(1) Land selection: cold mountainous areas and semi-mountainous areas should be selected for planting ginseng, and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests or secondary forests such as oak and linden are the best vegetation. The northeast and southeast gentle slopes are suitable, while the southwest slope is poor. Brown forest soil and mountain yellow sandy soil with thick humus layer, loose texture, good drainage and strong water permeability are suitable soils. The soil can be slightly acidic or neutral. Planting ginseng under the forest can choose oak forest, linden forest or mixed forest in mountainous area, and shady slope or eastern slope is suitable. The soil and other conditions are the same as those of cutting forest and planting ginseng. Planting ginseng in farmland refers to planting ginseng in farmland or wasteland, and sandy loam with high organic matter content, loose texture, fertile soil, good drainage and low groundwater level should be selected.

(2) Soil preparation: firstly, clear the trees, shrubs, branches, weeds and stones on the site and determine the boundary direction. Southeast Asia, Dongyang and Northeast Asia are mostly used for production, and farmers collectively refer to it as "exposing the sun", that is, the ginseng beds in Southeast Asia move from southwest to northeast; Dongyang ginseng bed is north-south; Northeast ginseng bed moves from southeast to northwest. Then pile according to the direction and specifications of the participating seedbeds, and it is best to plow the land in the spring of 1 year before the land is used to fully mature the soil; Deep ploughing can't turn out the stratum loess, and the soil will be sealed around the next summer, and the border will be made 5 ~ 10 days before planting. Generally, the frame width is 1 ~ 2m and the depth is 20 ~ 30cm. The width of the training track between the two beds is 1~2m ~ 2m. Spread the soil evenly on the border, and apply base fertilizer when making the border, mostly decomposed deer manure, pig manure, compost, green manure and so on. In order to improve the land utilization rate, some producing areas have expanded the border width to 2 ~ 3m.

2. Selecting seeds to accelerate germination: select plants that have been growing vigorously for 4-5 years to keep seeds, and pick the fruits of ginseng that are firm, full and free from pests and diseases. Soak, knead and rinse the fruit in time, peel and remove the pulp, and wash the seeds. Qianzi after germination accelerating treatment is called bud promoter. Method of accelerating germination: generally, accelerate germination outdoors, choose a site with lee and sunny, high and dry terrain and good drainage, remove topsoil, dig drainage ditches around it, and clip wind barriers. Place a germination box to treat the seeds. The height of the box is 40cm, the width is 90 ~ 100 cm, and the length can be determined according to the seed quantity. Stabilize the soil around the box, and then spread fine sand with a thickness of about 10cm on the bottom of the box. Soak 1 serving of dry seeds in water for 24 hours, then mix it with 3 parts of sand (2 parts of humus, sand 1 serving), put it in a box with a thickness of about 20cm, and finally cover it with sand with a thickness of 10cm. Build a shed to prevent strong light and rain from entering the box. Water the seeds regularly, adjust the moisture and temperature. Sow the seeds every 10 ~ 15 days before splitting and every 7 ~ 1 0 days after splitting. If the water content is insufficient, it can be watered 1 day before planting. If the water content is too high, it can be dried. The temperature of seeds before splitting is kept at 65438 08℃ ~ 20℃, and the temperature after splitting is kept at about 65438 05℃. After about 3 months, the seeds are basically cracked and can be planted. In addition, in some producing areas, pits are dug in the open space facing the sun, and wooden frames are placed in the pits to accelerate germination. The method is similar to the above. Some use indoor germination, and the method is mostly spring sowing, which is basically the same as outdoor germination.

3. Sowing: Spring sowing is from late April to early May, and generally ripening seeds are sown, and summer sowing is from late June to early and middle July. Qianzi is sown in the northern producing area, and water seeds are sown in the southern producing area. 10 sow from late September to mid-late June, and accelerate germination and sowing. All localities should master the sowing date according to local conditions.

There are three kinds of sowing: hole sowing, strip sowing and withdrawal sowing:

(1) hole sowing: on the ginseng bed surface, use a hole sowing machine according to the row spacing of 3cm×; 3cm, 3cm×5cm, 4cm×4cm or 5 cm× 5 cm specifications, sowing 1 seed per hole, covering with soil for 4 ~ 5 cm.

(2) Drill sowing: according to the specifications of row spacing 10cm and sowing width 5cm, horizontally open a flat-bottomed ditch with a depth of 5cm on the bed surface, evenly spread seeds in the ditch, and cover with soil for 4-5cm.

(3) Sowing: Take out a part of bed soil from the middle of the ginseng bed, make a ditch with a depth of 5 cm and a width of 34 cm, hug the bottom of the ditch into a slightly bow shape with a wooden rake, spread the seeds evenly in the ditch, and cover the ditch with 5 cm soil. After sowing and covering the soil, gently press it. Sowing amount: hole sowing 15 ~ 20g/㎡, drill sowing 25 ~ 30g/mz and broadcast sowing 30 ~ 35g/㎡.

