Keywords: South Xinjiang; Jujube; Production status; Development advantages; suggestion
China Library Classification Number: S665. 1 Document Identification Number: A Document Number:1002-2910 (2008) 03-0034-03.
1 Development Status and Advantages of Jujube Industry in Southern Xinjiang
Development of 1. 1
In recent years, the planting area of jujube in southern Xinjiang has increased rapidly. As early as 1988, the autonomous region planned Luopu, Zepu and Shufu counties in southern Xinjiang as jujube bases. From 65438 to 0999, Ruoqiang County of Bazhou dispatched 500,000 jujube seedlings from Xinzheng, Henan Province, and achieved remarkable results. Up to 2006, more than 20 varieties130,000 plants, such as Huizao, Junzao, Zanhuang Jujube, Dongzao, Jinsixiaozao and Lizao, have been introduced, with a cultivation area of 8000hm2. Driven by Ruoqiang, Qiemo, Wensu, Shaya, Bachu, Shufu, Minfeng, Luopu and other counties and production and construction corps also began to vigorously develop jujube planting. At present, the planting area of jujube in southern Xinjiang has reached more than 93,000 hm2, including 40000hm2 of fruit trees, with an annual output of about 50,000 tons of fresh jujube. It is estimated that after 20 10 years, the jujube cultivation area in southern Xinjiang will reach 300,000 hm2, making it the largest jujube production base in the world.
Analysis on the Development Advantage of 1.2
1.2. 1 Superior geographical environment Southern Xinjiang is located around the Taklimakan Desert, with mountains in the sky in the north and Kunlun Mountain in the south, located at 36? ~42? East longitude 72? ~90? The vast area between them, far away from pollution sources (cities, factories, mining areas), has good air quality and irrigation water quality, and less pests and diseases in planting areas, which can greatly reduce the use of pesticides. Therefore, compared with inland production areas, southern Xinjiang has unique pollution-free cultivation conditions.
1.2.2 Rich in light and heat resources Southern Xinjiang is located in the hinterland of Eurasia and around the Tarim Basin. It is dry and rainy, with many sunny days, high air transparency and rich in light and heat resources. It is a typical arid irrigated agricultural area. Taking Ruoqiang County as an example, its annual total radiation reaches 147.5 kcal /cm2, and its photosynthetic effective radiation reaches 73.7 kcal /cm2. The average sunshine hours in the growing season of jujube trees are more than 10 hour, the annual sunshine hours are 3 103.2 hours, and the cumulative sunshine hours from April to September are 1733.6 hours, which is much higher than the requirements of general dry varieties 1500 hours. All year round? 10? The effective accumulated temperature is 4956℃, which is much higher than the upper limit of temperature demand of jujube trees. During the fruit growing period from June to September, the daily temperature difference gradually increased, reaching an average of 65438 07.4℃, with the highest temperature of 27.8℃, and the number of days with a daily temperature difference of 20~C was 39 days, which was unique in China. The frost-free period exceeds 200 days. Climatic conditions are suitable for high quality and high yield cultivation of jujube.
1.2.3 Jujube is of good quality. According to the test results of Ruoqiang Huizao and other varieties by the Agricultural Products Metrology Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, the total sugar content of Ruoqiang Huizao dried fruit is 68.73%, and the Vc content is15.41mg/100g, which are 2 1.638 higher than those of Huizao produced in xinzheng city. The sugar content of fresh fruit reached 465,438 0.9%, the drying rate reached 565,438 0.8% and the edible rate reached 97%. The sugar content of fresh jujube is 35.4%. Dry varieties have thick meat, delicate and elastic meat; Fresh foods are crisp, sweet and juicy, and have strong storability, all exceeding the original producing areas in the mainland.
1.2.4 Abundant land resources Southern Xinjiang has a vast territory and abundant land resources. In addition to abundant arable land, there is still a lot of land to be reclaimed, and a large number of low-yield fields with low economic benefits need to be further developed. Water resources are the primary limiting factor of land development in Xinjiang. As long as appropriate water-saving measures are taken, most of the land can be developed and utilized, which is a reliable guarantee for the development of jujube industry in Xinjiang.
2 Suggestions on developing jujube industry
2. 1 Formulate scientific development plans and optimize industrial layout.
Although the development of jujube in southern Xinjiang has begun to take shape, its development history is very short. According to the principle of regional layout and industrial development, scientific and feasible development plans should be formulated, and the development direction should be defined and the main varieties and planting scale should be determined according to the soil, climatic conditions, variety characteristics, adaptability and regional advantages of the region. A few years ago, Qiemo County blindly introduced a large number of Zanhuang jujube; Because its economic characters are obviously not as good as jujube, many fruit farmers cut down trees to change seeds, causing economic losses. To develop jujube industry in southern Xinjiang, we should give priority to excellent dried varieties and develop other varieties appropriately. In addition, at the same time of introduction, it is necessary to establish a number of demonstration parks in suitable areas as soon as possible, guide fruit farmers to standardize garden construction and standardized management, and make jujube industry embark on a standardized, standardized and scientific development track from the beginning.
