The First Opium War, usually called the First British-Chinese War or "Trade War" by Britain, was a war launched by Britain against China from 1840 to 1842, and it was also the beginning of China's modern history.
After the closed door, the Qing dynasty gradually fell behind the world trend, but it still maintained a trade surplus position in foreign trade. In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain began to smuggle drugs and opium to China for huge profits.
1On September 4th, 839, China and Britain clashed in Kowloon. The British fired first, and the British participated in five irregular ships. The Qing army dispatched three warships, supported by shore guns. The fighting lasted for four hours, with slight losses on both sides.
1839165438+1October 3rd, the navy led by Guan Tianpei was repulsed, and there was no British casualty. On June 22 1840, some of the main forces of the British army were prepared and began to go north to Zhoushan as planned. There are only a few ships left to block Humen.
On June 28th, 1840, the follow-up troops of the British army arrived in Guangzhou, and the first batch of British troops arrived here, including 16 naval warships, 4 armed vessels of the East India Company, 4,000 ground troops and about 7,000 people on land and sea.
On June 30th, 1840, the first batch of British troops arrived in Zhoushan.
1840 On July 2nd, nine British follow-up fleets passed through Xiamen, and the commander of the British Expeditionary Force ordered a warship to submit a Letter to Premier China to Xiamen officials. The ship anchored in Xiamen South Waterway.
On July 3rd 1840, a British ship that sailed into Xiamen South Waterway sent an interpreter ashore to deliver letters, but was stopped by the Qing army. The British ship fired on the shore, which triggered a small-scale artillery battle.
? 1On July 5, 840, the British army began to attack Zhoushan Dinghai, and the attack stopped at dusk.
? 1On the morning of July 6th, 840, British troops invaded Dinghai. The magistrate in Dinghai drowned himself, and the company commander Zhang Chaofa died yesterday. In the battle, the Qing army only participated in the war 1540 people, and only 13 people were killed or injured. The Dinghai Navy was wiped out in nine minutes, and all the British ships were only shot three times, with no casualties.
On July 20th, 1840, the news that Dinghai lost contact arrived in Beijing.
In August 1840, 1 1, the British army arrived in Tianjin, leaving troops along the way to block the coast of China. After consulting with the British commander, the Governor of Zhili, Qishan, presented the Letter to Prime Minister China to Daoguang Emperor.
On August 1840, Daoguang received the official documents. Daoguang Emperor had no intention of fighting, and due to serious mistranslation, Daoguang Emperor thought that the British came here to "avenge the burning of opium", so Daoguang Emperor allowed him to take revenge "to convince his heart with words" (so Lin Zexu was dismissed, but the British did not ask for it); Refusing to pay compensation for opium losses; Refuse to cede the island. And ordered him to "return to the south and wait for it." Of course, the British refused, and the two sides continued to negotiate. However, due to many problems such as translation and cultural differences, the two sides have not made substantial progress.
? On September 1840, 15, the British army felt uncertain about hitting Beijing, and the monsoon would end and agreed to return. Request to continue negotiations in Guangdong.
? 1On September 28th, 840, the British fleet returned to Zhoushan and learned that the British troops stationed in Dinghai were seriously ill (448 people died here at the end of the year). ?
? 1840101On October 3rd, Daoguang sent Qi Shannan to Guangdong to "remember" Yingyi.
? 1840165438+1October 25th, Zhoushan and Zhejiang officials, after several days of negotiations, unwittingly fooled by the imperial law of China officialdom "hidden rules", Zhejiang armistice order was issued, and the British army led south to Guangdong (the British army soon gave up dinghai).
? 1840165438+1October 29th, Qishan arrived in Guangzhou, and the Sino-British Guangzhou negotiations began. However, due to the wide gap between the two sides, they entered the stage of wrangling from the beginning.
? 1840 65438+On February 25th, Daoguang Emperor received the first memorial from Qi Shan, and learned that the British demanded too much (similar to "treaty of nanking") and ordered preparations.
? 1840 12.30, Daoguang Emperor received the second memorial from Qishan, thinking that the negotiations were hopeless, ordered Qishan to "not show weakness" and ordered Sichuan, Hunan and Guizhou provinces to send reinforcements to Guangdong.
