June planting method of pepper in open field
Pepper planting in open field in June is a pepper cultivation technique. Pepper is a plant that likes high temperature and humid climate conditions and is not tolerant to low temperature. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 25-30℃. When the temperature drops to 15-20℃, the seeds germinate slowly, and almost no seeds germinate below 15℃. When the flowering period is below 15℃, the fertilization is poor, and a large number of flowers fall. When it is below 8℃, it will not bloom, and the pollen will die and fall off. Even if a few young fruits are planted, they are not fat and easy to deform.
But when the temperature rises above 35℃, the pollen will be abnormal or sterile, and it will also be unable to fertilize and drop flowers. Therefore, the suitable temperature is 25-30℃ during the day and 18-20℃ at night. Pepper is not strict with light, and cucumber and tomato have much lower requirements for light intensity. Although it has strong resistance to weak light, long-term weak light can also cause flower drop, fruit drop or abnormal fruit.
Cultivation techniques of grape in open field
First, build a garden.
1, variety selection
Seedless varieties suitable for high humidity and high temperature climate in southern China should be selected for open-field vineyard cultivation, and European and American hybrids are the most suitable. Judging from the current situation, Yuhuihong, Giant Rose, Nankang Seedless, Xiahei Seedless, Venus Seedless (that is, Blue Ocean), Himlraut and other varieties are the best, and their economic benefits are several times higher than those of Giant Bee and Fujiminori. These varieties not only adapt to the climate characteristics in the south, but also have strong resistance and high yield, which are suitable for large-scale economic planting in the south.
Variety selection is very important
2. Land selection and land preparation
Grape has strong adaptability, which is characterized by its light-liking, waterlogging resistance and lax requirements for soil. When building the garden, sandy land with abundant sunshine and flat terrain is still selected, and slightly acidic to neutral soil with PH value of 6 ~ 7 is more suitable. It is best to ditch north and south before planting to improve the soil. If the conditions are not met, the holes can be expanded year by year to improve the soil after planting.
Step 3 plant
Grapes can be planted from September to March every year. When planting seedlings, 3 ~ 5 buds should be shortened to promote vigorous branches, and green leaf seedlings should be picked at a height of 30 cm to promote branches.
The planting density of grapes should depend on the frame shape used. At present, the best in South China are single-wall hedge frame, double-wall hedge frame and V-shaped frame. Single wall manuscript = hedge spacing 2? 1 m mu (222 plants planted) double-wall hedge frame and V-shaped frame, with row spacing of 2.5? 1 m (266 plants per mu) is more suitable. After planting, you must immediately water your feet.
Second, shaping and pruning
1, plastic surgery
Grapes grow very fast, and a large number of flower buds can be formed in the first year of planting, and there will be a certain yield in the second year, so it is necessary to build a framework for shaping when planting.
(1) single-wall fence frame
The abbreviation of single hedge frame is easy to shape, convenient to build a frame, good ventilation and light transmission conditions, which is conducive to improving the quality of berries; Field operations such as pest control, intertillage, fertilization, coring and harvesting are convenient, suitable for close planting, early high yield and convenient for mechanized operation. Each row has a shelf surface, which can be adjusted according to the variety characteristics, tree potential, tree shape, climate and soil conditions; If the variety grows vigorously and the soil is fertile, you can use a high tripod. In addition, the height of the frame depends on the line spacing. When the row spacing is 2m, the frame height is about 1.5m, and when the row spacing is 2m, the frame height is 1.8 ~ 2m. Frame materials can be cement columns, wooden sticks, bamboo poles, steel wires, etc.
Erection method: set a column every 4-6 meters in the line, and pull a transverse steel wire or bamboo pole every 50 cm, * * * 3-4 times. In rainy areas, the first steel wire or bamboo pole can be higher than the ground, about 60 cm, to improve the fruit position. The plants are pruned in a fan shape or with single stem and two arms. The main vines and fruiting branches are tied to the first to second cross bars or steel wires respectively, and the new shoots are mainly tied to the third and fourth steel wires and cross bars.
Establish a framework
(2) Frame shape of double-wall fence
This frame shape is the most widely used in South China at present, with strong wind resistance, good ventilation and light transmission, high output and fast production speed.