There was no sowing in qianzi that year, but it only appeared the following year. Therefore, after sowing, cover the border with a layer of wormwood, and then cover it with about 10cm of soil to prevent rain from washing the border and protect it from wintering.

4. Transplanting: Spring sowing is from late April to early May, and autumn sowing is from late September to the middle and late June of 10. Autumn seeds are mostly used in production.

"3, 3 system" is mostly used to cultivate common ginseng, that is, seedling raising for 3 years, transplanting for 3 years and harvesting for 6 years. Some also use the system of "2, 2, 2", "4, 2" or "2, 4"; The "3, 3, 3" system is mostly adopted in sea cucumber culture, that is, the seedling is raised for 3 years, the first/kloc-0 transplant for 3 years, the second transplant for 3 years and the harvest for 9 years, and the "4, 3" or "3, 2, 3" system is also adopted.

Choose plants with complete reed roots, large spores, strong roots, full pulp and no pests and diseases. To cultivate marginal ginseng, we should choose ginseng with long taproot, smooth shape and few branches, and also shape it, and then plant it separately according to the size and grade of ginseng. While raising seedlings, do it and select seeds.

Before transplanting, the ginseng bed should be leveled, the transplanting ruler should be put away, and the horizontal border should be opened according to the row spacing. The shape of the groove can be determined according to the planting method. Planting, that is, planting horizontally at the border or at the rhizome end is slightly higher. Oblique planting, that is, the angle between planting and bed surface is 30. , planted obliquely at the boundary. Vertical planting, that is, the angle between planting and bed surface is 50. To sum up, the planting distance of ginseng can be determined according to the planting size, growth years and the types of cultivated ginseng. Generally, the planting spacing of two-year-old ginseng is 20cm, and the planting spacing of three-year-old ginseng and four-year-old ginseng is 25cm. The plant spacing of 2-year-old and 3-year-old ginseng is about 10cm, and that of 4-year-old ginseng is about 15cm. When planting, the outermost roots of 1 ginseng plants on both sides of the boundary are inclined to the inner side of the boundary. After planting, it should be leveled, and the thickness of covering soil should be 5 ~ 8 cm away from the plant surface. After planting, it should be slightly suppressed to make the soil dense, so as to preserve moisture and stabilize the soil and avoid ventilation. Before freezing, cover the boundary with grass, and then put soil 10 ~ 15 cm to ensure safe wintering.

Cultivation management

1. Clear the wintering bunkers and scaffolding: in the late April of the following spring, when the bed of the border is completely dirty and the wintering buds have not yet germinated, clear the cold-proof objects on the border, then loosen the whole border to a depth that does not hurt the roots and clean the drainage ditch.

Build a shed before emergence. Shading shed can be divided into full shading shed, single transparent shed, double transparent shed, arched shed and roof shed. At present, the whole shade shed is basically not used for production.

2. Loosening, weeding and topdressing: Generally, after the seedlings grow completely in the middle and late May, 1 time shall be used for loosing and weeding, and then 1 time every 20 days or so, 3-5 times a year. Level the bed surface after loosening the soil. Double transparent shed is used for shading, and fallen leaves must be covered on the bed surface after loosening the soil, with a thickness of about 10cm, so as to adjust soil moisture and prevent soil hardening.

Ginseng growth period, combined with scarification for topdressing. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed pig manure, deer manure, cake fertilizer and perilla (stir-fried) are applied to the furrows between rows. Calcium superphosphate can also be mixed with humus or decomposed organic fertilizer; You can also apply fertilizer outside the roots, that is, spray 2% calcium superphosphate solution on the leaves.

3. Pick the seedlings and help them to cultivate the soil: before the ginseng seedlings bloom, take off the ginseng buds without seeds and with commodities to reduce nutrient consumption and improve the yield of ginseng roots. Bud picking should be done in sunny days, which is beneficial to wound healing, but not in rainy days, which is easy to catch diseases.

For the aboveground ginseng plants on the edge of ginseng bed, they often extend out of the shed. In early and middle June, the ginseng plants were tilted or righted into the shed by loosening the soil. At the same time, the covering soil layer is thickened and compacted to prevent plants from lodging.

4. Dimming: In mid-June, the climate gradually picked up and the light intensity was strong. Generally, reeds, straw or Artemisia are used to make curtains, which are hung on the eaves of the ginseng shed, which farmers call "hanging flowers". Or put oak branches and hazel trees under the eaves or at the edge of the frame, which farmers call "flower arrangement" to block the strong light. However, the shade should be removed after the summer heat in order to increase the light of ginseng in time.

