushkin was escorted to the village of Mikhailovsk, his parents' territory in Pskov region, where he was supervised by local authorities and the church. For two years, he was accompanied only by his old nanny as a child. He wrote the long poem The Stone Hill (1824), an important part of yevgeni onegin, chapters 3 to 6, the historical drama Boris Godunov, and the poetic novel Count Nurin (both 1825).
1825 12, The Decemberists uprising failed. In September of the following year, the new Tsar Nicholas I pardoned Pushkin and summoned him to Moscow, saying that he would personally review his works. Pushkin is still under the surveillance of the Moscow Constitutional Police. He once took a compromise attitude towards the czar, hoping that Nicholas I would devote himself to social reform, attach importance to national education, follow Peter the Great and become an "enlightened and tolerant monarch", but at the same time he tried his best to safeguard his independent views. He still has close ideological ties with exiled members of The Decemberists. During this period, he wrote poems about party member in December, such as To Prisoners of Siberia (1827) and Alion (1827), which reflected the social atmosphere and the mood of progressive people at that time. Because the authorities investigated the anti-religious poem Gabrielyad he wrote in South Russia (182 1), he felt in danger of being imprisoned for life (foresight, 1828). Poltava (1828) is a long narrative poem with the theme of Peter the Great, which was written in 1828. In the same year, in 65438+February, he met Goncharova, who was recognized as the first beauty in Moscow. In May of the following year, he failed to propose marriage, so he set off for the Caucasus. It was during the Russian-Turkish War that he met many old classmates in the army. Later, he wrote A Journey to Altug and some lyric poems describing the Caucasus.
1830 After returning to Moscow, Pushkin took part in the work of the Literary Newspaper edited by the poet Delvig. In May, he got engaged to Goncharova. In September, he went to Nizhny Novgorod to go through the formalities of accepting his father's territory in the village of Poljinnuo. It happened that the plague was prevalent in the Volga River basin and the traffic was blocked. He was detained in Poljinnuo village for three months. This is the climax of his creation, which was later called "autumn of Polkino" by literary historians. He finished the last two chapters of yevgeni onegin, wrote the narrative poem The Cabin of Colomna, and collected Belgin's novels (including Shooting, Blizzard, Coffin Maker, Postman and Miss Village Girl). ), the tragic knight, Mozart and salieri, the stone man and the plague epidemic.
Pushkin married Goncharova in February and moved to Petersburg in May, still working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. His wife often goes dancing in high society. Pushkin was ordered to edit historical materials about Peter the Great. When he was studying documents in the archives, he was attracted by the deeds of pugachev, the leader of the peasant uprising in18th century, and went to orenburg in August 1833 to visit places related to the uprising. In June 5438+10, he returned to Poljinnuo village and wrote History of Pougatcheff Uprising, a long narrative poem Bronze Knight with the theme of Peter the Great and a novella The Queen of Spades. In addition, he also wrote a fairy tale about Pougatcheff's uprising, The Story of the Fisherman and the Golden Fish, The Story of the Dead Princess and the Seven Warriors, the novella Dubrovski (1832 ~ 1833) and the novel The Captain's Daughter (1836).
1833165438+1October Pushkin returned to Petersburg. In order to allow Goncharova to go to the court ball, Nicholas I gave Pushkin a position of "court attendant". Pushkin was 35 years old and was forced to be among a group of young attendants. He felt humiliated and said angrily, "I can be a subject, even a slave, but I will never be a servant or a jester, even in the position of God." At this time, the fate of Russia is still the center of his concern, and he wants to write the history of Peter the Great. However, he was hostile among the nobles, his genius was not understood, and many people still regarded him as a romantic poet in the 1920s.
1834, Baron Georges Duntis, the outlaw of the French Bourbon Dynasty, came to Petersburg to work in the Russian Guards Cavalry. He soon caught up with Goncharova. 1in April, 836, Pushkin founded Modern People magazine. In the same year, at the beginning of 1 1, he received several anonymous letters, insulting and attacking him. In order to maintain his honor, he asked Dantè s to duel. The duel was held on1February 8, 837. Pushkin was seriously injured and died on 10. When the newspaper published the bad news, it said, "The sun of Russian poetry has set." Tens of thousands of people in Petersburg went to Pushkin's house to express their condolences. The poem "The Death of a Poet" written by lermontov, a young poet, immediately spread to Petersburg and Russia in the form of a manuscript and became a movement against the rule of the czar. Fearing that Pushkin's funeral would cause trouble, the authorities removed his coffin from the church where the funeral was held in the dark and sent it to the Holy Mountain Monastery not far from the village of Mikhailovsk for burial.