? 184 1 year 65438+1October 6, Daoguang Emperor received the third memorial from Qishan, and issued a strict order: "It is unreasonable to beg for a life to deal with foreigners, that is, it is not allowed to accept it when the army attacks ... to deal with foreigners or post copybooks", and at the same time he was re-employed. During the negotiations, Qishan constantly deployed troops from all over Guangdong to Humen, and the strength of Humen reached 1 1000. Humen also became the most powerful fortress in China during the Opium War.
184 1 year 65438+1October 7, the British army launched an attack and the Battle of Humen began. The British occupied the fortresses in Dajiao and Shajiao and defeated the Qing navy. Compared with the previous performance, the defenders fought bravely, 282 people were killed and 462 people were injured. 1 1 warship sank, and it was not until the fort collapsed that they began to retreat. Only 38 British soldiers were injured. ?
? 184111on October 8, Qishan requested to reopen the negotiations, and the British army agreed to a temporary truce. The negotiations have continued until now. ? 184 1 year 65438+1October 26th, British troops occupied Hong Kong and demanded cession. 184 1 year 65438+1October 30th, Daoguang Emperor learned of the Humen War, dismissed Qishan, appointed Yishan as the general to subdue the enemy, and led troops south. Probably during this period, Yu Qian and Yan, the "hardliners" of Daoguang Emperor School, were in charge of Liangjiang and Fujian and Zhejiang respectively, and they immediately began to prepare for the war.
On February 24th, 184 1, hopeless negotiations broke down and the British army began to attack the core position of Humen. On the morning of 26th, the British army officially launched an attack. By 5 pm that day, the British army had defeated all 8,500 defenders, and Guan Tianpei died heroically. Because the shelling was mainly out of range, the British army suffered a slight loss.
1841March18, British troops invaded the British Commercial Pavilion in southwest Guangzhou and then evacuated. Due to the previous two defeats, the morale of the defenders in China was low, and the British army suffered a slight loss before the war. Yang Fang, the new counselor, made no mention of defeat in his memorial, only said that he had defeated the British army many times and was afraid of running away.
184 1 04 April 14, Yishan arrived in Guangzhou, which took 57 days and was regarded as a joke by Russian military attaché.
184 1 At the beginning of May, reinforcements from all over the country arrived in Guangdong one after another, and Daoguang repeatedly ordered that "the sails of barbarians should not be left behind". If the British "heard the wind and fled far away", the general only asked. 2 1, Yishan ordered a fire attack on British ships, and the British army suffered a slight loss. On 24th, British troops attacked Guangzhou, and by 25th, they had captured the main commanding heights and fortresses outside Guangzhou. In this battle, nine British soldiers were killed and 68 were injured. On the 27th, the Qing army asked for negotiations with the besieged British army, so it temporarily stopped fighting. And pay compensation. From June of 1 year, all British troops withdrew to Hong Kong. During this period, Yishan's memorial made no mention of failure, but won a great victory, saying that the British army raised a white flag for peace. Daoguang was overjoyed and allowed to make peace. At the same time, he ordered the withdrawal of coastal defense. As it happens, God has eyes. At this time, the British plague was rampant, and the British fleet was suddenly attacked by a typhoon, causing heavy losses. Therefore, God inadvertently helped Yi Shanlie.
184 1 On May 30th, 2008, the people in Sanyuanli fought against the British army, and their tactical success was enough to make any general of the Qing army feel ashamed. However, the British army finally broke through, killing 5 people and injuring 23 others. Another major died of fatigue. On 3 1, people surrounded the square battery occupied by the British army. During the armistice, Yu Baochun, an official who sent the main battle of the Qing side, persuaded the people to return.
1841may 3 1 day, the British foreign secretary thought that Lu Yi was too conservative towards China and sent Pu Dingcha to take over China affairs.
1841August 10, Pu Ding Tea arrived. From London to Macau, it only took 67 days, including 10 days for official business in Mumbai, so it only took 57 days on the road.
