First, build a garden.
Garden selection criteria: Topographically, it is advisable to choose sunny or semi-sunny slopes in the middle and lower part of the hillside to build gardens in a flat area with good soil ventilation; However, the top of the mountain, sandy land, waterlogged depression, thin soil layer and high groundwater level are not suitable for farming and garden construction; It is required that the thickness of soil layer is not less than 1 m, and it is easy to form a "little old man" tree when cultivated in shallow soil layer.
Standard of soil preparation: the specification of large hole soil preparation is 1m× 1m× 1m, the trend of walnuts is parallel to the contour line, and the surrounding area of walnut orchard should be fenced and drained.
Planting standard: the planting time should be from June of the first year 1 1 to February of the second year, and the covering soil for planting seedlings should not exceed the neck position of seedlings. After planting, you should water your feet and cover them with plastic film to keep warm and moist.
Planting density: The planting density is determined according to the planting mode, in which the density of the walnut orchard in the forest-farmer intercropping mode is lower than that in the pure walnut orchard, and the narrow row spacing is 4m, the wide row spacing is10 ~12m, and the density per mu is 17 plants. Pure forest planting in walnut orchard: the spacing between plants is 4m× 5m, and the density is 33 plants per mu.
Seedling standard: First-class and second-class seedlings should be selected for afforestation, with normal leaf color and full lignification, height of seedlings above 40 cm, diameter of normal parts above nodes above 0.8 cm, reserved length of main roots 15-20 cm, and number of lateral roots 15 or above.
Intercropping requirements of forest and grain: Intercropping tall crops requires "walnut rows", and the row width is increased by 1 m on the basis of crown width; Crops such as dwarf beans can be intercropped in the "Walnut Row", such as intercropping dwarf crops in the whole garden, and fertilization areas should be left around the trees.
2. Tree body and fertilizer management in walnut orchards with different ages
1, management of infancy
The juvenile age is 65438+ 0 ~ 4 years after planting. During this period, the main task of cultivation management is to accelerate the growth of trees, make them shape as soon as possible, and cultivate high-yield trees, laying a good foundation for high and stable yield in the future.
Fertilization management: Fertilizers are divided into base fertilizer and topdressing, commercial fertilizer is topdressing and farmyard fertilizer is base fertilizer. Apply urea or compound fertilizer 150g-650g per plant in furrow every year, and apply it in two or three times; After May, topdressing, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, accounted for about 30% of the whole year. Commercial fertilizer was stopped after August, and basal fertilizer was applied from September to June, 65438+ 10 (autumn and winter). One is to apply farmyard manure 15-25kg/ plant, and the other is to apply compound fertilizer with commercial manure, accounting for about 70% of the whole year. Compared with 1-2 years, nitrogen fertilizer decreased by 50% and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increased by 2 times in the third and fourth years.
Plastic pruning: Due to the characteristics of heavy rainfall, long growth period, large annual growth of trees, weak branching ability, late fruiting and low rate of lateral fruiting branches in the south, the mode of pruning only once a year before and after dormancy period cannot be adopted in the north, and young trees are mainly supported by branches. It is necessary to cooperate with more fertilization, more coring and short cutting (short cutting) to promote the amount of branches, and "only cutting without cutting" to promote the formation of crown as soon as possible. The stem is fixed at the height of 1.2- 1.5m, and 2-3 strong branches are left in the spring of the next year to be cultivated into main lateral branches. For branches with a thickness greater than 1.5cm, in mid-May, when the branch length reaches 0.7- 1m, the secondary lateral branches develop coarsely in the direction of lateral buds. Branches below 1.0 cm are not capped. In autumn and spring, strong branches are promoted and backbone branches are cultivated by returning or re-cutting.
2, the management of the first fruit period
The first fruiting period is 5-7 years after colonization. During this period, the main task of management is to continue to complete the cultivation of high-yield trees, bear fruit as soon as possible without hindering the cultivation of trees, and strive for early high yield.
Fertilization management: from April to July every year, compound fertilizer is applied in the border for 2-3 times, and the whole plant fertilization amount is 850g- 1500g. The first fertilization time is in the middle of June, and the fertilization amount accounts for 20-25% of the whole year. Commercial fertilizer is stopped in August. 65438+ 10 (autumn and winter) was applied with base fertilizer from September to June, and 15-25kg/ plant was applied with farm manure, and the application amount of commercial fertilizer accounted for about 75-80% of the whole year.
