Self-pollination
The process that mature pollen grains of plants are transferred to the stigma of the same flower and can fertilize and bear fruit normally is called self-pollination. In production, pollination between different flowers of the same plant and between different plants of the same variety is often considered as self-pollination.
Pollen ...
Plants that can self-pollinate are called self-pollinating plants, such as rice, wheat, cotton and peaches. When peas and peanuts do not bloom, mature pollen grains in flower buds germinate directly in pollen sacs to form pollen tubes, which are sent to embryo sacs for fertilization. This pollination method is a typical self-pollination, which is called cleistogamy.
cross-pollination
Under normal circumstances, even bisexual flowers, the pistils of the same flower will not mature together. So the pollen received by the pistil of an ordinary flower is that of another flower, which is cross pollination. Of course, dioecious plants and monoecious flowers can only be cross-pollinated.
Rapeseed, sunflower and apple are cross-pollinated plants.
pollen
The unique structure of seed plants is equivalent to a microspore and its prophase male gametophyte.
Pollen ...
There are two or three cells in the mature pollen grains of angiosperms, namely a vegetative cell and a germ cell or two * * * cells produced by their division. In the pollen grains of two cells, after pollination, the germ cells in the pollen tube divide to form two * * *. The number of cells in the mature pollen grains of gymnosperms varies greatly, ranging from 1 to 5 or more. Among them, 1 ~ 2 protuberant cells are the few remaining vegetative cells in the male gametophyte, which often degenerate immediately after formation and disappear completely in the male gametophyte of angiosperms.
The pollen of various plants is different. According to the size, symmetry and polarity of pollen, the number, structure and location of germination holes, the wall structure and surface carving, families and genera can often be identified, and even plant species can be identified. The study of pollen morphology can provide a basis for the classification, identification and analysis of fossil pollen, and also provide valuable information for the study of plant phylogeny.
Most pollen will spread out and become a single pollen when it matures. But there are also more than two pollen grains bonded together, which are called compound pollen grains. Many pollen are combined together, and at least two of them are in a medicine room, which is called pollen flakes. All pollen grains are bonded together in one or several medicine chambers, which is called pollen block. Pollen blocks are mainly found in Orchidaceae and Araceae.
The inward part of the pollen grains in the tetrad is called the proximal surface. The outward part is called the far pole face. An imaginary line connecting the pollen center near the polar surface and the pollen center far from the polar surface is called the polar axis, the line intersecting the polar axis at right angles is called the equatorial axis, and the median line between pollen poles along the surface is called the equator. In polar pollen, it can be divided into three types: isoelectric, isoelectric and heteropolar. Pollen is usually symmetrical, and there are two different symmetries: radial symmetry and left-right symmetry.
I hope I can help you.
Question 2: What fruit tree pollen is good for artificial pollination of apple trees? According to different varieties, there are different pollination trees. For example, the Marshal series is better pollinated by Huang Guan.
Question 3: How to collect plum pollen for fruit tree breeding? (1) collecting pollen
Select normal flowers on healthy plants, put sulfuric acid paper bags on the day before flowering, tie the lower mouth tightly with paper clips to avoid mixing with other pollen, and collect pollen after cracking the next day; Or collect pollen the day before flowering, and heat the anther the next day to make it crack; Or collect flower buds one day before flowering, and heat the anthers to crack the next day to collect pollen. Pay attention to collecting fresh pollen before and after anther cracking, and remove pollen in immature and tender anthers, pollen that is too mature and wet by rain and dew, and suspicious pollen-based impurities.
(2) drying and storage
After collecting pollen, put it in a clean environment to avoid fungal invasion and mildew affecting its vitality, and dry it in time. It can be dried in the sun under astigmatism, in the shade or in a dryer containing CaCl2(H2SO4, silica gel, saturated solution of potassium acetate, NaOH, etc.). ). Generally, when the pollen sticks to each other until it is easy to disperse and does not stick to the glass wall like water, use a pollen sieve to remove impurities, and divide it into several finger tubes according to the times of use to avoid unsealing. Generally, 1/5 or less is appropriate. The nozzle should be plugged with absorbent cotton and tied with double layers of clean gauze, which is beneficial to gas exchange and gas filtration and labeling.