On August 22nd 184 1, the main force of the British army went north to Xiamen, and Yishan was hidden. Fortunately, the cowhide of Yishan was seen through by Yan in Xiamen, so Yan has been resisting the purport and not withdrawing the defense. And invested a huge sum of money in Xiamen, and established the strongest defense line along the coast of China-Xiamen Stone Wall. The firepower of the battery is also quite strong, with more than 400 guns and 5680 defenders.
1841On August 26th, British troops besieged Xiamen. British tactics are nothing more than frontal feint, side circuitous, easy to bypass the stone wall. Such a simple tactic has been used by the British army many times, but due to the serious concealment, Yan and Daoguang Emperor did not know. The first defender resisted fiercely at first, but was attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, and the battery lost its function and soon failed. By dusk, all the peripheral positions of the Qing army had fallen. The British also stopped attacking.
1841On August 27th, British troops attacked Xiamen. The defenders fled at night and Xiamen fell. In this campaign, the Qing army lost company commander 1 person and 7 officers below lieutenant. The number of soldiers decreased by 324. One British soldier was killed and 16 people were injured. After the war, the British army spoke highly of the defense of Shibibao. After the war, Daoguang knew for the first time that one of the British troops came to China.
On September 5th, 184 1, the main force of the British army went north to Zhejiang. At this time, Zhejiang was presided over by Yu Qian, the number one hawk, and the defense in eastern Zhejiang was fully strengthened compared with that before the war. The demoted Lin Zexu once helped organize defense in Zhenhai. After several battles, Lin Zexu realized that Dinghai was bound to be untenable and should take the initiative to give up. Of course, this suggestion cannot be adopted.
184 1 On September 25th, 2008, more than 4,000 British troops originally planned to attack Zhenhai, and were assembled on the sea between Zhenhai and Dingding due to the influence of wind. In the following days, the Qing army and the British army frequently exchanged fire in Dinghai, with slight losses.
184 1, 10, 1 In the morning, the British army launched a general attack on Dinghai. By 2 pm, more than 5,000 defenders were all defeated. The third company commander of Dinghai is dead. Two British soldiers were killed and 27 injured.
184110/October10, the British army launched an attack on Zhenhai, and several hours later, the outlying positions fell. At this time, although the battle was not over, Yu Qian, the governor of Liangjiang under the east wall of Zhenhai, knew that there was no hope, so he dived himself.
184110/0 13, the British army approached Ningbo, and Yu Buyun, the prince taibao in charge here, abandoned the city and fled, and Ningbo fell.
184 1 year 10/October 30th, "co-organizing the deployment of ministers in the official department of university students, commanding Chongwenmen, the Manchu commander in chief of Zhenghuangqi, the chief patriarch of Zhenghongqi Imperial Clan, Yong Zhengdi IV, the grandson of Heilongjiang, and the former Shengjing General" was awarded the title of General Yang Wei, and eight generals were mobilized.
1842, 10 In the early morning of March, after more than four months of preparation, the only counterattack to recover lost ground in the Opium War was launched under the command of the Book of Changes. Four hours later, a large-scale counterattack failed.
On March 2 1842 and 2 1, Liu Yunke, Governor of Zhejiang Province, gave the "Ten Fears" discount. Although it is not explicitly stated, it implies that the war is hopeless and full of danger.
1On May 7th, 842, British troops left Ningbo and assembled their forces to attack inland along the Yangtze River.
May 1842,18,2000 British troops attacked Zapu. The Qing army stubbornly resisted and many people committed suicide. Nine British soldiers were killed (including a lieutenant colonel) and 55 were injured.
In the early morning of June 1842, all the British troops in Zhapu attacked Wusong. Wusong is the focus of Jiangsu's coastal defense, and Niu Jian, the new governor of the two rivers, is personally in charge. However, by noon 12, the Qing army all fled. The Qing army killed 88 people below Chen Huacheng, the prefect of Jiangnan Waterway, and the British army killed 2 people and injured 25 people. On the same day, the second phase of British reinforcements arrived at Wusongkou, and the total strength of British troops in China reached 20,000. Compared with the Qing army, this is an unprecedented powerful army, both in quantity and quality.
On June 1842, British troops occupied Shanghai.
1842 On July 5th, a fleet of 12 British warships, 10 ships, 5/kloc-0 transport ships and 7,000 soldiers set off from Shanghai for Zhenjiang.
