A textual research on the origin of "South China"
Jia Dao's poem "Illness Begins" reads: "The South China is rolled up under the lamp, and the sorrow is dispelled as a wine glass." Su Shi's "Man Tingfang Returning to Xi": "It's already gone! When my life comes to an end, I didn't do anything at first, and I didn't leave it behind. I listened to what my son said, so I didn't want to learn from South China. " The word "South China" refers to the book Zhuangzi, while the latter refers to Zhuang Zhou. However, I don't know when the name "South China" of Zhuangzi originated.
According to Ma Duanlin's Textual Research on Classics (Volume 211), it says: "(Zhuangzi) Tang ShiNo. Nanhua Zhenjing." ① Li Shu also explained the cloud "South China True Classics" in the Taoist Dictionary: "Zhuangzi was called a South China real person in the Tang Dynasty, so the Zhuangzi book number was" South China True Classics "." ② The Chinese Dictionary (Volume 1, page 895) interprets Nanhua as the abbreviation of Nanhua Zhenjing, and interprets Nanhua Zhenjing as the abbreviation of Zhuangzi, which began in the Tang Dynasty. (3) Ci Yuan (revised edition) explains the South China Classic: "It is also called the South China True Classic ... Although the Classic Interpretation of Lu Deming in Tang Dynasty respects Laozi and Zhuangzi as classics, there is no such name as' South China'. It was not until February of the first year of Tang Tianbao that Zhuangzi was called' South China True Man' that his book was honored as' South China True Classics'. See Tang Huiyao's Fifty Miscellanies and Old Tang Book Xuanzong Ji. " ④
Look up the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Biography of Xuanzong (Volume 1): "In February of the first year of Tianbao, Bingshen, Zhuangzi, Wen Zi, Tongxuan, Liezi, Chongxu, Geng Sang Zi, and the books written by their four sons were changed to true classics." (5) And "Tang Huiyao respects Taoism" (Volume 5) says: "On February 12th of the first year of Tianbao, Zhuangzi was posthumously awarded as a South China real person. The book written by Wen Zi, Liezi and Geng Sangzi should be discussed and heard in the middle of the book. By March 19, 28, Prime Minister Li Linfu and others called Zhuangzi the South China Real Person, Wen Zi the Tong Xuan Real Person, Liezi the Chongxu Real Person, Geng Sang Zi the Dongxu Real Person, and its Zhuangzi, Wen Zi, Liezi and Geng Sang Zi. ⑥
Obviously, the above-mentioned scholars think that the Zhuangzi "South China", or a South China real person, called its book "South China Zhenjing", which started from the Tang Dynasty, or exactly from the first year of Tianbao. They are based on the records of Old Tang Shu and Tang Huiyao, and it is correct to regard South China as Zhuangzi. However, they think that this title originated from the first year of Tianbao.
In fact, before Tianbao, there was a historical record of the Zhuangzi "South China":
Yang Jiong, one of the four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, wrote in "Li Jun Tombstone, the magistrate of Baiquan County, Yuanzhou" that "it was reborn as a mysterious yellow, and the sun and the moon re-emerged, but it did not live there, so it retired. South China is also a teacher, and my new home is cheap; Oriental talent is also humble. " ⑦ The "South China" here refers to Zhuangzi, the poet lived in the period of Emperor Gaozong and Wu Hou (after 65- 693 AD), and the biography of Yang Jiong in the Old Tang Dynasty stated that "(Yang Jiong) lived in the mansion, and there were many Jinshi pavilions, all of which were famous for their books, which made him laugh far and near. There is no official. Zhongzong acceded to the throne, with the old Liao posthumously wrote lang "8. It shows that when Tang Zhongzong ascended the throne (AD 75), Yang Jiong was no longer alive. The first year of Tianbao was in 742 AD, so it can be seen that before the first year of Tianbao, there was the title of Zhuangzi "South China".
