The blue sky is in danger and the jade wall is brilliant. The horse is fragrant and secluded, and the cliff is far away.
Whose children are there, there is no intention of regret and intimacy. Roaring tigers and singing dragons, changing nests for couples, firm but gentle smoke.
This is the Duan Yu described in Jin Yong's Tian Ba Long Department: handsome and affectionate, which left a deep impression on us. Recently, Duan Yu's descendants showed a "one-yang finger" and even overturned the news of American soldiers. Many netizens have left messages saying that Duan Yu is just a fictional character in Jin Yong's Eight Dragons. How can there be offspring? In fact, the characters in Jin Yong's novels are not entirely fictional. According to textual research, the prototype of Duan Yu in Tian Ba Long Bu is the son of Duan, the 16th emperor of Dali. Some people suspect that both father and son have a "positive" in their names and look more like brothers. In fact, in many parts of China, especially in ethnic minority areas, the system of joint father and son is popular, also to show blood relationship.
Duan Zhengyan is not only the longest-lived emperor in Dali history, but also the longest-serving emperor. He opened formal diplomatic relations with the Song Dynasty in the Central Plains, maintained the smooth flow of the Southern Silk Road, and ensured the peace and prosperity of Southwest China for nearly 40 years.
King of Dali
Dali inherited the mantle of Nanzhao in the Tang Dynasty, and the founding of the People's Republic of China was 23 years earlier than the Northern Song Dynasty. In 937, Tonghai made Duan Siping send troops in the war after the demise of Nanzhao, established Dali as its capital (now the ancient city of Dali in Yunnan), and its territory was now Yunnan, Guizhou, southwestern Sichuan, northern Myanmar, Laos and northern Vietnam.
In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin established the Song Dynasty and sent general Wang Quanbin to attack Shu, which wiped out the post-Shu regime and cleared the way for Yunnan to enter the mainland. Dali sent people to the Song Dynasty to show friendship. However, the Song Dynasty was wary of Dali, and its attitude was lukewarm. According to legend, after Wang Quanbin Pingshu, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin and Yu Fu also drew the Dadu River on the map, saying that "the Dadu River is not my territory." Therefore, "Yunnan has not been to China for 300 years, so Duan's family can live forever." Since then, the two regimes have not focused on breaking through the border, forming a situation of peaceful opposition. At that time, some people in the Song Dynasty commented that this strategy made Dali "invincible and unable to be a minister", which was "the best policy to resist Rong".
It is in this peaceful environment that Dali has developed for more than a hundred years and has always dominated the southwest.
Duan Zhengyan was born in 1083. When he babbled, he liked knives and guns very much. He entered school at the age of seven, and studied under the Buddhist Tiantai Sect Master Liu Xuan and Master Miao Cheng. Miao Cheng taught Duan Zhengyan six wonderful methods, "all unique skills", quite like "Duan Jia Wu Shu" in Jin Yong's novels.
Although Duan Zhengyan ate well since childhood and was taught by famous teachers, his youth was full of sinister political struggles. When he was born, the emperor of Dali was his uncle, Emperor Duan of Baoding, but the real power was in the hands of Dali's children Gao Zhisheng and Gao Shengtai. 1094, Duan was forced by Gao's authoritarian power to become a monk and Dali was destroyed. Gaoshengtai was replaced by the establishment of Greater China, and Duan Zhengyan changed from a royal family to a courtier. 1096, Gao Shengtai died of illness. On his deathbed, under the pressure of various domestic departments, he sent his son Gao Taiming back to Zheng Duanjia, and his father Duan became emperor and rebuilt Dali.
Although Duan's family regained power, Gao's nobles inherited and ruled Dali, which led to the situation that Duan had state but no right, and Gao had power but no state. 1 108, the national strength declined and the plague spread everywhere. In addition, playing politics, Duan is disheartened and has no intention of governing the country. He learned from his brother to avoid becoming a monk and was transferred to his son Duan Zhengyan.