Signs, indicating the plant variety name, date and place of collection, and storage conditions (hot and humid conditions), that is, unified numbering. Then put it into a dryer with different concentrations of anhydrous calcium chloride or H2SO4 to control a certain humidity, and finally put it into a refrigerator at 0 ~ 2℃ or below 0℃ for storage.
Question 4: I have also planted apples. Let me talk about my own opinion:
The management of soil, fertilizer and water in orchard is the basis of increasing fruit production and the center of comprehensive management. During the growth and development of fruit trees, it is necessary to constantly absorb water, nutrients and some air from the soil to ensure the normal growth and development of fruit trees. To build orchards in hilly areas, we should give full play to the favorable conditions of sufficient sunshine, overcome the unfavorable conditions of thin soil, little water and low fertility, make use of the group advantages of close planting, and realize early fruiting, early high yield, high yield, stable yield and high quality, and strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
1, soil management. The general requirement is that the active soil layer of the whole round soil reaches more than 80 cm, and loam is the best soil quality.
(1) When building a circle, when the plant spacing is less than 2.5m, ditching should be done for soil preparation. ..
(2) Deep ploughing should be completed year by year or once, especially in mountain orchards.
(3) Clay ground should be mixed with sand, sand should be mixed with clay, and loam should be achieved as much as possible.
(4) The best time for deep ploughing is autumn and watering after ploughing.
2. Fertilizer management.
(1) Fertilization type and amount.
Fertilization should be based on farmyard manure, especially base manure. The amount of farmyard manure applied to each young tree should be 30-50 kg per year.
Fertilization should be formulated, and the habit of applying only nitrogen fertilizer should be reversed. Only applying nitrogen fertilizer without farm manure makes the fruit trees tend to be biased towards nitrogen, causing serious fruit rot and ring rot, difficult flowering, low fruit setting rate, poor fruit quality, light taste and color difference. The annual fertilization amount is 100 kg, and the apple needs about 3 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are applied at the same time. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2: 65,438+0: 2 (apples, red fruits and pears), and that of peach trees is 3: 65,438+0: 3.
(2) Fertilization time. Farmhouse manure is best after autumn, and it can also be combined with deep ploughing in late autumn and early winter. Chemical fertilizer is easy to be applied twice, once before watering the flowers, once at the flower bud differentiation stage in June, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in June.
(3) Fertilization method. (omitted).
In a word, fruit trees should realize formula fertilization, increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, rejuvenate trees, make more flowers into good flowers, control diseases and improve fruit quality.
3. water. Generally, water should be poured about 4 times a year, at least with frozen water and water before flowering. The method of watering should be done in small beds, and the habit of watering trees should be changed.
Plastic pruning of closely planted apples.
Planting density, mountain area, 2×4, 2×5 meters is easy; Plain land, 3×5 meters is better.
Selected varieties. Red Fuji: Guoguang × Marshal; Red star; Wang Lin: Golden Crown × India. Jonah King: Golden Crown × Ruby; Jin Hongguang: the female parent is Jinguan, and the male parent is unknown; Victory: White Dragon × Woking.
About non-toxic seedlings and dwarfing rootstocks. Improved varieties, innocuity, dwarfing and close planting are the general trends of apple production. It is necessary to adapt to new forms and apply new technologies to improve fruit yield and quality.
Key points of free spindle-shaped shaping and pruning techniques for close-planted apples.
(1) Stage pruning of young trees.
A. once a year. The stem height is 80 cm, and the stem height is 40 ~ 60 cm. The height of the tree is less than the row spacing and more than half of the row spacing. The main branch 10 ~ 15, and the included angle is about 80 degrees. There are no side branches on the main branch, and the main branch is directly attached to the branch group, and the main branch has no hierarchy. In the improved spindle shape, several larger branches can be planted on several main branches at the base, which can also be called side branches. The distance between the main branches on the same side is more than 50 cm. A few jingles: big branches are bright, and every solitary gang is full of light inside and outside, and there is hope for high yield. The three-dimensional included angle of the auxiliary branch is greater than 90 degrees.