Trimming: Under normal circumstances, Qing Xiang is cultivated in this area. In the fifth year, the crown width of the tree is about 2.5-3 meters, and the ground diameter reaches 6-8 cm. The flowering rate of lateral buds of fragrant walnut is low. At this stage, it is necessary to deal with the relationship between fruit and tree growth, supplemented by appropriate fruits, and mainly to cultivate trees. Pruning and shaping is mainly to cultivate branches with large fruit. When pruning in autumn and spring, the delicate branches should be cut off from the base of the branches at one time. Short-circuiting or coring the main lateral branches every 1 m or so to form secondary branches of the main lateral branches, and pruning them in time to avoid the formation of polished main branches. The secondary branch group repeatedly picked the core or cut it short, and the medium and short fruiting mother branches were cultured.
3. High-yield management
The high-yield period is 8 ~ 40 years, during which the main task of cultivation management is to adjust the contradiction between growth and fruiting, so as to make it stable and high-yield year after year. Therefore, at this stage, reasonable branches should be kept and the ratio of vegetative branches to fruits should be controlled to achieve the goal of stable and high yield.
Fertilization management: the total fertilization amount of trees in high-yield period is about 2-3 kg/year per 100 kg of dried fruit 15-25 kg/year. Among them, 75% of the total fertilizer is applied in furrow in autumn and winter, and the main types of fertilizers are organic fertilizer and commercial compound fertilizer, and the amount of heavy phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is applied; In the first half of June, 25% of the growing season is topdressing through furrow application or foliar spraying. Apply heavy nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and spray trace element fertilizers such as potassium and zinc in combination with pest control.
Shaping and pruning: at this stage, the vegetative branches are moderately re-cut, the branches are lengthened, the weak branches are deleted, the lateral branches are cultivated, the sprouting branches are rationally used to renew the branches, the fruiting amount is adjusted, and the years of high-yield period are prolonged.
4. recession management
The senescence stage is characterized by the weakening of growth potential, the decline of fruiting ability, the death of main branches and the emergence of branches from main branches or other parts. Management has a very important relationship with the time when walnut trees enter recession. Walnut trees in recession are mainly transformed by crown regeneration and under-tree regeneration measures.
Regeneration under the tree, pumping slots to change soil, adding heavy fertilizer to supplement tree nutrition and promote the growth of branches and leaves.
Crown regeneration mainly adopts returning pruning, promoting germination and cultivating branches.
Three. Soil and field management
Soil management: Walnut orchards advocate proper intercropping, and plough and loosen the soil at least once a year.
Water management: Water is the main component of trees. Attention should be paid to water management in walnut high-yield orchards, especially during the filling period of young trees and drupes, to ensure timely and sufficient water supply, but to avoid water stains of walnut trees and plots with weak soil permeability, and to pay attention to rhizosphere water accumulation.
Weed management in the field: Young walnut trees should avoid grass shortage, and artificial or chemical herbicides should be used to control weeds in late May, mid June and mid August every year.
Fourth, pest control.
The serious pests and diseases that harm walnuts in western Hubei mainly include bacterial black spot, brown spot, longicorn, walnut silkworm moth, walnut limb moth and so on. There are many diseases and insect pests in walnut, so a single control method will not be ideal. Taking comprehensive control measures will get twice the result with half the effort. The principle of prevention and control is to adopt a comprehensive prevention and control method, that is, to choose site conditions that are conducive to the growth of trees, create an environment that is not conducive to the occurrence of pests and diseases, improve the growth potential of trees, and increase the resistance of trees. When the occurrence of pests and diseases reaches the level of economic prevention and control, we should first eliminate the source of overwintering diseases in time, reduce the source of pests and reduce the population base; Followed by Beauveria bassiana, black light and other physical or biological control; Third, take chemical measures. The occurrence and control of several main pests and diseases are as follows:
1, walnut black spot disease
The pathogen is bacteria, which mainly harms young leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits of walnut. Causes inflorescences and leaves to fall early, forming withering technology and early fruit (black fruit).
Physical control: The degree of disease occurrence is closely related to rainfall. Orchards that often appear should be pruned in winter to remove diseased fruits, branches and leaves and burned centrally.