2.2 Establish a standardized farming system.
Improved varieties are the basis and key of high yield, high quality and high efficiency cultivation of jujube trees, and cultivating excellent seedlings is the primary work of jujube tree industrialization. It is necessary to establish a complete standardized breeding system for improved varieties, ensure the purity and quality of improved varieties from the source, and ensure the first level of industrialization. In recent years, due to the rapid development of jujube trees in southern Xinjiang, a large number of seedlings and scions need to be transported from the mainland. Driven by interests, many inferior varieties of seedlings or scions entered our region, resulting in impure varieties in many jujube orchards and nurseries and poor quality of orchard capacity, which affected the development of jujube industry. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a local standardized seedling breeding base. According to their own development plans, southern Xinjiang states can establish standardized jujube seedling breeding bases of corresponding scale in jujube centralized planting areas, so as to prevent disorderly introduction and free propagation of seedlings in the shortest time.
2.3 Standardize garden construction with high standards to improve the quality of garden construction.
Jujube planting in southern Xinjiang has reached a certain scale, but there are many problems in the completed jujube orchard: ① the purity of varieties is not high, and some jujube orchards are mixed; (2) the garden is not standardized, such as unreasonable row spacing and poor uniformity of seedlings; ③ The survival rate of field planting is low, and the speed of gardening is slow. Some orchards can basically be planted after 3-5 years of replanting. ④ The level of post-planting management technology is low. To sum up, according to the requirements of industrialization, southern Xinjiang jujube region must work out a set of standardized cultivation techniques suitable for the local area as soon as possible, and build gardens with high standards and standardization, so as to achieve pure seedlings, strong varieties, scientific planting and fine management, improve the grade of garden construction and accelerate the completion of gardens.
2.4 vigorously promote green fruit production technology
Pollution-free fruit production is a reliable guarantee for products to win more shares in the international market competition and realize the sustainable development of jujube industry.
2.4. 1 Increasing the application of organic fertilizer and scientific fertilization are the basic requirements to realize high yield, high quality, low consumption, high efficiency, pollution reduction and green fruit production of jujube trees. At present, blind fertilization is widespread in the vast jujube producing areas in southern Xinjiang. Excessive application of chemical fertilizer, unreasonable proportion of various nutrient elements and little application of organic fertilizer lead to the lack or surplus of various nutrient elements in the soil, and the content of organic matter is generally low. Taking Ruoqiang County as an example, the average content of soil organic matter in jujube orchard in this county is only 0.3% ~ 0.33%, which is obviously lower than the minimum value of 0.8% of the standard value. Therefore, it is necessary to accumulate and increase the application of organic fertilizer through various channels, increase the content of soil organic matter, and the amount of fertilization should reach half a catty. On this basis, according to the shortage of soil nutrients, appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer is added. Soil and fertilizer stations can be established in some conditional areas first, and leaf nutrition analysis and soil determination can be carried out regularly, so as to provide scientific fertilization formula for jujube farmers and avoid blind fertilization.
2.4.2 Popularizing reasonable pruning technology There are many problems in jujube pruning in southern Xinjiang: ① Due to the short scale development time of jujube trees, unreasonable pruning or no pruning, many jujube trees have been left to grow for a long time, with messy trees, dense branches and poor ventilation and light transmission, and the resulting parts have moved out; (2) The newly-built jujube orchard was not dried and reshaped in time, and the jujube trees stretched uniaxial, resulting in small bearing area and slender, soft and unstable skeleton. However, the newly-built jujube orchard had to cut the cultivation skeleton again, which led to slow molding and late fruit. ③ Heavy pruning in winter, ignoring pruning in growing period. These problems have seriously affected the early fruiting, high yield and fruit quality of jujube trees, so we must attach great importance to them, take various measures and vigorously promote reasonable pruning techniques.
