First, how to grow garden grapes?
Planting grapes in the courtyard and the open space in front of and behind the house can not only increase economic benefits, but also cool off the heat, shade the sun, green the courtyard and beautify the environment. Therefore, grapes can be planted in urban and rural houses, factories, schools, institutions and yards.
1, grape variety selection in courtyard
Because the warmth in the courtyard is easy to form a microclimate, which is beneficial to the growth of grapes, and the fertilizer and water are sufficient and the management is fine, we should choose high-quality and high-yield varieties among early, middle and late-maturing varieties according to the cultivation amount. Excellent fresh food species suitable for trellis cultivation, such as Xinghua 1, Jingya, Giant Rose, Xiangyue, Jufeng, Nezha, Seedless White Chicken Heart, etc.
2. Cultivation rack
Small scaffolding is suitable for small courtyards. Grapes are easy to cover the surface of scaffolding, which is beneficial to early high yield. Generally, the scaffolding length is 46m, the scaffolding root height is 1.3 1.5m, the scaffolding tip height is 1.82.2m, and the plant spacing is 0.51m. ..
B) A single Gao Qian arbor is placed in a secluded place in the courtyard, and a 2-meter-high square or round flat-topped arbor is set up. In the middle, a grape is planted in the shape of many main vines in Gao Qian, and its branches and vines are evenly distributed on the surface of the arbor to form a flat-topped arbor covered with green leaves. A small stone table and stool is placed under the crown for people to play chess and enjoy the cool.
C. Potted grapes can be used if it is inconvenient to borrow soil from the courtyard or the ground is full of cement, that is, potted grapes can be placed neatly on both sides of the aisle and still play the role of garden grapes.
3. Cultivation points
A. The quality of selected high-quality grape seedlings directly affects the survival, growth and development of courtyard grapes, so we should choose high-quality seedlings with developed roots, strong branches and vines, full bud eyes and no pests and diseases. When planting, in addition to disinfecting the seedlings with 3-degree sulfur mixture, we should also prune the roots, that is, cut off long roots and rotten roots, which is conducive to sprouting new roots after planting and preventing diseases.
B. Improve the soil and apply sufficient fertilizer to the grapes, which is suitable for sandy loam soil. The soil layer should be deep. Soil preparation should be combined with digging holes to remove all debris such as broken bricks, tiles, gravel and lime slag from the soil. If the soil is really poor, it should also be planted in foreign soil. Plantar manure should be applied before planting, mainly organic manure, such as chicken manure, sheep manure, pigsty manure and human manure. 3050 kg per plant. When applying fertilizer, the fertilizer and topsoil should be mixed evenly, and the bottom of the planting hole should be filled first, and then the seedlings should be planted by filling the soil, which can not only prevent the manure from burning the root system, but also help the root system to grow downwards. During the grape growing and fruiting period, in order not to affect the sanitation of the courtyard, it is best to apply chicken manure or fully decomposed cake fertilizer, and the fertilization method and time are the same as those in the field.
C. water the grapes in the yard reasonably. To prevent watering when there is water, splash the washing water under the tree. This will not only cause high soil moisture and breed diseases, but also affect the growth of root system because of washing soap in water, which is extremely unfavorable to grapes. When watering the grapes in the yard, we should flexibly look at the sky, the ground and the growth performance of the grape plants. But make sure to water it at least three times a year, that is, before germination, during the growth period of young fruits and before wintering.
D. In the first year or the second year of plastic planting of the trellis, 65,438+02 stout new shoots are selected as main vines, and these main vines are tied to the surface of the trellis in parallel at a distance of 5060cm. When pruning in winter, try to keep it long. After sprouting in the next spring, a new tip at the top will be an extension of the main vine, still tied. According to the needs of the shelf surface, the new shoots at the back are equipped with a fruiting branch group or lateral vine every 30 cm until the branches are full of the shelf surface. Generally, it takes 23 years to spread the branches and vines all over the shelf.
E. Pest control Courtyard grapes are small in area and quantity. Once individual plants have diseases and insect pests, artificial control methods such as removing diseased leaves and fruits and killing pests can be taken in time. When serious diseases and insect pests occur, they should be sprayed in time.
Second, how to grow kiwifruit?
Kiwifruit is a positive tree species, which is tolerant to semi-shade, likes cool and humid environment, and is afraid of drought, waterlogging and wind. Cold-resistant, not resistant to early spring and late frost, kiwifruit orchard is selected in sunny hillside or open space with deep, moist, loose soil layer, good drainage, high organic matter content and slightly acidic sandy loam with pH value of 5.5 ~ 6.5. Avoid low-lying water environment. The planting time is from the end of autumn to the beginning of spring, from the end of autumn 10 to the end of February in spring, before the bamboo shoot drawing period.
A. Lighting
Kiwifruit likes the light, but is afraid of the sun. Wild plants basically grow on shady or semi-shady slopes and rivers, so they have a strong ability to use astigmatism. Even if they are intertwined and attached to a big tree, there is no problem, but don't be too hidden. If there is a serious shortage of light, the branches will die, which is why the reasonable spacing between plants is emphasized in production. Generally speaking, I just like sunshine but I'm afraid of high temperature.
B, temperature
Temperature is the main factor limiting the distribution, growth and development of kiwifruit. Every species has a suitable temperature range, beyond which it will grow poorly or cannot survive. Most kiwifruit varieties require warm and humid climate, that is, subtropical or temperate humid and semi-humid climate, which is mainly distributed in the vast area of north latitude 18 ~ 34 degrees. The annual average temperature is about11.3 ~16.9℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 42.6℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is about -20.3℃ and 65438.