writing a paper in Dunhuang again? In 239, there were eight quotations of "South China Theory" and * * *, which are reproduced below:
(1) South China Theory says: "Is the Tao evil hidden but true or false? Is evil hidden and right and wrong? Is the evil of the Tao going away without saving it? What's evil about keeping it? Tao is hidden in small success, and words are hidden in glory. "
(2) South China Forum: "Heaven and earth coexist with me, and everything is one with me. Now that it's one, what's the point? Now that it's one of them, is it speechless? One and words are two, and two and one are three. Naturally, in the past, I couldn't get it by coincidence, but the situation was all right! Therefore, there is nothing to do with it, so that it is three, and the situation is self-sufficient! Nothing is appropriate, because it is already! "
(3) South China talks about the cloud: "Quiet and yin are United, while moving and yang are in the same wave. Not for the sake of happiness, not for the sake of disaster. Feeling should be followed, forced to move, and forced to start. "
(4) South China says: "There are those who have a beginning, those who have a foundation without a beginning, those who have a husband without a beginning, those who have a foundation without a beginning, those who have a Russia without a foundation, and those who have an unknown fruit without a foundation."
(5) South China talks about the cloud: "There is nothing on the top, and nothing on the bottom. It is the same as the top. If you are on the same page, you will not be a minister. There is something in the bottom, and there is something in the top, which is the same as the bottom. "
(6) South China talks about the cloud: "To a man, there is no self; to a man of God, there is no work; to a saint, there is no name."
(7) On the cloud in South China: "If you ask questions, there is almost no beginning." Those who answer questions don't know. Although asked, I have never heard of Tao. There is no question in the Tao, and there is no answer when asked. "
(8) South China talks about the cloud: "I don't know is Zhihu, but I don't know what I know, and I know what I don't know."
Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi: "On South China, 25 volumes, written by Liang Kuang, 3 volumes." Also, Records of Classics of the Old Tang Dynasty and Records of Arts and Literature of the New Tang Dynasty were written as "Thirty Volumes of Liang Kuang's On Zhuangzi, a Fairy of South China". It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, The Theory of South China was changed to The Theory of Zhuangzi, a Fairy of South China. However, since then, The History of Song Dynasty, the Records of Arts and Literature and the General Catalogue of Chongwen have not been collected, nor have they been included in the Taoist Collection. Probably, this book died in the Song Dynasty. It was quoted in Dunhuang writing volume P.239, from which we can know a little about this book. Compare the above quotation with Zhuangzi, in which (1), (2) and (4) are from Zhuangzi Qi Wu Lun, (3) from Zhuangzi Deliberately, (5) from Zhuangzi Tiandao, (6) from Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Travel, and (7). In the above quotation, except for a few words that are slightly different from the popular version of Zhuangzi, it is generally the original text of Zhuangzi. From this, we can know that On South China is about Zhuangzi, and "On" is Liang Kuang's comment or interpretation of Zhuangzi. It can be affirmed that the "South China Lun Yun" quoted by P.239 "The Lost Taoist Classics" comes from Liang Kuang's book "South China Lun". It can be seen that the name of "South China" appeared in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasties.
The above two historical materials show that the Zhuangzi "South China" should be no later than the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties.
Note:
① Ma Duanlin's A General Examination of Literature and Classics, Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, 1986, 1733 pages.
② Li Shuhuan's Dictionary of Taoist Classics, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 149 pages.
③ Chinese Dictionary, Chinese Dictionary Publishing House, 199, Volume 1, page 895.
④ etymology (revised edition) (1-4 bound volumes), Commercial Press, 1987, 2313 pages.
⑤ Liu Shao et al. Old Tang Books, Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, 1975, Volume 1, page 215.
⑥ WenYuanGe Si Ku Quan Shu, Taipei Commercial Press, 1986, volume 67, page 646.
⑦ "All Tangwen", Beijing Zhonghua Book Company, 19834, Volume 194, 1965.
note 8 is the same as 4, volume 15, page 53.
pet-name ruby Huang yongwu's Dunhuang treasures, Taipei new Wen Feng publishing company, 1985, vol. 12, pp. 179-183.