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cherry

Cherry belongs to deciduous fruit trees in Rosaceae. When mature, it is bright red, delicate, delicious, nutritious and has high medical and health care value. Also known as "Han Tao".

Chinese name: cherry

Latin scientific name: false cherry

Nicknames: Cherry, Cherry, Tao Jing, Wedge Peach, Cherry, Niutao, Cherry Pearl, Han Tao and Agate.

Two-name method: fake cherry

Field: the field of plants

Door: angiosperm magnolia door

Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia

Objective: Rosa of Rosaceae.

Family: Rosaceae

Subdivision: Li Yake

Genus: Sakura.

catalogue

Brief introduction of cherry trees in Haojing Garden

Character; Role; letter

Living habits

brief introduction

kind

use

Variety selection, garden building and planting

Soil, fertilizer and water management

launch

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Brief introduction of cherry trees in Haojing Garden

Ziming

China cherry

European sweet cherry

Cherry hairy cherry

English name: cherry

Japanese name: サクランボ

Alias: Cherry, Enter, Ying Tao, Tao Jing, Wedge Peach, Ying Tao, Niu Tao, Cherry Pearl, Han Tao, Agate.

(Sakura in a narrow sense, Sakura in a broad sense)

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Character; Role; letter

Deciduous trees The plant height can reach 8 meters. The shoots are glabrous or slightly hairy. The leaves are ovoid to ovoid, 7~ 16 cm long and 4~8 cm wide, with an acuminate apex, a rounded base, double serrations of different sizes on the edges, glands on the serrations, hairless or hairless on the upper surface and fluffy on the lower surface; The petiole is 0.8~ 1.5 cm long, pubescent, and there are two glands near the top. 3~6 flowers form a raceme with a diameter of 1.5~2.5 cm, and the first leaf is open; Pedicel is about 65438 0.5 cm long and pubescent. Calyx tube cylindrical, pubescent; Sepals ovoid or oblong-triangular, reflexed after flowering. The petals are white. Stamens are numerous; Ovary glabrous. Drupe, nearly spherical, without furrows, red, with a diameter of about 65438 0 cm. March-April, and the fruiting period is May.

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Living habits

Big cherry likes warm and bright light, and is born in sunny places on hillsides or beside ditches. Suitable for planting in areas with an altitude of 300-600 meters and a latitude of 33-39 degrees north. Being afraid of waterlogging and drought, big cherry is afraid of wind and freezing. It is suitable for planting in areas where the annual average temperature is above 10- 13 degrees Celsius, the temperature changes little in early spring, and it is cool and dry in summer, with moderate rainfall and sufficient sunshine. The warm temperate East Asian monsoon continent has a semi-humid climate with moderate annual temperature, abundant rainfall, long frost-free period and early final frost period. The annual average temperature is about 12 degrees, the rainfall is more than 700 mm, and the frost-free period is about 250 days, which is suitable for the cultivation of big cherry.

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brief introduction

The cherries cultivated as fruit trees in China include China cherry, sweet cherry, sour cherry and hairy cherry.

Photo Gallery of Cherry Chinese Painting (16 photos) Cherry ripens early, and is known as the first fruit in early spring and the "first hundred fruits". It is said that orioles especially love pecking this kind of fruit, hence the name "cherry". Although the fruit is as small as a pearl, it is bright in color, exquisite as agate and precious stones, and tastes sweet and slightly sour. It can be eaten fresh, preserved or decorated with other dishes and foods, and it is very popular.

The output of cherries in China is 35 million Jin, only 29g per capita, which is equivalent to three big cherries or 15- 17 cherries in China. It can be seen that cherry has a broad market prospect. The sweet cherry varieties cultivated in China are mainly European and American varieties, which perform well in northern China. Because European sweet cherry generally needs a low temperature below 7.2℃ for 900~ 1400 hours to complete winter dormancy, it can not be cultivated in large areas in southern China. Therefore, China cherry is still the main cultivated variety in southern provinces of China. At the same time, there are few excellent cherry varieties in China, and the cultivated varieties generally have many shortcomings, such as small fruit, sour taste, fruit cracking before harvest, fruit dropping and so on. The successful breeding of black pearl, an excellent cherry variety in China, has made up for these shortcomings.

There are two kinds of wild cherries, Asia and Europe, which are unrelated to each other. Later, other cherries were cultivated. Mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere in the world, China is mainly produced in Shandong, Anhui, Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other places. Born on sunny slopes or beside ditches, it is often cultivated, with an altitude of 300~600 meters. The cherries in Ancun, Heishan, yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province are famous at home and abroad. Every year, the Cherry Blossom Festival is held in late April of the lunar calendar, and tourists from all over the world come in an endless stream! This kind of fruit is abundant in Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County, Anshun City, Guizhou Province, China. Cherry in Taihe County, Anhui Province was always tasted as a tribute by the royal family during the Qing Dynasty.