Chemical control: Spraying preventive bactericide before germination. In the growing season (recurrence usually begins in late May), 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000 ~ 1200 times solution, 60% zineb 600 ~ 800 times solution or Sheng Da M-45 600 ~ 800 times solution and 72% agricultural streptomycin 3000 ~ 4000 times solution were used for prevention and control.
2. Walnut lifts moths
Harmful symptoms: Larvae eat walnut kernel or seed coat, causing fruit drop, those who eat pericarp turn black and sink, and the fruit turns black and shriveled, so it can't be eaten, resulting in reduced production. There are two generations in a year, and the mature larvae overwinter in the soil, between rock and soil, and in the old skin cracks at the roots. Generally, the depth of soil under the canopy 1 ~ 2 cm is the most. Emergence began in late April of the following year, and the peak of emergence was from early May to early June. Eggs are mostly laid in the seam between two fruits, in the residual traces of pistil falling off, and in the scars on the surface of fruits. General 1 fruit yield 1 ~ 2 eggs. From late May to mid-July, the first generation larvae are in danger. In mid-May, the first generation larvae began to feed on seeds through the endocarp, and the moth holes were very small, resulting in a large number of fruit drops, but the epicarp was not obviously damaged. From mid-July to late July, the second generation larvae feed in the mesocarp, which makes the outside of the fruit black and sunken, forming "walnut black", and the damaged fruit does not fall off.
Physical prevention and control: pick up the fallen fruit in time every day, collect the black walnuts on the trees in autumn and burn them to eliminate the larvae; From late autumn to winter, plough the soil above 15cm to kill overwintering larvae or pupae; In large-scale cultivation, a black light is set every 30 ~ 40 mu during the adult emergence period from May to September to lure moths to kill.
Chemical control: In the case of serious damage last year and no other physical control measures were taken, the trees were sprayed with chemicals at the initial stage of adult emergence, with an interval of 10 ~ 12 days and 3 ~ 4 times. The following chemicals can be used alternately: diflubenzuron 6000 times, 2.5% kungfu EC 1500 times, dichlorvos 1500 times, fenitrothion 1000 times, phoxim 1000 times and metronidazole 20%.
3.walnut elephant
Danger symptom: the exocarp of drupe is eaten by adults. Shoots and twigs are eaten by young insects, making them fall off early. The insect occurs once a year, and the overwintering adults begin to move in the forest in late April, sucking the juice of young leaves of walnut and supplementing nutrition. Eggs are laid in young fruits in early May, and the egg period is 65,438+05 ~ 20 days. Hatching began in early June, and the newly hatched larvae gradually entered the fruit from the exocarp and fed on nuts. After 5 ~ 65 days and 438+00 days, the damaged young fruits fell off, and the total number of young fruits fell off in the middle and late June reached 60 ~ 70%. Larvae live in drupe for 20-25 days and begin to emerge in early July. It takes about 3-5 days for the celestial body to climb out of the drupe after hardening, and then gradually drill into the soil or crevices for the winter in mid-August.
Physical control: ploughing in winter/soil above kloc-0/5 cm can eliminate some adults; From the beginning of June, all the early fruit drops were collected and burned every day. After several years, the effect was very good.
Biological control: When the air humidity is high from April to May, spraying for 2 to 3 times can basically control the harm of Beauveria bassiana.
Chemical control: from the spawning period of adults in early May to the hatching period of larvae in early June, 40% omethoate 1500 times, 20% metoclopramide-2,000 times and 25% deltamethrin-2,500 times were sprayed to kill adults and newly hatched larvae, once every 10 day/kloc-0 times.
4. longicorn beetle
The harm of longicorn beetles has the characteristics of many kinds, miscellaneous eating habits and strong concealment, that is, there are many kinds of longicorn beetles that harm walnut trees, and the same kind of longicorn beetles also harm other tree species, so the symptoms of tree damage are not obvious at the initial stage. The main methods to prevent and control the harm of Walnut Anoplophora longicorn are to pay attention to inspection, do a good job in orchard sanitation and enhance tree vigor. Once black water or insect dung (fine sawdust) is found on the bark, cotton balls or small pieces soaked with 40% omethoate 500 times or dichlorvos 500 times will be stuffed into the insect holes, and the holes will be sealed with wet yellow mud and appropriate amount of salt.