In July 1842, the Qing army began to reinforce Zhenjiang.
1842 July 2 1 day, the British army began to attack the city. At this time, there were only 1600 troops stationed in Zhenjiang, 2,700 outside the city, and there were not many guns. The British army only participated in the siege of 6905 troops, and the British army occupied an absolute advantage. After the battle began, the British navy organized fire to shell the Qing army outside the city. The Qing army outside the city lacked cover and no means to fight back, and soon broke up. The British organized artillery bombardment of the city wall, but there were 1 185 people stationed in the city, which was the Eight Banners of Jingkou. They have lived here for more than 200 years, so they are still blocked. At the same time, the British navy organized a small boat to attack the west gate of Zhenjiang along the waterway, which was effectively bombarded by the Qing artillery on the wall and retreated in panic. Finally, the British army, which had the advantage of firepower, invaded the city from north, west and south, and the defenders insisted on street fighting until late at night. The casualty rate of the Qing army in the city reached 30%. Zhenjiang's firepower is far less than Humen's, its city walls are far less solid than Xiamen's, its pre-war mobilization is far less than Dinghai's, and its preparation is far less than that of eastern Zhejiang. However, 39 British soldiers were killed, 130 were injured and 3 were missing. More than the sum of enemy casualties in the above four battles.
On August 2nd, 1842, British troops left Zhenjiang to attack Nanjing. Before that, the Qing side decided to make peace.
On August 3 1, Daoguang formally agreed to sign the treaty. However, on 29th, the front minister who knew Daoguang's mind had signed the Sino-British treaty of nanking.
On September 6th, officials in charge of negotiations in Qing Dynasty submitted a note to Pu Dingcha, and put forward twelve representations on treaty of nanking. These twelve items ask for trouble, leaving hidden dangers for China's future suffering; It also laid a curse for the next war. (At the same time, Daoguang Emperor in Beijing and Liu Yunke in Hangzhou wrote letters to officials in Nanjing asking for similar representations. These letters are still on the way. )
1September 7, 842, Daoguang officially agreed to sign the contract, and the first opium war was over.
1842 10, Yishan reported that Guangdong copied a western-style warship and proposed to stop building old warships, and the funds were used to build western-style warships. The matter finally fell through.
? The Second Opium War (1856- 1860)
1856, while the Taiping Army and the Qing Army fought fiercely, Britain and France, with the support of the United States and Russia, once again launched a "pirate-style" war of aggression against China. This war is essentially the continuation and expansion of the first opium war, so it is called the second opium war in history. ?
? 1854 and 1856, the Huangpu Treaty and the Wang Xia Treaty signed by the Qing government with France and the United States expired one after another. In order to further expand their rights and interests in China, France and the United States twice proposed to the Qing government to "amend the contract". In the treaty of nanking signed between the Qing government and Britain, there was no such thing as amending the treaty, but the British government also arrogantly demanded amending the treaty. Obviously, the so-called "revision" they demanded is essentially to sign a treaty that is more predatory and enslaved than the treaty of nanking. These unreasonable demands were rejected by the Qing government. Seeing that the plot to amend the treaty failed, the invaders immediately shouted fiercely: "Unless there are military demonstrations and coercion, the treaty cannot be amended or the trade situation can be improved." In order to resort to force and force the Qing government to submit, Britain deliberately created the so-called "Yaluo" incident. ?
10, 1856, Guangdong navy inspected a China smuggling ship named "Roya" near Huangpu Port, and arrested two pirates and ten China crew members on board. The owner of this ship is from China. In order to facilitate smuggling, he obtained a one-year permit from the Hong Kong authorities, but it expired at the time of inspection. Therefore, the search for the Guangdong navy is entirely an internal affair of China, and has nothing to do with Britain. However, Parkes, the British consul in Guangzhou, insisted that Yarrow was a British ship and fabricated that the China Navy had pulled down the British flag. 10 year 10 on 23rd, the British army raided Guangzhou and flagrantly provoked the Second Opium War. British invaders occupied a series of fortresses along the Pearl River and once invaded Guangzhou. China soldiers and civilians fought back. In February 65438, the people of Guangzhou angrily burned thirteen foreign firms occupied by the invaders, forcing them to withdraw from Guangzhou.