5. Drought prevention and drainage: During the growth of ginseng, attention should be paid to adjusting the humidity of seedbed. In case of drought, the working channel should be loosened, the ditch should be filled up, fish scale pits should be dug on the working channel, and the soil of the working channel should be pasted on the edge and border to keep the soil moist. You can also ditch behind the country for artificial irrigation. Conditional methods such as sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation and infiltration irrigation can be used. In rainy season, drainage ditches can be dug in ginseng land, and flood retaining ditches can be dug in ginseng land with large slope to prevent rainwater from infiltrating into river bed or washing away river bed; If the moisture in the border is too large, we should increase the frequency of loosening the soil and adjust the soil moisture.

6. Raise the soil to prevent cold: Ginseng planted in autumn and newly transplanted ginseng should be covered with cold-proof soil in time after sowing and transplanting, while ginseng planted in the field should remove dead stems and leaves after withering in autumn to prevent the occurrence of diseases and pests, and then spread a layer of wormwood on the edge, and then cover it with cold-proof soil, with a general thickness of 10 ~ 15 cm.

7, pest control:

(1) Diseases:

① Rhizoctonia solani: It is the main disease of ginseng seedlings. It is easy to get sick under low temperature and humidity, and bacteria invade the stem; Yellow-brown spots appear, then rot, shrink, and the plant collapses until the plant dies. Prevention and control methods: loosen the soil in time, drain the water in time, avoid the soil from being too wet, pull out the diseased plants in time when they are found, sprinkle lime powder on the ward, spray ground fungus or recover the germs; Seed dressing with pentachloronitrobenzene accounts for 0.2% ~ 0.3% of the seed weight; When dumping the soil to make a bed, apply pentachloronitrobenzene at the ratio of 15g/㎡ for soil disinfection.

(2) Rust rot: It can infect from seedlings to adults, and the soil is sticky, which is serious when ventilation is poor. After the injury, the diseased spots of roots and rhizomes were yellow-brown, which gradually expanded and penetrated into the tissue, causing decay and partial death on the ground. Prevention and control methods: pull out the diseased plants in time and disinfect them with lime; Disinfect the soil with carbendazim of 10 ~ 15g/㎡, and irrigate the affected area with 50% carbendazim or 50% thiophanate methyl 500 times at the initial stage of the disease.

③ Spot disease: generally, it begins in the first half of June, and reaches its peak in July and August, with severe rainy season and rapid spread. In the early stage, the diseased leaf spots were round or irregular water stains, and gradually expanded into dark brown, which was easy to break. When the disease spread to the whole leaf, the leaf died. Stems, pedicels and petioles are stained with dark brown spots. After the fruit is infected, it is dark brown or black and shriveled.

Prevention and control methods: clear and burn diseased leaves and branches in time; People regularly spray 1: 1 after the leaves are displayed;

120 times bordeaux mixture; Before or at the onset of the disease, spray with 400 times of 5% Tianan aqueous solution and 600 ~ 800 times of 5% wettable powder. When the disease is serious, the spraying frequency can be increased appropriately.

(4) Epidemics: It is easy to get sick due to high humidity in summer. When the soil becomes sticky and hard, it is easier to develop and spread. After the leaves are damaged, they are dark green and waterlogged; The whole plant leaves withered and drooped after infection; Root infection is yellow-brown soft rot, the root bark is easy to peel off, the internal tissue is yellow and irregular, and it has a stench. Prevention and control methods: keep the ginseng ground well ventilated and drained, cover the ginseng shed to prevent rain leakage, remove the central diseased plants in time, and disinfect the diseased spots with 5% lime milk. Spraying1:1at the initial stage of onset;

120 times bordeaux solution or 500 times Dixon solution, etc.

⑤ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The infection of ginseng roots over 4 years old mainly occurs in May-June, and the affected parts are mainly roots, reed heads and buds. After the root is damaged, the internal tissue is soft and rotten, and it is easy to break with a little pressure. At the early stage of the disease, the plant shrank slightly and withered and died in the later stage. Prevention and control methods: When transplanting, use microbial inoculum10g/m2 for soil disinfection; Spraying 1% copper sulfate solution or 800 ~ 1000 times of organic mercury bactericide before ginseng is unearthed in early spring; Transplant with 1:

Soak in 10 times liquid garlic juice for 10 minute; Dig out the diseased plants with soil in the early stage, disinfect the diseased sites with 100 times copper sulfate solution or lime, and replace the holes with new soil; Pay attention to drainage in early spring to prevent "peach blossom water" from invading the bed; The soil is often loosened during the growth period to improve soil permeability.

⑥ Root rot: It generally occurs in May, and it is seriously harmful from June to July. The diseased leaves atrophy and burn, the petiole becomes soft, the leaves droop, and the roots of ginseng rot. Prevention and control methods: choose ginseng land with good drainage and high terrain; Prevent the shade shed from leaking rain and loosen the soil frequently. The diseased plants in the growing period should be pulled out and burned in time, and the diseased spots should be disinfected with lime and replaced with new soil; Before transplanting, soak ginseng root 100 times zineb solution for 0/0 minute, but do not soak spores.

(2) Pests and diseases: The larvae of the golden leaf worm harm the roots, rhizomes and seeds, resulting in serious seedling shortage. The adult or nymph of the mole cricket makes vertical and horizontal tunnels under the topsoil of ginseng, biting off the seedlings and feeding on the roots of ginseng. The broken parts of the injured seedlings are often hemp-like. White grubs harm ginseng seedlings and roots. Black cutworm larvae harm roots and seedlings. Comprehensive control methods: ① artificial capture, light bait trapping and killing, application of toxic soil and other methods. (2) The sown or transplanted land shall be ploughed in the autumn before 1 year, and ploughed many times in the year of sowing. ③ Seed dressing with 75% zinc-sulfur emulsifiable concentrate according to the seed amount of 0. 1%; The plots with serious pests are irrigated with 700 times of 75% zinc-sulfur emulsifiable concentrate or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times of water.

Harvesting and processing

1. harvesting: common ginseng grows for 5-6 years, marginal ginseng grows for 8-9 years, and common ginseng grows for more than 15 years. The first half of September is suitable for harvesting. Remove the shade first, and then cut off the plants on the ground. Dig the state, then dig the ginseng. Dig deep and pull slowly to prevent root injury. The ginseng pulp gas is insufficient, so the shade shed can be removed about 10 days before harvesting to release rain and sunshine, so that the ginseng pulp can be filled and the yield can be improved.

2. Processing: cultivated ginseng is called garden ginseng, and wild ginseng is called wild ginseng. After digging, remove the stems, leaves and soil from fresh ginseng, scald it with boiling water or directly dry it in the sun, which is called "white ginseng" or "raw ginseng"; Boiled with sugar water and dried in the sun is called "sugar ginseng"; After steaming, drying in the sun or drying in the sun, it is called "Red Ginseng" (including Polygonum Multiflori Radix, Dendrobium, etc. ). In addition, there are ginseng segments, ginseng whiskers and white ginseng whiskers.

Note In recent years, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Liaoning provinces have developed new varieties and specifications such as Tangtongshen, Baishen (sun-dried ginseng for export), Xinkaihe ginseng, Changbai Mountain ginseng, Huangfengshen ginseng, active ginseng, nitrogen-filled fresh ginseng and gift ginseng according to the needs of domestic and foreign markets.

Medicinal material shape

1, wild ginseng: taproot and root wait for a long time, like herringbone, diamond or cylinder, 2 ~ 10 cm long. The surface is grayish yellow with longitudinal stripes, with tight and deep annular transverse stripes at the upper end and two lateral roots. The fibrous roots are slender, clear and irregular, with obvious verrucous processes, commonly known as "pearl bumps". Reed head is dry and solid, and the upper part is twisted, commonly known as "wild neck reed". Reed bowls are closely arranged in a ring, deep, horse-toothed, piled flowers or round, and the lower part is smooth without reed bowls. There are lateral and drooping adventitious roots like "jujube stones" on reeds, which are sweet and slightly bitter.

2. Sun-dried ginseng: the main root is spindle-shaped or cylindrical, with a length of 3 ~15cm and a diameter of1~ 2cm. The surface is grayish yellow, with shallow and intermittent thick horizontal stripes and obvious longitudinal wrinkles on the upper part or all, and 2 ~ 3 lateral roots and many slender fibrous roots on the lower part. The rhizome (reed head) is1~ 4cm long and 0.3 ~1.5cm in diameter. It is winding, with adventitious roots (Polygonum) and sparse concave stem scars (Lubo). Hard, pale yellow in cross section, powdery, yellow in ring pattern, with yellow-brown dotted resin channels, and radial cracks on the epidermis. The gas is single-minded, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.

3. Ginseng Rubra: The total length is 6 ~ 17 cm, and the main root length is 3 ~ 10 cm. The surface is reddish brown and translucent, with occasional opaque dark brown patches, longitudinal grooves, wrinkles and fine root marks, ring marks on the upper part and 2 ~ 3 twisted and crossed lateral roots on the lower part. There are stem marks and 1 ~ 2 intact or broken adventitious roots on the rhizome (reed head). Hard and brittle, flat section, horny. The gas is slightly fragrant, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.

4. Tang Shen: The taproot is 3 ~15cm long and 0.7 ~ 3cm in diameter. The surface is white or light yellow-white, and the needle marks formed by acupuncture can be seen, and there are many intermittent ring patterns on the upper part. Usually there are 2 ~ 3 lateral roots. Crispy, with white section and some cracks. The gas is slightly fragrant and the taste is sweet and bitter.