Erection method: according to the row spacing of 2? 0.5 meters or 2? 1 meter colonization. Erect scaffolding immediately after planting. Scaffolding materials can be cement columns, stone pillars, wooden sticks and thick bamboo poles. Thick bamboo poles have the lowest cost and are the most convenient for scaffolding. When building the frame, two rows of columns with a height of about 2 meters are erected at the left and right ends 40 ~ 50 cm away from the planting line, and the column spacing depends on the material of the frame. Take thick bamboo poles as an example, the distance should be 1.5? It is advisable to tie a small bamboo pole 50 ~ 60 cm above the ground on the post, then tie a bamboo pole every 40 ~ 50 cm (iron wire can also be used instead of bamboo pole) to fix branches and vines, and add a crossbar at the top of the post every 2 ~ 4 meters to fix the fence frame.
(3)V-shaped frame is suitable for 2.5? 1 Mi Mi planting garden. In the year of planting, the plastic frame was built. Bamboo poles, cement columns and iron wires can also be used as frame materials.
Scaffolding method: Take bamboo poles as an example: when planting seedlings with a height of 30 cm, scaffolding should be started. When scaffolding, insert two bamboo poles (about 2.5 meters long, the same below) obliquely above the seedlings at a 90-degree angle of 30 cm from the ground, and vertically in the row. A pair of bamboo poles will be inserted obliquely every 2 ~ 3 meters, and the upper ends of the bamboo poles will be fixed with straight bamboo poles. Then tie the first bamboo pole horizontally (parallel to the row direction) to the bamboo pole obliquely inserted 30cm away from the intersection, the second horizontal bamboo pole 50cm away from the first horizontal bamboo pole, and the third horizontal bamboo pole 60cm away from the second horizontal bamboo pole.
prune
Due to the large growth of grapes, attention should be paid to pruning in summer. Pruning in summer is mainly to core the main shoots several times to thicken the main vines and leave 1 ~ 2 leaves for the secondary shoots repeatedly to promote the development of winter buds and form flower buds. At the same time, coring can control the excessive growth of nutrition, and play a role in protecting flowers and fruits, improving quality and yield.
Pruning in winter is mainly to select and keep the fruiting vines in the second year to control the yield. Pruning usually leaves 3 ~ 6 buds, which varies with varieties. All buds of Jinxing seedless grape 1 ~ 6 can form flower buds, which are suitable for very short pruning. 1 ~ 3 buds can be reserved for short pruning. Himlrault will form flower buds in 3 ~ 8 buds, and short shears must leave 3 ~ 6 buds. Each plant will maintain 4-6 fruiting branches for a long time, and the rest will be sparse or updated according to the situation.
decrease
Third, flower and fruit management.
1, sparse inflorescence, pruned inflorescence, and sparse fruit grains.
(1) The main purpose of thinning inflorescence is to further adjust the yield on the basis of wiping buds and fixing branches, achieve reasonable plant load, save nutrition, and improve fruit setting rate and fruit quality. Generally, the yield per mu is controlled between 1500 ~ 2000 kg, reaching the standard of high quality and high efficiency. When the inflorescence number and size of new shoots can be clearly identified, it should be carried out as soon as possible to save nutrients and promote growth. For varieties with strong growth potential and large inflorescence (such as giant rose and Himlraut) and varieties with serious flower falling (such as Zizhenxiang), it can be delayed appropriately. A few strong branches generally have two inflorescences, and the fruit branches with moderate growth are 1 inflorescence, and the weak branches are not left. Ensure that every 500 grams of berries produce about 30 ~ 40 normal leaves to make nutrients for them (medium-sized leaves standard), achieve a reasonable leaf-fruit ratio, and ensure the quality and quality of berries.
(2) The purpose of inflorescence pruning is to make the panicle shape compact, neat and beautiful. While thinning the inflorescence, the inflorescence should be shaped according to the variety characteristics. For varieties with large ear and obvious accessory ear (such as seedless prince and Simlaut), the accessory ear should be cut off as soon as possible, and the ear tip with the whole ear length of 1/4 or 1/5 should be pinched off. For varieties with small panicle and good panicle type (such as Jinxing seedless, Zizhenxiang, Nankang 1, etc. ), can be properly treated.