Kiwifruit populations have different requirements for temperature. For example, China kiwifruit grows well at the annual average temperature of 4 ~ 20℃, while delicious kiwifruit is most widely distributed at 13 ~ 18℃. The growth and development stages of kiwifruit are also affected by temperature. Studies have shown that when the temperature rises to about 10℃, the tender buds of Actinidia deliciosa begin to germinate, and when the temperature is above 15℃, it can blossom and bear fruit above 20℃. When the temperature drops to about 12℃, they enter the defoliation dormancy period, and the whole development process takes about 2 10 ~.
C, fertilization
Kiwifruit likes fat and fears scalding. Its growth quantity and strong growth potential determine the urgency of its demand for fertilizer. Besides, it is predatory to highlight production. Once lack of inorganic nutrition, kiwifruit will appear yellowing, leaf separation and stop growing. Therefore, kiwifruit is sensitive to fertilizer, but its fleshy roots are also sensitive to soil salt concentration (especially continuous high temperature and drought), thus forming new contradictions. In view of this, it is necessary to master the fertilization of kiwifruit in production.
The annual fertilizer requirement of kiwifruit is as follows: the demand for N and K is large in the early stage, and it is best to apply it in the form of base fertilizer after fruit picking in autumn, with 5000kg/667 square meters of fertilizer and 243 kg/667 square meters of mixed calcium superphosphate.
From germination to flowering and fruiting, appropriate topdressing, mainly calcium, magnesium, boron, iron, manganese and other elements. This top dressing accounts for 2/3 of the whole year. In August, available phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were mainly used, and the application rates were N 15 ~ 20kg//667m2, P5 ~ 7kg/667m2 and K6 ~ 8kg/667m2. Top dressing accounts for 1/3 of the whole year.
Third, how to grow potatoes?
First, pre-sowing measures for high-yield potatoes
A 1。 Field selection. Choose a slightly acidic sandy loam field with deep soil layer, loose soil, good drainage and irrigation, good permeability and medium fertility.
A2。 Land consolidation and border preparation. After the previous harvest, after ploughing and raking, ridging and leveling the ridges and ridges according to 100 cm, and at the same time, open the ditches and horizontal ditches to facilitate irrigation and drainage.
A3。 Seed potato treatment. Select potato blocks with complete potato blocks, no pests and diseases, and smooth potato skin. Sowing whole potatoes, about 50 grams of whole potatoes can be used as seed potatoes. Seed potatoes larger than 80 grams should be cut into small pieces of 30-50 grams. When dicing, it should be cut obliquely or longitudinally from navel to top according to the arrangement order of bud eyes, so that the upper part of each seed potato has terminal bud eyes; After dicing, the cross section of the seed potato is dyed with plant ash to prevent water evaporation, kill germs and keep physiological balance in the stem. After the seed potatoes are spread and aired for 1-2 days, wet sand is spread on the bottom, and the seed potatoes are layered with wet fine sand one by one, and then covered with film to accelerate germination, so as to ensure that the seedlings emerge quickly and evenly after sowing, which is beneficial to the whole seedling.
B, high-yield potatoes need to be sown in time.
B 1。 Variety selection. Purple flower 85 1, Kexin No.3, Zhongshu No.3 and Chunshu No.4 were screened out.
B2。 Sow carefully. The suitable planting area for planting potatoes in winter is below 200 meters above sea level. Generally, late rice (or late potato) is sown after harvest, and the best sowing time is1early October to early February. Plant two rows with a row spacing of 25 cm and a row spacing of 30 cm, with about 4500 holes per mu. When planting, the bud eyes are facing up, and sowing in different regions according to the length of the bud eyes is beneficial to the uniformity of seedling emergence. Before sowing, apply 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 25 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer at the bottom of the hole, and cover the seeds with 750 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer after sowing.
C, high-yield potato field management technology
C 1。 Scientific fertilization. Apply seedling fertilizer early. When 80%-90% of seedlings are unearthed, quick-acting seedling fertilizer is applied again, with 25 kg ammonium bicarbonate or urea 10 kg and water 1500 kg per mu. At the budding stage (50-70 days after sowing), potato fertilizer was applied, with 25 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per mu and 0/5 kg of potassium sulfate/kloc.
C2。 Water resources management. In case of dry weather from sowing to seedling stage, ditch water should be poured in time to moisten the soil and promote the whole seedling. In the bud stage, new shoots grow rapidly, stems and leaves flourish, and tubers begin to form and expand. In case of drought, furrow irrigation (one third) should be carried out in time to wet the border soil. During the tuber-bearing period, aerial transpiration is strong, underground stems grow rapidly, and the water demand is large, so the edge should be kept moist, which is beneficial to tuber expansion. Wangdi used 35g of 15% paclobutrazol in bud stage, and sprayed 60kg of water evenly to prevent excessive growth. Water should not be too much in the late growth stage. Pay attention to timely ditch cleaning and drainage in rainy days.
C3。 Clear ditch and cultivate soil. When 80% of the seedlings are unearthed, the soil should be cultivated in time to prevent the stolons from sticking out of the ground to become ordinary branches in the early stage of growth, and the tubers will turn green after they are formed. At the early stage of germination, combined with topdressing, ditch cleaning and soil cultivation were carried out.
C4。 Prevention and control of pests and weeds. After sowing, spray 100 ml acetochlor in 60 kg water to control weeds. Strengthen field inspection and control pests and diseases such as late blight, downy mildew, bacterial wilt, cutworms and aphids in time.
C5。 Prevent frost. On the basis of fitness cultivation, we should pay attention to the weather forecast, and when there is low temperature and frost weather, we should take measures such as adding hot fertilizer, covering with straw, watering to keep warm, smoking to drive away frost, washing frost in time and so on to reduce the harm.