Duan Zhengyan met with difficulties soon after he succeeded to the throne. 111/year, thirty-seven Uman departments in eastern Yunnan of Dali rebelled, and Duan Zhengyan sent Prime Minister Gao Taiming to pacify them. After the counter-insurgency, Gao Taiming asked his fourth son, Gao Ming, to guard Zhuan Xu House (now Kunming) in order to stabilize the situation.
Master Gao Jiagong Gao Zhen, I don't know how to converge. According to the Record of Lighting in Wuwei Temple in Dali Prefecture, Gao Taiming's son Gao Zhichang and Duan Zhengyan were drinking after his death. Drunk, he said, "Now the emperor belongs to me, and my father listened to my grandfather and gave way. If you are an emperor in Duan, I won't accept it. " When Duan Zhengyan heard this, he exiled Gao Zhichang on the grounds of disobedience. After Gao Zhichang died of dysentery in exile, two of his men tried to assassinate him while burning incense and worshiping Buddha in Duan Zhengyan, but they were caught. Duan Zhengyan read that they were loyal people, and they were not convicted, so they were pardoned. Later, the two men committed suicide, and Duan Zhengyan also built a memorial for them.
In addition to returning good for evil, Duan Zhengyan also ruled the country with good, and reduced the corvee tax. According to historical records, when Duan Zhengyan was in power, he was "diligent in political affairs", "loving the talents of the people and thinking about taking power" and "so he longed for it and learned something".
Duan Zhengyan also showed the king's wisdom in diplomacy. Although the economy of the Northern Song Dynasty was developed, due to the turmoil and frequent wars around it, a large number of war horses were needed. But there are Liao, Jin and Xixia in the north, and we can only rely on the relatively peaceful southwest. Dali formulated the strategy of connecting with the Northern Song Dynasty from the very beginning, especially in the period of Duan Zhengyan. It is the constant communication between officials and people that led to the development of the Southern Silk Road from the pre-Qin period, connecting the Central Plains with today's South Asia and Southeast Asia such as Myanmar and India.
In fact, as early as the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty, Dali repeatedly requested the Song Dynasty to close customs and trade. However, the Song Dynasty always said that the territory was uneven and disasters were frequent, so the knighthood had to wait until it was "flat". During Duan Zhengyan's time, he decided not to wait for "peace" but to take the initiative. He searched for diplomatic elites and sent them to the Song Dynasty to look for opportunities. Finally, he found Huang Lin, an observer in Guangzhou, and gave him a lot of gold, silver and jewels, hoping to use him as a bridge to get through the relationship with the upper class in the Song Dynasty. 1 1 15 years, Huang Yi played in the imperial court and said that Dali was "willing to be a concubine" because of love. Song Huizong wrote a letter to Huang Yi asking him to set up a bureau in Pennsylvania (now Binyang, Nanning, Guangxi). The letter said, "If there is a request, stop it as soon as possible." .
1 1 16 years, Duan Zhengyan sent envoys with 380 tribute horses, musk, bezoar, fine felt, jewelry and other items to the Song Dynasty. 1 1 17 In February of the lunar calendar, the Dali delegation arrived in Beijing to pay tribute to Song Huizong and offer music and dance. Song Huizong was very happy and rewarded Duan Haode, a musician. The mission also brought Duan Zhengyan's credentials, which showed the desire to keep peace with the Song Dynasty, do business with tributes and hope to be posthumously sealed. Song Huizong saw that he was earnest, so he named him Dr. Jin Ziguanglu, an ordinary proofreader, our Yunnan, Shangzhou and Dali King.
The Dali delegation lived in Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, for two months, and fully appreciated the prosperity of this metropolis. There is not only a lively scene of "boats competing for thousands of miles", but also a scene of "a hundred flowers competing for a powder wall and a thin willow slanting cage". 1 1 17 On April 12th of the lunar calendar, the mission set out for Dali, accompanied by the special mission from Song Huizong, and presented a calendar, symbolizing Dali's devotion to the New Moon and the Great Song Dynasty.