After the Yarrow incident reached London, The Times, the mouthpiece of the British bourgeoisie, immediately shouted naked: "Violence should be used against China". 1857, the British government sent Erkin, a veteran colonialist, as the plenipotentiary to lead the invading army to China for war blackmail. And note France, the United States, Russia, proposed a joint invasion. ?
? In order to participate in the war of aggression against China, France also created the so-called "Father Ma incident". Male, a French Catholic priest, illegally sneaked into Xilin County of Guangxi for more than three years and was executed by the local government in 1856. Under the banner of "protecting sacred religion", France sent Ge Luo as the plenipotentiary, led the invading army, and came to China after the British army. In order to share the spoils, the United States and Russia also sent special envoys Levi Lian and Putin Yatin to China to plan "joint action" with Britain and France. ?
? 1856 After the British invasion of Guangzhou was repelled, at the end of the second year, Britain and France assembled five or six thousand people to invade Guangzhou again. Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was foolish and conceited, underestimated the enemy, made no preparations for the enemy, and refused to let the soldiers and civilians in Guangzhou resist. He lied that "nothing happened, I will leave at dusk" and deceived himself, and finally occupied Guangzhou. After the invading army entered the city, it burned and looted, and the money taken from the government alone reached 227,000. Ye also became a prisoner. The masses ridiculed him for "no war, no peace, no defense, no death, no fall, no walk." ?
After the British and French invaders captured Guangzhou, a few stayed behind, and most of them invaded the north by warships. /kloc-0 arrived outside Dagukou in April, 858. On May 20th, the invading army suddenly broke into Dagukou and shelled Dagukou Fort. The officers and men stationed in the fort stepped forward and fought against the invading army for two hours. As the governor of Zhili, Tan Ting, and other civil and military officials took the lead in escaping, Dagubao quickly fell. After occupying Dagu Fort, the invading army directly attacked Tianjin and threatened to attack Beijing. The Qing government quickly sent plenipotentiaries Gui Liang and Hua Shanna to Tianjin to make peace with the invaders. In June, the Qing government was forced to sign the Tianjin Treaty with Britain, France, Russia and the United States.
? After the Tianjin Treaty was signed, Marx asserted: "From a political point of view, this treaty will not only fail to consolidate peace, but will inevitably lead to the resumption of war." That's what happened. The British and French invaders were far from satisfied with their rights and interests, saying that "the relevant commercial clauses in the treaty were not satisfactory". In order to extort more privileges from China, they are looking for an excuse to wage war again. ?
? 1June, 859, the British and French ministers took the opportunity of exchanging contracts and led the fleet to Dagukou angrily. They deliberately provoked, refused to take the route designated by the Qing government to land in Beijing from Beitang, and insisted on driving warships along the Baihe River to Tianjin to escort the minister to Beijing. On 24th, they blew up two big chains on the Baihe River and pulled out shovels on the river. On the 25th, Dagu Fort was suddenly shelled. The patriotic soldiers guarding the battery can't stand it any longer. They fought back in self-defense, injuring and sinking more than ten enemy ships and killing nearly 500 invading troops. The commander of the British navy was seriously injured and the deputy commander died of his injuries. The remaining survivors escaped from Dagukou with their tails between their legs. ?
? At that time, newspapers in London and Paris clamored for "massive revenge", but the Qing government had no intention of resisting and fantasizing about peace. 1in the spring of 860, Britain and France mobilized more than 20,000 troops, and more than 200 warships killed China. Occupy Zhoushan in April. In May and June, they invaded Yantai and Dalian. At the end of July, I broke into Dagukou. Capture Tianjin in August. People all over the country and patriotic officers and soldiers rose up to resist. However, the corrupt and incompetent Qing army fled at the wind and collapsed at the touch of a button. When the invading army approached Beijing, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol with his queen, leaving his brother Prince Gong behind. Surrender to the enemy for peace. ?