2.4.3 Popularize standardized flower and fruit management technology. The drought and lack of rain in southern Xinjiang in spring and the relatively low air humidity affect the flower bud differentiation of jujube trees, which is easy to cause scorched flowers and serious fruit drop. The natural fruit setting rate of trees in jujube producing areas in Ruoqiang County is only 1% ~ 2%, and the young trees are even lower. Therefore, various technical measures should be taken, such as spraying water or irrigation at flowering stage, releasing bees at flowering stage, coring the head of jujube tree, opening corners, spraying boron at flowering stage and opening nails. , prevent falling flowers and fruits to the maximum extent, improve fruit setting rate and ensure yield. On the other hand, in order to improve the quality and first-class fruit rate of jujube, it is necessary to sparse flowers and fruits and control the load on the premise of ensuring the yield. Generally, the yield of 666.7m2 trees should be controlled at about 1000kg, and the fruit * * at full fruit stage should be controlled at about 2 ~ 3: 1. In the case of normal fruit setting in the early stage, all flowers or young fruits after the end of June should be thinned to reduce defective fruits and produce high-quality fruits.
2.4.4 Pollution-free Prevention and Control of Diseases and Pests In the special climatic conditions in southern Xinjiang, there are few diseases and pests on jujube trees, and at present there are mainly scale insects in pear orchards, spider mites and jujube ticks. In order to produce green fruits, we should make full use of physical control, agricultural control, artificial control and biological control. Pay attention to nip in the bud; Choose biological pesticides, mineral pesticides and low-toxic chemical pesticides, and prohibit the use of high-toxic pesticides; Fully grasp the occurrence law of pests and diseases, use drugs in the critical period of prevention and control, reduce the dosage and reduce pesticide residues.
2.4.5 Popularizing the Technology of Planting Grass, Spraying and Drip Irrigation in Jujube Orchard In the arid and water-deficient southern Xinjiang, the implementation of water-saving irrigation technologies such as planting grass, spraying and drip irrigation in Jujube Orchard plays an important role in enriching soil, regulating ground temperature, improving the ecological environment of Jujube Orchard, increasing the number of natural enemies, and improving yield and fruit quality. Advocating intercropping alfalfa, clover and other leguminous grasses can not only improve the ecological environment of jujube orchard, but also increase the application of green manure and improve soil fertility. It can also be used as forage to develop animal husbandry, raising livestock with grass and raising livestock gardens, forming a virtuous circle of sustainable development.
2.5 Actively promote low-density cultivation and protected cultivation.
Short and close planting of jujube trees can realize early fruit and high yield, improve the utilization rate of early land and improve economic benefits. Jujube orchard is mainly intercropped with jujube and grain. It is necessary to make full use of the mature short close planting technology and adopt the planned close planting cultivation mode to cultivate wide rows and close planting. Protected cultivation of jujube trees can be used to advance or postpone the listing of fresh dates, extend the supply period of fresh dates, meet market demand and improve economic benefits, and should be actively tested and popularized.
2.6 Establish an ecological jujube garden and strengthen the construction of jujube culture.
Develop ecological jujube garden, change jujube garden from simple production and operation to compound operation, and organically combine production, ecology, tourism and culture. Establishing leisure sightseeing jujube garden is also the need of modern fruit industrialization development. There are many varieties of jujube with high ornamental value, such as Zhao Long jujube, Leihong jujube, Trilateral jujube, teapot jujube and Mopan jujube, each with its own characteristics. These varieties are reasonably combined with excellent large-fruit fresh food varieties (such as July fresh, pear jujube and winter jujube). ), and organically combine with pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, mountains, flowers, grasses and streams in the jujube garden to form a leisure and holiday place with jujube as the theme and integrating tourism, culture, ecology and appreciation; Setting up jujube museum and exhibition hall in the park to introduce jujube products (including varieties and series of processed products) and their health care and nutrition functions to tourists can guide jujube consumption, enrich people's life content and improve economic benefits, and the market potential cannot be underestimated.
2.7 Implement high-quality projects, build famous brands and enhance market competitiveness.
It is the only way for the sustainable development of jujube industry in southern Xinjiang to improve its competitiveness with the mainland jujube province, establish a brand, register a trademark, implement a quality project, expand the popularity of jujube in southern Xinjiang, and occupy the market with brands. Loulan brand jujube and Qiang brand jujube founded in Ruoqiang County have taken the lead in obtaining the green food certificate issued by China Green Food Development Center and become well-known brands of jujube in southern Xinjiang.
2.8 Gradually strengthen the postpartum processing capacity of red dates.
Jujube production in southern Xinjiang is still in its infancy. The total output of Ruoqiang County in 2006 was about 5000t, almost all of which was used for drying, and the processed products were very single. From the long-term perspective of jujube industry, it is necessary to introduce funds step by step and set up processing, storage, preservation and marketing enterprises in various forms in a planned way. In addition to producing dry products, we can also consider producing other jujube products, such as sugar products (jujube paste, jujube paste, etc.). ), jujube drinks (jujube juice, jujube tea, etc. ) and jujube fermented products (jujube wine, jujube vinegar, etc. ) and there are many channels.