Pushkin has many talents. As a poet, he wrote more than 800 lyric poems and a dozen narrative poems in his life, using various forms and rhythms. 18 13 to 18 17 In the Huangcun School, Pushkin wrote more than 120 poems, and two long poems were not finished. Most of these works are about love, nature and amusement, and they are imitative. But at this time, he has been absorbing the experience of predecessors and contemporary poetry, gradually breaking the stereotype and laying the foundation for his own poetry creation. During his tenure in Petersburg from 18 17 to 1820, he began to embark on an original road. Poems such as Ode to Freedom, Fairy Tales (18 18) and To Chaadayev show his hatred of the czar's tyranny and his desire for freedom. From 1820 to 1824, Pushkin was exiled to southern Russia, which was also the heyday of his romantic poetry. He himself admitted that he was influenced by Byron: "He is crazy because of Byron." Poems such as Prisoner of the Caucasus, Brother of the Robber, Tears Springs of saraj, Bahce and Zgang eulogized individual freedom, lashed out at the social system at that time, described the beautiful scenery and customs of South Russia (such as the lives of the mountain people in the Caucasus and the Zgang people in Betha Arabia), and especially reflected people's thoughts and feelings. Shigang is Pushkin's last romantic narrative poem, but the relationship between characters and society is clear and the environment describes reality, so it has realistic elements. During his two years in seclusion in Mikhailovsk village, he wrote some beautiful lyric poems, among which To Kane (I remember that wonderful moment, 1825) is the most famous.
From 1825, in Pushkin's words, he embarked on the road of "realistic poet". Since the early 1930s, realism has been further developed in his works. Poems such as Ode to Dionysus (1825), Prophet (1826) and To the Poet (1830) all expressed his views on poetry. He believes that poets should, like prophets, "travel all over the land and sea and light up people's hearts with words." After marriage, he wrote few poems, mainly prose and research works, but the Monument (1836) written half a year before his death became the summary and will of his life's poetry creation. He predicted that "my reputation will spread throughout great Russia"; "I will love the people for a long time, because I use poetry to arouse the good feelings of the people. In this cruel era, I praise freedom and pray for forgiveness and sympathy for those who have fallen. " Most of Pushkin's long narrative poems in his later period take history as the theme, such as poltava with the battle of poltava as the background and Bronze Knight with the flood in Petersburg as the background, all of which describe the image of Peter the Great. In the Bronze Knight, the poet pointed out that although the autocratic system of Peter the Great promoted the development of Russia, it later became an obstacle against the people and hindered progress. Pushkin's most important poem is yevgeni onegin, which is also the first Russian realistic work. The whole poem consists of eight chapters, written from 1823 to 183 1 year, and adopts Pushkin's unique "onegin style" sonnets. The whole poem takes the love story of onegin, the young aristocrat's eldest daughter tatiana and Olga, the poet's second daughter Lenski and Larina, as the main line, interspersed with the quarrel and duel between onegin and Lenski, and the murder of Lenski, until onegin turned back, and then courted married tatiana, which was rejected. Onegin is dissatisfied with the upper class, but it is the product of this society. He is far away from the people, his spirit is empty and his life lacks purpose. Critics point out that onegin is "an unnecessary person in his environment" and the first typical example of so-called "unnecessary person" in Russian literary history. The author thinks that onegin's suspicion and indifference and Lenski's idealistic enthusiasm are not helpful to the reality at that time. Tatyana, the heroine, is the most touching image created by Pushkin, with the characteristics of the Russian people's spirit, moral purity and perseverance.
Pushkin has written several poetic dramas, among which the historical drama Boris Godunov is the most successful. The hero czar Godunov was condemned by his conscience for the crime of usurping the throne, and he could not get the support of the people, which eventually led to tragedy. The play describes various social classes and political struggles in Russia at the end of 16 and the beginning of 17, points out the relationship between imperial power and the people, and shows the great role of the people in history. However, it was banned from publication by the czar after it was written, and some people suggested rewriting it as a "Scott-style historical novel".
Pushkin loved folk stories since childhood and collected them when he lived in Mikhailovsk village. His fairy tale poems, such as The Story of Tsar Sardan and The Story of Fisherman and Golden Fish, are vivid in content and beautiful in language. There are some more meaningful fairy tales, such as the story of father and his long-term worker Balda satirizing the greed and ignorance of priests, and the story of the golden rooster attacking the tyranny and belligerence of rulers. These fairy tales have become treasures in Russian literature and are still loved by children and teenagers.
Novels are also an important part of Pushkin's creation. The Collection of Belkin's Novels is a model of Russian short stories, in which The Postman describes the life and fate of the "little people" of the civilian class with deep sympathy, and The History of Goliu Sinov Village depicts the darkness of serfdom with irony. The novella "Dubrovski" shows the despondency of the landlord and the dissatisfaction of the peasants, but the protagonist is an individual aristocrat who resists alone. The Queen of Spades describes the gambler's life in the upper class of Petersburg. Gherman, the hero, concentrated his strong will and greedy ambition, indicating the coming of the capitalist period. The Captain's Daughter describes the largest peasant uprising in Russian history-Pugachev uprising with a broad picture, and creates the image of the leader of the rebel army who embodies the strength and wisdom of the people.
Pushkin also left many political papers, literary theories and letters.
Pushkin's great contribution lies in the creation of Russian literary language and the establishment of Russian language norms. Turgenev said: "There is no doubt that he founded our poetic language and our literary language." Nikolai Nikolai Gogol, Pushkin's contemporary friend, once said, "When Pushkin's name is mentioned, it suddenly reminds me that he is a Russian national poet ... just like a dictionary, it contains all the treasures, strength and flexibility of our language. ..... In him, Russian nature, Russian soul, Russian language and Russian character are so pure and beautiful, just like the scenery projected on the protruding optical glass. "
Pushkin enjoys a lofty position in the history of Russian literature. Belinsky pointed out in the famous article "The Works of Alexander Pushkin": "Russian literature only started from Pushkin, because the pulse of Russian life is beating in his poems." Herzen, on the other hand, said that in the "cruel era" of Nicholas I's reactionary rule, "only Pushkin's sonorous and vast singing sounded in the valley of slavery and suffering: this singing inherited the past era, enriched today's days with brave voices, and sent its voice to the distant future". Goncharov said, "Pushkin is the father and ancestor of Russian art, just as lomonosov is the father of Russian science". Plekhanov, Luna Tsarski, Gorky and others also discussed Pushkin. Gorky once pointed out: "Pushkin's creation is a vast and dazzling torrent of poetry and prose." In addition, he was a founder who combined romanticism with realism. This combination ... gives Russian literature a unique hue and a unique face. "
Pushkin's works were compiled into operas and dances by famous Russian artists, adapted into plays, children's plays and made into films. His poems have been arranged into songs and passed down to this day. In the Soviet Union, Pushkin studies formed "Pushkin studies". The Institute of Russian Literature of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (also known as "Pushkin House") is the center for collecting Pushkin's private books, manuscripts and studying Pushkin. Over the years, such as Ville Sayef (with Pushkin in his life), Maud Zalevschi (with Pushkin in his life), Ji Yavlovski (chronicle of life and creation), tomashevsky (with Pushkin in two volumes) and Blagoi (with Pushkin's creative path in two volumes). The Russian Literature Institute has edited 17 volumes of The Complete Works of Pushkin (1937 ~ 1959), Pushkin Research and Materials, Pushkin Committee Journal (multiple volumes) and Pushkin Language Dictionary (4 volumes,1. The village of Mikhailovsk and the nearby San Shancun, as well as the holy mountain monastery where Pushkin was buried, were all changed into Pushkin cultural relics protection areas.
Historical data show that Pushkin has read many books about China and has deep interest and affection for the people of China. He asked the Tsar authorities to allow him to visit China with the delegation sent to China, but was rejected. Pushkin was introduced to China in the early 20th century. The first Russian literary work translated by China was Pushkin's masterpiece The Captain's Daughter, which was translated into Chinese as The Story of Russian Love smillie, also known as The Dream of a Flower Butterfly (1903). Most of Pushkin's poems, plays and essays have been translated into Chinese, and some works even have several translations.