? After the British and French invaders landed from Beitang, they burned, killed and looted, and did everything they could. Yuanmingyuan, located in the western suburbs of Beijing, is a magnificent palace built by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty after more than 50 years of expansion and operation. It combines the essence of Chinese and foreign architecture, including all kinds of priceless treasures, rare books and precious historical relics. This magnificent garden and treasure house were looted by British and French robbers and turned to scorched earth. Even Gordon, a British robber who was present at the time, had to admit: "This is how we destroyed the most precious wealth in the world in the most barbaric way." At the same time, they also threatened to destroy the Qing palace. Under the pressure of the invaders, the Qing government gave in and signed the humiliating Beijing Treaty with Britain and France respectively, and the United States also shared various privileges according to the "equal share" clause. ?
? With the signing of the Beijing Treaty and the Tianjin Treaty, China fell deeper into the semi-colonial abyss. ?
1689, China and Russia concluded the first border treaty, the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, which stipulated that the eastern boundary between China and Russia was the waters east of the Gerbiz River, the Ergon River and the Outer Xing 'an Mountains. Legally, Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins, including Sakhalin Island, are all China territories.
? 1850, Miao Street, a town in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang, was occupied. From 1854 to 1856, ships were dispatched three times, and they broke into Heilongjiang for armed provocation and occupied Hailan artillery and other places. 1858 On May 22nd, the third day after the British and French invaders captured the castle, Muraviev, the governor of eastern Siberia of Russia, suddenly led his troops to Aihui City and threatened to redraw the border between the two countries by force. On May 28th, Yi Shan, the general of Heilongjiang Province of the Qing government, was forced to sign the Treaty of Love Faint. Through this treaty, China forcibly cut off more than 600,000 square kilometers of Russian territory north of Heilongjiang and south of outer Xing 'an Mountains, and changed the territory of China east of Wusuli River into the jurisdiction of China and Russia. When Engels exposed the crime of Russian aggression against China, he pointed out: Russia "seized a territory as big as France and Germany and a river as long as the Danube from China through the Treaty of Love." ?
1860, under the military pressure of the British and French invaders to capture Beijing, Russia submitted a new draft treaty and a unilaterally drawn map of the eastern border to the Qing government, forcing the Qing government to agree that "one word cannot be changed". Threatened: no, "it's not difficult to fight." 165438+ 10/4. Hey? Forced to sign the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. The treaty ceded more than 400,000 square kilometers of Russian territory east of the Ussuri River, including Sakhalin Island, to Russia, and imposed the direction of the western border between China and China, even taking lakes, rivers and mountains in China as the marks of demarcation. 1864 10, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty through the threat of force and diplomatic blackmail, and occupied more than 440,000 square kilometers of territory in China. ?
China was the biggest beneficiary of the Second Opium War. Through military aggression and blackmail, the Russian territory1440,000 square kilometers has been divided successively, which is equivalent to 6 Britain and 1 1 Czech Republic. This is an appalling and shameless plunder in the history of international relations. ?
? After the Second Opium War, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces quickly shook hands and made peace. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty found from the experience of being beaten twice that foreign powers wanted the privilege of being in China, but they did not object to their being emperors, and foreigners could be friends. Foreign invaders also felt that in order to consolidate and expand the privilege of aggression in China, it was necessary to foster a weak and incompetent regime like the Qing government as a tool of their colonial rule. As a result, these two reactionary forces stepped up their collusion, used each other and made counter-revolutionary deals with the enslaved people of China.
? China people's "anti-aggression" struggle 184 1 In May, the people of Sanyuanli in Guangzhou defeated the British invaders?
184 1 In May, the British troops occupying Sifangbao in Guangzhou went to Sanyuanli to rob property and rape women. The local people rose up and killed several British soldiers. Subsequently, people near Sanyuanli 103 Township surrounded Sifang Fort and lured the enemy to Niulangang in Sanyuanli. It was raining cats and dogs, and the British gun went dumb. People armed with knives, spears and hoes stormed the situation, and the number gathered more and more. It was only after the arrival of British reinforcements that the besieged British army was rescued.
1841may 3 1 day, sanyuanli people surrounded Sifang fort again, and the British army was frightened, forcing the Guangzhou magistrate to forcibly dissolve the anti-British team. When British troops withdrew from Humen, they issued a notice, threatening the people of China to "never do it again". The people of China immediately issued a "Shenyang Post Notice", warning the British army that "if you dare to come again, you can deal with it yourself without officers and soldiers and state funds, and kill all your pigs and dogs, so as to eliminate the vicious harm in our village"!