(3) After the fruit-thinning inflorescence is reshaped, there are still many fruit grains per inflorescence, which still can't meet the standard of producing high-quality fruit. When the size of soybean is large, it is necessary to thin the excess fruit. It is mainly used to remove small, deformed and over-dense fruit grains with poor development, especially for varieties with dense fruit grains and expanded ear (such as Xia Redmi and Jinxing seedless), some fruit grains must be removed, otherwise some fruit grains will be crushed and extruded. When ripe, cracked fruits, small grains and olives become thinner, the size of fruit grains is neat and the appearance is beautiful, reaching the standard of high-quality fruits.
2. Methods to prevent falling flowers and fruits
It is a normal physiological phenomenon that grapes drop flowers and fruits, mainly because of poor pollination and abnormal development. However, if the falling flowers and fruits are serious, it will bring huge economic losses to growers. The primary factor causing flower drop and fruit drop is related to the characteristics of the variety itself; Secondly, the climatic conditions are abnormal (such as rainy and dry flowering period); In addition, it is also closely related to the cultivation technical measures, especially the management of bamboo shoots such as wiping buds and fixing branches, and fertilizer and water for pests and diseases. It is difficult to prevent flower and fruit drop caused by variety characteristics and abnormal weather, but through scientific cultivation management, the situation of excessive flower and fruit drop can be alleviated. The main methods are:
(1) Strengthen the nutrient accumulation and control the load of trees, and control the yield per mu at about1500 ~ 2,000 kg, so as to ensure good flower bud differentiation and fully mature branches, so that trees can accumulate sufficient nutrients and fully meet the demand for nutrients in the process of growth, flowering, pollination and fertilization in the coming year.
(2) Improve the nutritional conditions of trees, increase the application of organic fertilizer, improve soil fertility, improve soil aggregate structure, create good environmental conditions for grape root growth, and enhance root absorption capacity. After germination and before flowering, available fertilizers mainly containing nitrogen and phosphorus should be reasonably applied, and timely irrigation should be carried out according to weather and soil conditions.
(3) Timely bud-wiping and branch-fixing, timely pit removal and timely bud-wiping and branch-fixing can reduce nutrient consumption and promote the further development of inflorescence. Pick the heart in time before flowering, let more nutrients flow to the inflorescence, and ensure the demand for nutrients for flowering, pollination and fertilization. For varieties that are difficult to set fruit, two leaves can be left before the ear when flowering, which can improve the fruit setting rate.
(4) timely thinning and inflorescence shaping. According to the requirements, the redundant inflorescences should be thinned and reshaped in time to save nutrients, better meet the needs of the remaining inflorescences for nutrients, and ensure the smooth completion of flowering, pollination and fertilization.
(5) Spraying boron before flowering and spraying 0.2% ~ 0.3% borax solution half a month before flowering can promote pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, which has obvious effect on improving fruit setting.
(6) girdling In order to improve the fruit setting rate, girdling should be carried out at the early flowering stage, and a double-edged girdling knife or grafting knife should be used in the first 3 cm or the first internode of the fruiting branch. The peeling mouth is 2 ~ 3 mm wide and reaches the xylem directly. After peeling, it should be wrapped tightly with clean film to facilitate the healing of peeling mouth. The disadvantage of this method is that it is labor-consuming, difficult to master and used with caution.
(7) Strengthen the prevention and control of diseases in early spring, black pox and gray mold in early spring, and protect the leaves for normal photosynthesis.
Soil and fertilizer management
Third, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
1, fertilization
Grapes need a lot of elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, as well as trace elements such as iron, magnesium and boron, especially the demand for potassium exceeds that of nitrogen and phosphorus, so they are called "potassium plants". Generally, each ton of grape fruit needs 20 kg of pure nitrogen, 24 kg of phosphorus pentoxide 10 kg of pure potassium.
(1) The young age of the vineyard with close planting of young trees is 1 ~ 2 years, and the fertilizer should be applied thinly. Before early spring, the orchards planted with mature seedlings should be topdressing after germination in the same year, once every 15 days, applying urea 5 ~ 10g and calcium superphosphate 10g to each plant. Fertilization of young trees should be stopped before the end of August in order to facilitate the maturity of branches, and organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer should be applied once in September ~ 10 as base fertilizer. Fertilize once a month from March to August in the second year. Apply basal fertilizer once from September to 65438+10.