Archaeologists unearthed cherry seeds in ancient tombs of Shang Dynasty and Warring States Period. Three thousand years ago, in the Book of Rites, it was recorded that "in midsummer festival, peaches are recommended to sleep in the temple first". The "peach" here is cherry. Cherry has been listed as a tribute of the imperial court in history. The famous cherry varieties in China are sweet cherry in Xichang, Sichuan, drooping cherry in Nanjing, Jiangsu, dwarf cherry in Zhuji, Zhejiang, Taishan cherry in Tai 'an, Shandong, and Taihe cherry in Taihe, Anhui. Among them, Sichuan's sweet cherry is the most famous, with sweet taste, thin skin, juicy fruit and small fruit. Cherry Festival is held every March, and tourists come in an endless stream.

The first American cherries to enter the China market came from California. On June 8, 2007, the first batch of 1080 kg and 2 16 boxes of cherries imported from the United States in China recently arrived in Shanghai by air.

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kind

The varieties of cherry are: red light, early red, pioneer, big purple robin, early plum and early big fruit.

Among them, Hongguang and Xianfeng are the most common varieties, and they are also two high-quality varieties in cherry. The color of red light is reddish, and the short and ripe "red light" tastes slightly sweet and sour. Pioneer has a deep red color and a long fruit stalk, and the mature "Pioneer" tastes pure and sweet. Black pearl is a rare variety with slender fruit stalks, hard pulp and high sugar content.

Soft-preserved eggs (yellow and white) have slender handles, soft meat, soft skin and high sugar content.

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use

Cherry leaves are delicate and charming, and when the fruit is ripe, it is full of flowers and beautiful. Single planting, cluster planting and group planting are all suitable. If cherry orchard is opened up, flowers and fruits will bloom and the scenery will be beautiful.

Cherry color (20 photos) is very attractive. Cherry fruit can be eaten fresh, canned or made into wine. Branches, leaves, roots and flowers can be used as medicine.

Safety pyrene index of pollution-free food cherry

(in milligrams per kilogram)

Pyrenees serial number project index

1 Pb (calculated as Pb) ≤0.2

2 Cadmium (calculated as cadmium) ≤0.03

3 Total arsenic content ≤0.5

4 dichlorvos) ≤0.2

5 chlorpyrifos) ≤ 1.0

6 fenvalerate) ≤0.2

7 cypermethrin) ≤2.0

8 carbendazim) ≤0.5

Note: According to the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Pesticide Management, highly toxic and toxic pesticides are not allowed in fruit tree production.

High-yield cultivation techniques of southern cherry close planting

type

General propagation method of cherry

1. Seedling raising method

After the cherry is harvested, the peel and pulp are cut to take out the pit, the pulp except the pit is washed with clear water, and then dried in the shade for 1-2 days before sowing. When sowing, the seeds are directly sown in shallow pots, and germinate about 10-30 days after sowing. When the seedlings grow to 5- 10 cm, transplant them into soft plastic pots. Cherry seeds are easy to germinate, but the germination is irregular. Some plants often lack viable embryos, and the germination rate is often lower than 30%. The results of seedling raising method are late and the quality difference between seedlings is great.

2. Cutting method

In the spring and summer growth period, select semi-mature robust branches with a diameter of 0.7- 1.2 cm, each with a length of 15-20 cm, and insert 4-6 leaves into river sand, vermiculite, peat soil or several mixtures, all of which are suitable as seedbed substrates, especially the cuttings should be kept moist and shaded. Rooting takes place about 1.5-2 months after cutting, and transplanting is carried out after the root group grows vigorously. If face-to-face management is adopted, the survival rate can reach 60-90%. The cutting method is simple and the success rate is the highest.

3. High altitude stratification method

Select branches that have been used for more than two years, peel them annularly at the lower part near the node (destroy the phloem of this part and promote the cambium above this part to take root), and then put wet velvet into a transparent plastic bag to wrap the whole wound, and tie the upper and lower ends tightly. When it takes root, it will be cut off below the layering part, and the potted plant will become a new plant. It is usually selected in the vigorous growth period of cherries (late spring and early summer), and it is easy to take root. Although rooting is easy, the effect varies from variety to variety.

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Variety selection, garden building and planting

Focus on promoting black cherry and yellow lantern cherry (belonging to China cherry).