? Left to fight against Russia and recover Xinjiang.
1864, by signing the Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty with the Qing government, Russia occupied more than 440,000 square kilometers of land in western China and attempted to annex the whole of Xinjiang. 1865, Akuta, the aggressor of the vast khanate of Central Asia, led an army to invade Xinjiang and established a reactionary regime with the support of Britain. 187 1 year, Russia sent troops to occupy Yili area. Xinjiang is in danger of being dismembered and annexed. In the middle and late 1970s, with the active promotion of Zuo and others, the Qing government successfully launched a war to recover Xinjiang, safeguarded China's territorial integrity, and shattered the plot of dividing up and embezzling Xinjiang between Britain and Russia.
? 1860, Taiping army beat up the "foreign gun team"
During the period of 1860, the revolutionary movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom flourished. Under the guidance of the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan, the Taiping Army liberated almost half of China. The victory of Taiping Army frightened the corrupt Qing government. They are cruel to the people, but they bow and scrape before imperialism. In order to suppress the Taiping Army, they shamelessly turned to the invaders for help, and spent a lot of money to organize a foreign gun team led by American hooligan Wall. Faced with the dual pressures of imperialism and feudalism, the Taiping Army was not afraid. Under the leadership of King Tan Shaoguang, they defeated the foreign guns team again and again, which taught the invaders a painful lesson.
? ? 65438+On March 29th, 0895-1895165438+1October 26th, the people on the island of Taiwan Province Province continued their 20-year anti-Japanese uprising.
1894 After the defeat of the Qing court in the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894, treaty of shimonoseki ceded Taiwan Province Province and Penghu to Japan permanently. The corruption verdict of the Qing court made the people of Taiwan Province province extremely angry, and the countries around the world stood by for their own interests. In this isolated situation, Taiwan Province Province became angry and self-reliant. On May 25th (1895), in the early summer of the same year, Taiwan Province democracy was established. The Japanese army landed in Beiao, Taiwan Province Province (now Gongliao Township, Taibei County, Taiwan Province Province), and captured Cheng Nan in the late autumn of the same year. Taiwan Province, a democratic country that lasted less than five months, officially collapsed. Until June 26th, 65438 10, in the decisive battle of Huoshao Village (now Changxing Village, Changzhi Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan), only the Hakka army in Liu Dui area in southern Taiwan Province was still dealing with the Japanese army. The battle lasted about six months from May 29th, 1985, when the Japanese army landed, to the end of the same year. * * * caused the death of 14000 soldiers in Taiwan Province province, countless volunteers in Taiwan Province province, innocent people in Taiwan Province province were slaughtered, and only 164 Japanese troops were far away from the Japanese imperial army in the battle.
? 1885, Feng Zicai resisted France in the Sino-French War.
1February, 885, the French army attacked lang son, and the governor of Guangxi, Pan, left without a fight. Ten days later, the French army invaded Nanguan Town (now Friendship Pass). Due to the shortage of troops and difficult supply, it burned down and retreated to Yuan Wen (now Deng Tong) and lang son, waiting for another opportunity. At that time, Feng Zicai, a veteran, was ordered to assist military affairs outside Guangxi and rushed to Zhennanguan to reorganize troops and deploy troops. Knowing that the French army would invade Nanguan town, they built a long wall seven feet high, three miles long and ten feet wide at the pass, spanning the east and west ridges. Trenches were dug deep outside the city wall, and a relatively complete defensive position was built. On March 23rd, the French army occupying lang son rushed out of the crowd and pounced on Nanguan Town. 24, invasion of the city wall. Feng Zicai led the foot soldiers out of the wall and encouraged the soldiers to fight bravely. In the end, the French army repelled and stopped its spying activities on the border of China. According to the records of the French army, 74 people were killed and 2 13 injured. The Qing army went after Yuan Wen and Langzi in a losing streak, and drove the French army to the south of Langjia, seriously injuring nigri, commander-in-chief of the eastern front of the French army. The French army is in trouble.