(2) Fertilizing adult trees
Germination fertilizer (spring fertilizer) is applied before germination. This fertilization is beneficial to the growth of new shoots and good flowering in that year, and provides sufficient nutrients for flower bud differentiation in April-May of that year. This fertilization accounts for about 25% of the whole year, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus. General close planting garden (4000 kg per mu, the same below) applies organic fertilizer 1000 kg per mu (chicken manure and pig manure water), 20 kg urea and 40 kg calcium superphosphate.
Fertilization at the young fruit stage (strong fruit fertilizer) This fertilization was applied in May, when it was in the flowering stage, and the flower buds began to differentiate in the second year. This fertilization can provide sufficient nutrients for fruit grain expansion in May-June. Fertilization accounts for about 35% of the whole year, mainly nitrogen and potassium, with 30 kg of urea, 30 kg of potassium sulfate and human and animal manure 1500 kg per mu.
Post-harvest fertilizer (base fertilizer) This fertilizer should be applied after the fruit is picked, which is suitable for early-maturing seedless grapes in the middle and late August (middle and late-maturing varieties should be applied immediately after harvest). Mainly to restore trees, accumulate nutrients, and prepare for last year. Mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by appropriate amount of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Apply urea 10 ~ 15 kg, 20 kg of calcium superphosphate, 5 kg of potassium sulfate and 2000 ~ 2500 kg of organic fertilizer per mu.
Combined with spraying, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% urea can be applied outside the root.
2. Soil management
After pruning in winter, the whole garden should be ploughed once, and herbicide (Gramoxone or glyphosate) should be used for weeding 2 ~ 3 times from May to September. At the same time, weeds or crop straws can be covered around the root neck and between rows to keep water and fight drought. Irrigation should be done in time before germination in early spring and in case of drought during fruit expansion period, and drainage should be paid attention to in rainy season from May to August.
Fourth, pest control.
1, major diseases
(1) Downy mildew mainly harms leaves. At the initial stage of infection, there were translucent oily spots on the leaves, and then they expanded to yellow brown. There is a layer of gray downy mildew on the back of the injured leaf. In severe cases, the diseased leaves lose water, scorch and fall off, and at the same time harm the fruits. Pathogens overwinter in grape disease residues or in deciduous soil. The temperature is about 10 ~ 15 degrees, which is the peak of its popularity. Generally, it starts from April to May, and the peak period is July to August.
The control measures can be 500-600 times of 64% antivirus alum wettable powder, 50% polymyxin 1500 times, bordeaux solution1:1:80 times (i.e. quicklime: copper sulfate: water =1:60 times)
(2) Black pox mainly harms young leaves and young fruits. Young leaves are initially infected with reddish brown and dark brown spots, then expand into round spots with dark brown edges, light brown or grayish white centers, and finally dry and perforate. When the veins are damaged, the leaves will be twisted and withered. Young fruits are susceptible to diseases from the beginning of flower withering to the end of berry expansion. When the young fruit is infected, it is brown-round, and then the center of the diseased spot turns gray, slightly sunken, and the edge is purple-brown, like a "bird's eye". The pathogen overwinters on diseased leaves and branches, germinates in the second year, and begins to be infected for the first time at the leaf opening stage. The middle and late May is the peak of the disease.
Control measures: spray 70% mancozeb 500 times solution after flowering, spray 1:0.7:200 times bordeaux solution when mung beans are large, or choose 50% carbendazim 600 times solution.
(3) White rot damages all green parts, especially the ear. At the beginning of the disease, there were brown irregular waterlogging spots on the fruit stalks and fruit stalks, which gradually spread to the fruit grains, causing the fruit grains at the tip of the ear to rot and small gray spots on the surface. The onset began in late May and early June, and the peak period was July-August.
600 times solution of 50% thiophanate methyl and 600 times solution of 75% chlorothalonil were selected as control measures.
(4) Anthracnose mainly harms fruits. At the early stage of the disease, the fruit surface produced pinhead-sized waterlogged brown circular spots, then the spots expanded and subsided, the color deepened and became annular, and the diseased spots grew small black spots. The disease peaked in the first half of July.
Control measures: spray 700 times 80% anthrax thiram wettable powder before flowering, and spray 600 times 50% carbendazim or 600 times 70% thiophanate methyl after onset.