Due to Duan Zhengyan's successful application for World Heritage, the relationship between Song Dynasty and Dali became closer and closer, and the trade between them became more and more frequent. Most of the horses bought in the Song Dynasty came from Dali. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Guangxi was the most prosperous place to buy and sell horses, often with a quota of10.5 million horses per order. The price of each horse ranges from 30-42 to 60-70, and the trading volume is often around 72,000. 1 186, Dali went to Guangxi to sell horses at a time 1000, with more than 6,000 people accompanying him. The production of so many horses in Dali also shows that the ecology here is good and the economy is developing rapidly. Accompanied by many people every time, we can not only see the urgency of the people for trade, but also know that a trade chain has been formed at that time.
In addition to the trade between horses and tea, silk and porcelain, envoys and businessmen in Dali also paid attention to buying books of the Song Dynasty. For example, in 1 103, the envoys of Dali went to the Song Dynasty to ask for the "Six Classics and Sixty-two Medicine Books"; 1 173, when Dali envoys were doing business in Hengshan Village (now Tiandong County, Guangxi), they presented a long list of books to the Song Dynasty.
Due to the constant influence of the migrated nationalities in the Central Plains and the Central Plains Dynasty, Dali was deeply sinicized. The official language of Dali is Chinese characters, and many Dali Chinese inscriptions, poems and essays preserved so far are exquisite; Some systems are also modeled after the system of the Central Plains Dynasty, such as the six systems of Cao, that is, imitating the six systems of the Tang Dynasty; The supreme ruler of Dali regime is also called the emperor, with the temple number and posthumous title; Dali also began to take scholars, set up Confucian officials and read Confucian books. Today, we can still see the witness of the friendly relationship between Dali and Song Dynasty in the Metropolitan Museum of America. It is a capital book, Vimalakīrti Jing, which was specially presented by Duan Zhengyan when the delegation of the Song Dynasty returned to Song Dynasty in1kloc-0/65438.
Thanks to Duan Zhengyan's efforts, the Southern Silk Road was revived for a period of time, and the exchanges between the Han nationality and the southwest ethnic minorities became increasingly frequent, which greatly promoted ethnic integration.
In Jin Yong's novels, Duan Yu is an elegant aristocrat who believes in Buddhism and is proficient in gardening and chess. Historically, Duan Zhengyan was also proficient in all kinds of calligraphy and painting. Historical records recorded that he was "good at writing lotus flowers and enjoying the piano, writing four volumes of Yu Lian's poems, one volume of piano music and three songs".
All parts of Dali respect Buddha, from the monarch to the common people are proud of becoming a monk. The idea of "ruling the country by Buddhism" is also fully reflected in the political system. For example, officials at all levels must "interpret Confucianism", that is, be familiar with the principles of Buddhism and the four books and five classics. Among the 22 kings of the Great Dynasty, 10 became monks, which is unique in the history of China. Duan Zhengyan studied Buddhism with Master since childhood and eventually became a monk like his uncle and father.
After the Jingkang Rebellion, the Song Dynasty gradually declined, and the relationship between Duan Zhengyan and the Song Dynasty also drifted away. By the end of his reign, the Duan family and the Gao family had differences on the issue of the throne, which led to infighting among the princes of Dali and political chaos in Dali. Duan Zhengyan is exhausted. In A.D. 1 147, in order to ease the contradictions among all parties, he took the initiative to pass on the throne to his son Duan Zhengxing and went to Wuwei Temple to get a haircut and become a monk. After that, Duan Zhengyan practiced in Dali Chongsheng Temple and other Buddhist temples for a long time, and his dharma name was widely spread.
1 176, Duan Zhengyan died at the age of 94. His temple name is Xianzong, posthumous title is Ren Xuan, and he was called Dali Ren Xuan in history.
Duan Zhengyan's era is an era of great change. He witnessed the transformation of the Song Dynasty from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, and also saw the changes of various forces around him. According to the situation, he looked for the gap in contact with the high-level officials in the Song Dynasty, and finally realized the desire of several generations to seek knighthood, thus keeping the southern Silk Road open. These measures have maintained the centripetal force of southwest China to the Central Plains and laid a solid foundation for future reunification.
The real "Duan Yu" in history, though lacking the lofty sentiments and legends of Jianghu children, has the military strategy and wisdom of a generation of wise men.