5, walnut ginkgo silkworm moth
Harmful symptoms: Walnut Ginkgo moth has one generation a year and overwinters with eggs. In Xingshan, it usually hatches in the middle and late April, and the newly hatched larvae mostly live inside and outside the cocoon, between the leaves or in the cracks in the trunk bark. When the weather is warm during the day, they climb the branches to feed on new leaves, and ten or more groups gather leaves for food, eating little. From May to June, the larvae are scattered and the food intake is greatly increased. When it is hot at noon, the larvae climb along the trunk to the shade to stop or drink water. From late June to early mid-July, the mature larvae grow weeds between branches and leaves or under trees, and the leaves on shrubs cocoon and pupate, and the pupation period is from February to April. Adults emerged from mid-August to 65438+ 10 and began to lay eggs. Eggs are laid in cocoons, old tree skins or cracks, and gather in piles. Adults have strong flying ability and phototaxis, and their life span is 5-7 days.
Occurrence characteristics: the larvae have a wide range of feeding habits, and the larvae mainly harm walnuts, Pterocarya stenoptera, poplars and elms, and even feed on corn leaves in severe cases; The damage time of larvae is obviously related to temperature. In areas where pests occur, such as Zhang Jiahe Formation in Huang Liang Town, damage began at an altitude of 400m around May 22nd, and at an altitude of 1200m in Huang Liang Town around May 29th. Aggregation and dispersion: 1, the 2 nd instar population gathers leaves to feed, and the 3 rd instar larvae are harmful after dispersion.
Physical prevention: paint white. Last year, the trunk was painted white, and the occurrence of walnut and ginkgo moth was significantly reduced. Kill eggs. From 65438+February to February of the following year, eggs in cracks or branches of bark are destroyed by smashing, chiseling and scraping, or the trunk is painted white with lime slurry or sulfur mixture, and the drying height is about 1.5m to kill larvae. From mid-April to the end of May, the newly hatched larvae were eliminated by using the pre-3rd instar larvae. Destroy the pupa. In July and August, cocoons and pupae on trees and among weeds will be removed, and centralized elimination will be carried out. During the adult emergence from late August to September, black light traps and kills adults.
Chemical control: Chemical control can be used in local areas with high population density and more larvae after the third instar, and 0.2% metronidazole or methamidophos can be sprayed with a sprayer to kill the larvae.
Biological control: Beauveria bassiana was released in windy weather in mid-May.
Five, flower and fruit management
In the middle and late April, when the male flowers are about 1 cm, remove 50-80% of the inflorescences of the whole tree, and the sooner the male flowers are removed, the better. Generally, the layout of pollination trees is reasonable, and pollination is not needed in high-yield gardens under normal flowering period. If pollination is needed, the following steps are adopted for pollination. Collecting inflorescences: The male flowers of Zhong 5 or other pollinated trees in the pollinated forest are about 6- 15cm long, and the inflorescences are collected with micro-Huang Shi on the surface. Pollen collection: spread the inflorescence on the newspaper and put it indoors at a temperature of about 25 degrees. Pollen can be collected after the inflorescence is dried for about 1-2 days. Pollination: mix pollen and fossil powder according to the ratio of 1: 3-5, and spray with a duster.
Six, walnut harvesting
Harvesting time: the green peel of walnut turns from green to yellow, and the fruit of13 can be harvested after cracking. It is best to pick it manually or fall off naturally when harvesting.
Peeling: If the olive is harvested, it needs to be peeled. Method 1: naturally stacking and retting, that is, naturally stacking olives 50 cm thick, covering them with plastic film for 4-5 days, and then peeling them. Method 2, artificial ripening, that is, spraying 0.3 ~ 0.5% ethephon solution on the green fruit pile and covering it with plastic film, the green skin can be peeled off after 2 ~ 3 days, and the effect is better than that of natural composting.
Cleaning: put the peeled walnuts in a pool (running water is better), stir and clean with a bamboo broom, and pay attention to changing the water in time.
Nut drying: commonly used drying or sun drying. Sun-drying method, that is, the washed walnuts are spread on a bamboo mat in a ventilated and cool place. After the water on the surface of walnuts evaporates (usually it takes half a day to a day), they are exposed to the sun. When the nuts are exposed to the sun, they are brittle and easy to rub out by hand, and the color of the kernel skin changes from milky white to light yellow. Drying method, that is, timely drying in a special curing barn.