(5) Gray mold mainly harms inflorescence, young fruit and mature fruit. Sometimes it also hurts buds, leaves and fruit stalks. Newly-blooming flower spikes and fruit spikelets are susceptible to infection. At the beginning of the disease, the damaged part was light brown with water stains, and soon became dark brown. The whole ear is soft and rotten, and when it gets wet, it grows a layer of rat-gray mold. On a sunny day, the rotten ear gradually loses water and shrinks and dries up. Mature fruits and fruit stalks were killed, and brown concave spots appeared on the surface of fruits. Soon the whole fruit was soft and rotten, a layer of botrytis cinerea grew, the fruit stalk turned black, and finally a black block sclerotium grew.
Preventive measures: spray 50% chlorpheniramine 1500 times solution or 50% doxycycline 1500 times solution before flowering. At present, the ratio of 50% prochloraz 1000 ~ 1500 has a special effect on this disease.
2. Main pests
(1) The grape short-bearded mite, also known as the red spider of grape, damages shoots, leaves, fruits and secondary branches successively with larvae, nymphs and adults. After the tender shoots and leaves are damaged, dark brown patches appear on the damaged leaves. When the leaves are seriously dry and fall off, the surface of the epidermis is rough and rust-colored after the fruit is damaged. Bud injury began in early April, then gradually entered the peak period, and wintered at the end of/kloc-0.
Prevention and control measures Before the grape leaves show in spring, spray Bomei 3-degree stone sulfur mixture and add 0.3% washing powder. Use 20% propargite 3000 times and 20% mirex 2500 times in the growing season.
(2) The infiltrated grape larvae feed on twigs and 1 ~ 2 branches and vines, and the injured parts swell into tumors, the upper leaves turn yellow and wither, the fruits fall off, insect dung accumulates outside the borehole, and the branches and vines are easy to break. Larvae overwinter on branches and vines, and emerge from May to June, with the most serious damage from July to August.
Prevention and control measures when pruning, it is found that the damaged expanded branches should be cut and burned. Damaged branches found in July can be cut off or the larvae in the branches can be stabbed to death with wire. Spraying 50% acetaminophen EC 1000 times solution or 20% fenvalerate 3000 times solution and 40% omethoate 1000 times solution during adult emergence. For the damaged parts of big branches, 40% omethoate 500 times solution can be directly injected, and then sealed with wet mud.
(3) Grape leafhoppers (also known as two-point floating dust) suck juice on their leaves, and the damaged leaves first appear green and white spots, and then turn into white spots, which makes the leaves fade and fall off early. The first generation of nymphs appeared in early May, the first generation of adults in June, and the last generation of adults in September ~ 65438+10, with 2 ~ 3 generations a year.
Control measures to clear the fallen leaves and weeds in the orchard in winter and reduce the source of overwintering insects. When nymph occurs in May, spray 40% omethoate 1000 times solution or 20% mirex 2000 times solution. Plus 600? Disinfectant 800 times;
In short, pesticides and fungicides can be mixed in early spring or summer and autumn, reducing labor.
Nutritional value of grapes
The sugar content of grapes is as high as 10% ~ 30%, mainly glucose. A large amount of fruit acid in grapes helps digestion. Eating more grapes properly can strengthen the spleen and stomach. Grape contains calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, glucose, fructose, protein, tartaric acid, vitamin B 1, B2, B6, C, P and other minerals. It also contains a variety of amino acids needed by the human body. Eating grapes regularly is of great benefit to neurasthenia and fatigue. In addition, it also contains a variety of substances with physiological functions. After grapes are made into raisins, the content of sugar and iron will be higher, which is a good tonic for women, children and people with weakness and anemia.
Ancient medical books and records in China discussed the medicinal value of grapes. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that grapes are sweet and slightly sour, and have the effects of nourishing liver and kidney, benefiting qi and blood, appetizing and promoting fluid production, and diuresis. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica says: Grape is the master of "dryness and dampness of bones and muscles, benefiting qi, strengthening ambition, making people fat and healthy, resisting hunger and keeping out the cold". If you eat for a long time, you won't get old. Grape not only has a wide range of medicinal value, but also can be used for dietotherapy: when dizziness, palpitation and cerebral anemia occur, moderate drinking 2 ~ 3 times a day has a certain therapeutic effect; 15g dry grapevine can be decocted in water to treat poor pregnancy. "Household necessities" also records that grape juice has the function of relieving boredom and quenching thirst.