Cherry in China is weak in cold resistance and likes warm and humid climate, so it is suitable for cultivation in the place where the annual average temperature is 15 ~ 16℃. Sweet cherries like cold and dry. The natural dormancy period of cherry is about 80 ~ 100 days. The chilling requirement of sweet cherry for complete dormancy below 7.2℃ is 1 100 ~ 1300 hours. Sour cherry needs 1200 ~ 2500 hours. China cherry has a short dormancy period, and it is easy to germinate when the temperature warms up in late winter and early spring. If you encounter "late spring cold" (frost or snow), the flower organs will be frozen, which will seriously affect the yield and even the grain will not be harvested. Therefore, in the development, we must pay attention to whether the time when the local cold wave strikes in spring coincides with the flowering period, and we can't plant cherries in places where adverse weather (frost, snowfall, strong wind) occurs all the year round. Even in places where disastrous weather rarely occurs, it is necessary to choose suitable small terrain for planting when building gardens.

The annual rainfall suitable for cherry growth is generally 700 ~1000 mm. How to solve the problem of "spring drought" should be fully considered when building gardens in some areas in the south. Because in the early stage of fruit growth, drought will cause serious fruit drop and affect fruit growth and development.

Cherry is a light-loving tree species. China cherry is more shade-tolerant, but it has good illumination, early fruit ripening and good coloring.

Cherry is suitable for cultivation in deep, fertile and loose sandy soil. The pH value of soil is generally 6.0 ~ 7.5.

The vertical distribution of cherry roots in China is generally concentrated in the soil layer about 20 cm deep, which requires loose soil and good irrigation and drainage conditions. Heavy clay is not suitable for planting cherries. Because cherries are not resistant to transportation, the garden should be built in a place with convenient transportation.

Planting density should vary according to varieties, rootstocks and soil conditions. On the fertile and flat land, China cherries are planted in a Y shape with a density of1× 3m and 220 plants per mu. If natural clumping or natural happy shaping is adopted, it can be planted at a density of 2 ~ 3m× 3 ~ 4m. The density can be appropriately increased in the young age, and thinning measures should be taken after the garden is completed.

Planting time is generally divided into autumn and spring. It should be planted in cold, dry and windy areas of Yichun in winter and before seedling germination in spring. It can be planted in warm places in winter and autumn.

Before planting, the soil should be deeply turned and cooked, and planting holes should be dug. Apply 25-50kg organic fertilizer to each hole. After mixing fertilizer with soil, plant seedlings and water the roots immediately.

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Soil, fertilizer and water management

According to our experimental observation, the soil management of cherry should be covered by irrigation in spring and weeding in other seasons. Because mulching reduces the influence of spring drought on plants, it has a good effect on fruit growth. After harvesting cherries, remove or turn over the mulch. According to estimates, the average adult garden should cover 2000 ~ 2500 kilograms of straw per mu. Cherry trees should be fertilized 3-4 times a year. Cherry root system is particularly sensitive, so organic fertilizer should be applied throughout the process, and improper use of chemical fertilizer can easily cause root burning. Namely:

Fertilization after fruit picking

Top dressing can be applied immediately after fruit picking, mainly to restore tree vigor, promote flower bud differentiation and increase the next annual output. Immediately after fruit picking, apply decomposed manure, livestock manure or biogas slurry once. According to the results, 30 ~ 60 kg of decomposed livestock manure and 500 kg of biogas slurry were applied to each plant.

Before germination and flowering, the fruit grows rapidly.

It can be used with toilet flushing biogas slurry or decomposed livestock manure and urine, and the dosage per mu is about 1000 kg.

Apply base fertilizer well

From September to 65438+1October (southern warm area10 ~165438+1October), basal fertilizer was applied before defoliation to rejuvenate the trees and increase the nutrient content stored in the plants. At this time, the root system of cherry is in the most vigorous growth period, so organic fertilizer should be applied in the ditch with a depth of 20-30cm, and 20-25kg of organic fertilizer with 50% organic matter should be applied according to the tree potential, and the effect is better if biogas slurry is poured again.

Because it only takes more than 40 days from flowering to fruit ripening, the amount of stored nutrients greatly affects the size and quality of fruit. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer is very important, accounting for 50 ~ 70% of the annual fertilization. Organic fertilizer should be the main, such as compost, manure, rotten bean cake and so on.

In addition to the above-mentioned soil fertilization, spraying biogas slurry or foliar fertilizer twice at the interval of 10 day from the initial flowering stage to the full flowering stage is helpful to improve the fruit setting rate.

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Do plastic surgery

Natural tuft

This is a common tree shape of China cherry. Generally, there are 5-6 main branches, which spread around and grow, and each main branch has 3-4 side branches. The fruiting branches are attached to the main branches and side branches. After the main branches are aged, they are regenerated by sprouting. This tree has a wide angle, fast forming and early fruiting. However, the inside of the crown is easy to close.

Natural happy shape

Mainly used for sweet cherries. The stem is 30 ~ 40 cm high, and the whole tree has three main branches with a branching angle of 30 degrees. Initially, the central stem was retained, and after 4-5 years of planting, the central stem was removed to form a happy shape. This tree has the advantages of easy shaping, small pruning, open crown, good ventilation and light transmission, early fruiting, high yield and good fruit quality.

Trunk thinning

The stem is 40 ~ 60 cm high and has a central stem. The number of main branches is 6-7, which are scattered on the central trunk in 3-4 layers. There are three main branches on the first floor, with an opening angle of 50 ~ 60 degrees; There are two main branches on the second floor, the opening angle is about 45 degrees, and each of the third and fourth floors has 1 main branch. The spacing between the first and second floors is 60 ~ 80 cm, the spacing between the second and third floors is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the spacing between the upper floors can be appropriately smaller. There are 2 ~ 4 lateral branches on each main branch. At the same time, the fruiting branches are cultivated on the backbone branches at all levels.

Y-tree

This tree runs north and south, and each plant has two symmetrical main branches. During plastic surgery, it is necessary to set up a support frame for binding. This kind of tree has good ventilation and light transmission, easy flowering and fruiting, suitable for close planting, convenient management and good fruit quality.

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decrease

Matters needing attention

Cherry branches are divided into developmental branches and fruiting branches. There are many developing branches on the young tree. The leaf buds in front are elongated and grow, expanding the crown, and the axillary buds in the lower part produce fruiting branches. After entering the fruiting stage, most annual branches are called fruiting branches, with terminal buds outside leaf buds and axillary buds mostly flower buds. Results Branches were divided into long fruit branches (15 ~ 20cm), middle fruit branches (5 ~ 15cm), short fruit branches (about 5cm) and flower cluster fruit branches (1 ~ 2cm) according to length. Judging from the fruit-setting ability, the fruit-setting ability of long fruit branches is poor, generally around 40%; The fruiting ability of intermediate fruit branches varies with varieties; Short fruit branches have high fruit setting rate and good fruit quality; The fruit branches of flower clusters are the main fruit branches of flourishing trees in full fruit period, and the fruit setting rate can reach about 80%. The fruit has the best quality and long life, and can bear fruit continuously 10 ~ 20 years. Fruiting branches and flower cluster fruit branches are the basis of yield formation. In China cherry and sour cherry, the proportion of long fruit branches and middle fruit branches is large in the early fruiting stage, while in the full fruiting stage, the short fruit branches and flower cluster fruit branches are dominant.

Pruning of small trees

In order to promote the early fruiting of young trees, on the basis of shaping, the pruning degree of all kinds of branches should be light, mainly in the growth period. In order to control the growth of branches, increase branches and expand the crown. In winter, the pruning time should be postponed until before germination, so as to avoid dehydration and drying of the cut. In addition to cutting short the main branches and extension branches, and properly thinning out some over-dense and cross branches, the remaining middle branches should be kept as much as possible.

fruit tree pruning

Summer pruning is usually done after fruit picking. Thinning is used to remove the perennial branches that are too dense and strong and disturb the crown, adjust the crown structure and promote the formation of flower buds. When thinning large branches, pay attention to small and flat wounds for easy access.

Make peace as soon as possible. When thinning annual branches, they can be cut above the axillary buds at the base, and then thinned after the results are bare. When pruning in winter, attention should be paid to properly retracting the 2 ~ 3-year-old branches at the top of the backbone branches and short fruit branches to stimulate the vegetative growth and the continuous formation of new fruit branches, and to prevent the fruit from moving out and the crown from being bald.

Pruning of old trees

The main task is to renew and rejuvenate in time to form a COVID-19 with strong growth branches. If the main branch is weak first and then has no bearing capacity, it should be retracted in time. The life span of China cherry cryptobud is about 5 ~ 10 years. In order to retract and regenerate branches, it is best to have small branches that grow normally at the retraction position, which is less harmful to the tree. After pruning, take back the overgrown branches, select branches with proper direction, position and growth, and cultivate new main branches and lateral branches. Too much should be thinned out, and the rest should be cut short to promote branching, and then slowly released to form fruiting branches. When the big branches are updated, they should also be carried out after the fruits are picked, so as not to cause the wound to flow glue.

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Protect flowers and fruits

To protect flowers, we should pay attention to the management of fertilizer and water in spring to promote the complete construction of flower organs and normal flowering. The purpose of fruit preservation is to improve the fruit setting rate of healthy fruits. The measures are: artificial pollination; Insects visit flowers to pollinate; Spraying plant hormones, such as gibberellin (GA3), paclobutrazol and green Wei Fen foliar fertilizer. In order to promote fruit health, it is necessary to sparse flowers and fruits to prevent and reduce fruit cracking.

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