B. pruning of biennial trees. The central stem is short and full of buds, leaving a length of about 50 cm. Sparse two buds. Other branches don't move. That is, cut two scissors (a dozen insect tips to remove the bent parts) every winter.
C. Three-or four-year-old trees can be shaped according to this treatment, with large branches, rapid formation, early flowering and easy fruiting. The center of the young tree's shaping stage is early formation, which increases the amount of branches and leaves.
D. Summer scissors: peel and pull immediately.
Bud carving: March 10 to before germination. The object is to cut off 4 buds, carve one bud every 3 buds, and do not carve it below 40 cm (referring to the current year = new tree planting). The main branch carved all the full buds on both sides and under the back. The auxiliary branches should be fully carved with buds. The method is to cut 1\3 branches with a hacksaw one millimeter in front of the bud and cut them to the xylem.
Girdling: From the end of May to the beginning of June. The object is the central trunk 10 cm or more, and both the main branch and the auxiliary branch can be used. The method is to desquamate for one week, and the index is 1 month, and the width is generally 1 ~ 3 mm, not too wide. According to the local conditions, it is not suitable to peel the overgrown branches twice or even three times.
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Question 5: The simplest way to use fruit pollen pollinator is to collect pollen, add five times of talcum powder and spray it in a duster. There is a small manual. Glass bottle with airbag, squeeze the airbag spray by hand!
Question 6: What are the ways for plants to spread pollen? There are two ways for plants to spread pollen: self-pollination and cross-pollination
1. Self-pollination: The process in which mature pollen grains of plants are transferred to the stigma of the same flower and can be fertilized normally is called self-pollination. In production, pollination between different flowers of the same plant and between different plants of the same variety is often considered as self-pollination.
Plants that can self-pollinate are called self-pollinating plants, such as rice, wheat, cotton and peaches. Before the flowers of pea and peanut bloom, the mature pollen grains in the flower buds germinate directly in the pollen sac to form pollen tubes, which are sent to the embryo sac for fertilization. This pollination method is a typical self-pollination, which is called cleistogamy.
2. Cross-pollination: Even bisexual flowers are generally bisexual flowers, and the pistils of the same flower will not mature together. Therefore, the pollen received by the pistil of a flower is the pollen of another flower, which is cross pollination. In dioecious and monoecious plants, only cross pollination can be carried out. Rapeseed, sunflower and apple tree are cross-pollinated plants.
When plants cross-pollinate, they must rely on the help of various external forces to spread pollen to the stigma of other flowers. Under natural conditions, cross-pollination mainly depends on insects or wind. Flowers pollinated by insects are called insect-borne flowers, such as apple flowers. Flowers pollinated by wind are called wind-borne flowers. For example, there are many kinds of flowers in the cornflower garden.
Question 7: Do grafted apple trees need pollination? Last year, I bought an apple tree. Grafted apple trees have thick trunks, but they produce different flowers and fruits. Why? Apples are monoecious and can bear fruit.
Question 8: What is the average amount of pollen used for fruit tree pollination? Pollen fruit trees with pollen. What is the average dosage per mu?
Apple trees are artificially pollinated by apple pollen. If other pollen families and genera are inconsistent, apple trees will not bear fruit.
Flowering: The flowering period of apples varies greatly due to different climates. Generally, from April to May, there are 3 to 7 flowers in each bud, and the middle flower blooms first. Apple is a cross-pollinated plant, and most varieties cannot bear fruit by themselves. The proportion of various fruiting branches varies with the age and species of trees. Usually, young trees have more long fruit branches and middle fruit branches. With the increase of tree age, the proportion of short fruit branches increased rapidly, reaching more than 70% in the full fruit period, and almost all of them were short fruit branches in the aging period. From the variety point of view, Jin Shuai and other varieties have more long fruit branches and medium fruit branches, and varieties such as Starkrimson and Red Fuji have a large proportion of short fruit branches, and varieties such as Liaofu are easy to form axillary buds.
Fruit setting: the normal fruit of apple, each fruit has 5 ventricles, and each ventricle has 2 seeds. In the process of fruit development, the seeds secrete hormones and the pulp grows, so those with good pollination, full seeds, correct fruit shape and full pulp; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect.