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What material is glass made of?
The main components of glass are silica sand, soda ash, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lime, bauxite and lead. Generally the main component is sodium glass. Potassium glass, bottle-making glass belongs to it; Lead glass belongs to instrument glass. Silica in Hsinchu area is produced in Kansai area, but in recent years, the iron content is high and the quality is slightly poor, so most of it is imported from Australia and Malaysia. Firstly, silica sand, lime and soda ash are put into a crucible kiln, heated at 1450 degrees Celsius for 16 hours, then mixed and melted into viscous liquid, then molded on a mold, slowly cooled for 12 hours and then added.

The forming method of glass art Lu;

Glass is usually a liquid viscous liquid formed by burning and dissolving glass raw materials. In order to make it cool and shape, blow molding is often used. For models made of wood, clay, metal and other materials, the required molds are made in advance, molten glass is poured into the molds, and the molds are opened after cooling. Generally used to blow utensils that cannot be made of glass. This method is adopted by most factories and can be mass-produced.

The other is blow molding, that is, blowing glass, that is, taking out a proper amount of glass solution, putting it at one end of an iron blow pipe, rotating while blowing, and shaping it with scissors or pliers in a skilled way.

Common technology

Cold working method

1. Painting is to draw a picture on the glass surface with colored pigments at room temperature. Some need to be fixed by heating, and some don't. Metal pigments fused with gold foil and silver foil can also be added to the process, which is called decorative gold painting.

2. Glaze is a painting technique that needs reheating. Draw a pattern on the glass surface with glaze pigment, and then put it in a furnace to heat and fix the pigment to avoid peeling.

3. The technology of embedding thousands of colored glass plates with lead grooves as wireframes requires drawing a small plan, drawing sketches with the same size according to the plan, determining the shape and size of each color, cutting the glass plates correctly, and welding the lead bars into large mirrors.

4. Non-heated cold-working prints, using sand blasting or grinding carving technology, engrave the picture on a glass plate to make a plate, color it with a printmaker or roller, and press it on cotton paper or watercolor paper to make prints.

5. Embossed on double-layer or multi-layer color nested glass, the three-dimensional pattern of the embossment reveals the background color, forming the embossment effect.

6. Cutting Use a cutting wheel to cut decorative patterns, blocks and lines. On glass objects, or cutting a large surface into shapes, sometimes two-color nested glass, because of the special effect of different colors inside and outside.

7. The techniques of polishing and carving with diamond or metal carving tools, or drawing lines and decorative patterns on the glass surface with carving pens can be divided into wheel carving, stippling, flat carving and other techniques because of the different tools used.

8. Etch to draw figures and contours on the glass plate, and then etch patterns with different shades by stages with chemical acid.

9. First, sand blasting covers the whole glass with adhesive tape. Then, after the unnecessary parts are electroplated and carved with a carving knife, they are put into a sandblasting machine, and a foggy effect is made on the glass by using the high spraying force of emery.

10. Grinding: Take the wheel as the grinding table, mix water with emery, and smooth the ground glass works.

1 1. The planer takes the rotating leather wheel as the platform, puts the glass on it, and polishes the large plane of the planer.

12. Glue the work into a furnace for heating, and use the characteristics of glass to heat and melt the surface to produce light.

13. Stick the glass blocks together with adhesive to form a shape.

14. The composite medium is made of glass and other materials.

Thermal production method

(The manufacturing method between the melting point (1450 degrees) and the creep point (450 degrees) is called thermal engineering.)

1. The molten hot glass paste is injected and pressed into the engraving pattern mold to form a block, and the pattern is also pressed.

2. Sand casting process: Press the model into the sand with moderate depth, spray wet acetylene to prevent the sand from falling off, put the glass paste into the sand mold, and take it out for grinding after the glass is slightly cold.

3. One of the earliest technologies used to make glass windows is fetal heart molding. Firstly, the embryo pericardium is made by mixing soil and horse manure, then the metal rod is dipped in hot glass paste to form a container, and a pattern is drawn around the glass fiber outside, and the embryo heart is dug out after cooling.

4. The torch thermoplastic is heated by a small spray gun or torch, which is also called torch thermoplastic. Various boron glass color or sodium glass color rods are used to combine into shapes through stretching, twisting and winding techniques, which are suitable for tiny and delicate expressions, such as glass beads, animals and plants. Because the glass rods used are divided into solid, hollow and drawing thermoplastics, they can also be combined with painting to increase the interest of the works.

Blowing originated from the Roman Empire in the first year of AD, and it is still the most important, widely used and varied manufacturing method in glass technology. Blowing is mainly based on windows. The process is to soak one blowpipe in molten glass paste, blow it into small bubbles, then thermoform it with tools, then soak another blowpipe in a small amount of glass, bridge the bottom, and slowly knock down the work.

6. After the wax mold is wrapped with refractory gypsum, the glass raw material and the empty mold are put into the furnace for heating at the same time. At high temperature, the glass slowly flows into the mold for molding, then it is put into the furnace for dewaxing, and the gypsum mold is taken out after slow cooling, and then it is finished through grinding and planing.

7. Powder casting method: put the glass block and glass powder into a pre-designed model and put it in a furnace to be heated and melted into a whole glass work.

8. Furnace heating design method is a technology with heating temperature between 750 and 850 degrees.

9. Thermoplastic welding: First, the cut glass or glass pieces with different patterns are combined on a ceramic flat plate and put into a furnace to be heated into a glass plate, which is usually changed by other technologies.

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Glass is a low-cost artificial gem, which is used to imitate natural jewels and jade, such as chalcedony, timely, beryl (emeralds and aquamarine), jadeite, nephrite and topaz. The glass used in gemmology to imitate precious stones consists of silicon dioxide (a timely component) and a small amount of alkali metals such as calcium, sodium, potassium or oxides of lead, boron, aluminum and barium.

There are mainly two kinds of glasses as imitation gems: crown glass and flint glass. The most commonly used components of crown glass are silicon, soda and lime, which are the same as those used in making bottles and optical glass. Flint glass contains silicon and soda, so it is also called lead glass, because lead oxide replaces lime in crown glass. Because the existence of lead improves its refractive index and dispersion, imitation gems made of flint glass are often realistic. At the same time, trace elements can be added to the molten glass raw materials to make the glass appear in various colors, such as adding Mn to get purple, adding Co to get blue, adding Cr to get green, adding Cu to get red and so on.

Generally speaking, it is relatively easy to distinguish between glass and precious stones. Gemstones are all crystals, which transfer heat faster, while glass is amorphous without crystallization, which transfers heat more slowly. Therefore, when touching the sample with your hands, natural gemstones feel cold, while glass feels warm. Lick the sample with the tip of your tongue to determine whether it is cold or warm. In addition, observing with a magnifying glass, there are often curved or swirling thin lines on the surface and inside of the glass. All kinds of bubbles often appear in glass, such as beads, ellipses and flats, which can be easily observed with a magnifying glass. Therefore, any sample that sees the above phenomenon can be concluded to be glass rather than natural gemstone.

One of the cups

Glass is a solid amorphous mixture cooled by electric melting. Generally fragile and transparent, the chemical composition is complex. The main component is silicate.

Ordinary glass is made of soda ash, limestone, timely and feldspar, which are melted, clarified and homogenized in a glass kiln, and then processed into glass products. The main component of ordinary glass is CaO∶Na2O∶6SiO2, which is a fusion of sodium phosphate, calcium silicate and silicon dioxide. It does not have a certain melting point, and can be softened in a certain temperature range. After softening, it can be made into products of any shape. Except ordinary glass.

If opacifying agents such as fluorite and calcium phosphate are added to the raw materials, opaque opaque glass can be made. If colorants such as cobalt oxide and nickel oxide are added to the raw materials, colored glass can be made.

Tempered glass (quenched glass) can be made by heating ordinary glass to a soft temperature and then cooling it quickly and evenly. Its mechanical strength is 4 ~ 6 times higher than that of ordinary glass, and it is not easy to break, so it is a kind of safety glass.

Glass is an important building material, which is also used for lighting and daily necessities.

The second cup

Glass production is a process of physical and chemical changes.

In glass production, complex physical and chemical changes will occur after the raw materials are melted in the furnace. Taking ordinary glass production as an example, the main reaction process is as follows:

At the beginning of heating, the powder began to dehydrate in the range of 100 ~ 120℃. At 600℃, limestone and soda ash generate calcium-sodium double salt through the following reaction.

CaCO3+na2co 3 = sodium carbonate

At 600 ~ 680℃, the generated double salt begins to react with silica;

cana 2(CO3)2+2 SiO 2 = na 2 SiO 3+casio 3+2co 2↑

At 740 ~ 800℃, the low melting point mixture [Na2CO3-cana2 (CO3) 2] began to melt and continued to react with SiO2.

Sodium carbonate+sodium fluoride (sodium bicarbonate) 2+ silica

=2Na2SiO3+CaSiO3+3CO2↑

The reaction between CaO melt and SiO2 starts at 890 ~ 900℃.

CaCO3+SiO2=CaSiO3+CO2↑

At 10 10℃, unreacted CaO also forms calcium silicate with SiO2 _ 2.

CaO+SiO2=CaSiO3

All substances are melted slightly above 1200℃ and cooled to form glass.

The third cup

Glass and glass products can be seen everywhere in people's daily life. No matter how different the appearance of these glass products is, they are all mixtures (supercooled liquids) composed of silicates with uncertain components. Glass is generally transparent and fragile and has no fixed melting point. When it is heated, it often changes from softening to completely liquid, and has a fairly wide temperature range. It is precisely because of this property that people make it into various shapes of utensils, handicrafts and so on when it is half soft and not hard.

The most common glass is sodium glass, which is usually made by melting sand, soda ash and limestone. Its composition can be approximated by the chemical formula Na2CaSi6O 14 or Na2O? Cao? 6SiO2 indicates that door and window glass and bottles made of it have long been familiar to people. If sodium carbonate in raw materials is partially replaced by potassium carbonate, potassium glass can be made. This kind of glass is hard, high temperature resistant, small in thermal expansion and cold contraction, and relatively stable in chemical properties. Most beakers, flasks, test tubes, burettes, etc. Potassium glass is used in the chemistry laboratory. If sodium in glass is replaced by lead-containing compounds, lead glass can be made. Lead glass has high density and large refractive index, which can block harmful radiation and is suitable for optical glass and radiation-proof glass screens. In addition, if a small amount of colorant is added to the glass, colored glasses with different colors can be made. For example, green glass can be made by adding copper oxide or chromium oxide; Adding cobalt oxide can make blue glass; Adding zinc oxide or calcium fluoride can make milky white glass; Adding uranium-containing compounds can make yellow-green fluorescent glass; Adding colloidal selenium can make ruby glass; Colloidal gold can be added to make red, red, purple or blue glass.

With the development of science, all kinds of glasses with special functions have come out. For example, the insulation effect of hollow glass with a thickness of several centimeters is equivalent to that of a brick wall with a thickness of more than 40 centimeters; Bulletproof glass is not afraid of shock and can prevent bullets; Fireproof glass can be flame retardant; Color-changing glass can adjust color with light intensity; Bioglass can be transplanted into human body instead of bone; A fine fiber glass can transmit tens of thousands of power supplies at the same time. These new glasses are playing an increasingly important role in people's production and life.