(1) Main tree-shaped and plastic techniques in Germany * * * There are 6,000 hectares of cherry orchard in Germany, of which about 1 1,000 hectares are planted in high density. The planting density of high-density orchard is more than 800 plants/ha, even 1750 plants/ha. The rootstocks are semi-dwarf rootstocks MaxMa 14, Weiroot 13, Colt and dwarf rootstocks Gisela5, Weiroot 158, Piku4 and Gisela 3；. The main tree forms are the trunk of Vogan's central leadership and Zane's spindle shape.
Vogan Central Leadership: Taubes? Tobisa Vogel created, led by the central government, the plant spacing is 2.5 ~ 3.0m× 4.5 ~ 5.5m, the tree height is controlled at 3 ~ 3.5m ... The lateral branches are leveled to promote early fruit. In order to increase the number of fruits, it is necessary to promote the growth and regeneration of branches. The branches of adult trees are updated at 20 ~ 30 cm; In August, the 3 ~ 4-year-old fruiting branches retract to the parts with branchlets. Results the short branches were constantly updated, and the branch age was guaranteed not to exceed 4 years.
Zahn spindle shape: Fritz Zahn takes European sweet cherry and Cote as rootstocks, realizes high-density cultivation, and forms Zahn technical system for close planting production of sweet cherry. Plant spacing 1.5 ~ 2.5 m× 4 ~ 4.5 m, with gisela 5 as rootstock and plant spacing1~ 2 m; The height of the tree is controlled at 2.5 ~ 3.5m. ..
Both of them are trees with a central trunk. Vogel in southern Germany and Fritz Zahn in the north are different in plastic technology. Vogel leads the trunk tree to ensure the top advantage, and the top of the central trunk is upright; Zahn technology system ensures the growth advantage of multiple branches by pruning and retracting in summer. * * * Similarity: light cutting and long planting, increasing the included angle between the main branch and the trunk (above 60), slow planting of the main branch promotes flower bud differentiation, which is conducive to early fruiting, bearing fruit in 2 years after planting and high yield in 5 years; To ensure the growth advantage of the trunk, the number of main branches on the trunk is more than 30, and the thickness of main branches is strictly controlled. Generally, the diameter of the main branch is 30% of the trunk diameter of the rawhide part to ensure the dominant growth of the trunk; The fruiting branches are renewed, small in old age and large in young age. The fruiting branches are constantly updated and pruned, and the fruiting branches are 4 years old, and then retracted to form new fruiting branches, so as to ensure that the fruiting parts are not elongated and the fruit quality is guaranteed. (II) Main Tree and Shaping Techniques in Hungary In the past decade, Hungary has made great progress in the research of cherry shaping and pruning techniques and rootstocks. Medium density or high density cultivation has been realized. The rootstock research realized the asexual reproduction of Mahali, which was used in high-density sandy orchard. Brunner's improved spindle shape was popularized in semi-dense planting garden, and slender spindle shape was suggested in dense planting garden.
Brunner improved spindle shape: it consists of four main branches with large angles, a central trunk and a lower part of the trunk, and bearing branches are cultivated on the central trunk and the four main branches. The suitable plant spacing is 2.5 ~ 3.5m× 5 ~ 6m.
Plastic characteristics: the stem of the top vertical branch is delayed in fruit setting and coring; Bruner fan-shaped secondary pruning was used for early growth; Tap or retract the vertically growing branches on the straight main branches; Sparse and large branches; Bruner's improved spindle shape. When shaping, the new buds on the branches are pruned twice, and the pruning method is torsion pruning or fan pruning. Delaying the setting of the stem reduces the growth of the central main stem, and in summer, the vertically growing branches are cored. 60% ~ 70% fruits can be harvested on the ground. The improved spindle shape is suitable for Qiao Hua or semi-dwarf rootstocks.
Slender spindle shape: the stem is fixed when planting, and the terminal bud of the central main stem germinates in the second year to control the growth of the central main stem. In summer, the erect new buds formed by the lower buds are denucleated to 3-4 leaves or completely thinned; Leave the weak branches on the central trunk and fruiting branches. Fan-shaped secondary pruning can make the branches of trees form good angles and lateral branches if it is used once or twice on perennial base branches. The plant spacing is 1.5 ~ 2.5m× 4 ~ 4.5m, which is about 800 ~ 1700 plants/hectare. (3) Main tree types and shaping techniques in Spain: the planting density of cluster branches in Spain is 1.8 ~ 2.5m×4.5 ~ 5.5m, and the tree height is 2.5m. ..
In the traditional Spanish cluster planting, the trunk is fixed at 30 ~ 40 cm to promote the germination of the main branches. In late spring and early summer, when the main branch grows vigorously enough to promote the growth of secondary branches, the main branch retracts to 4 ~ 5 buds. In the first year, the tree body is short, and the secondary branches are 8 ~10; The third time was in the spring of the following year, the fourth time was in June and July, and the tree was formed at the end of the third year.
Thinning the inner branches to increase the light in the tree, not too much. Reduce irrigation, control tree potential, so as to facilitate the reasonable fruit setting next year. Small output can be obtained in the third year, and moderate output can be obtained after the fourth year.
In order to improve the early yield of cluster buds in Spain, different chemical and mechanical measures were adopted to promote the growth of branches instead of pruning. After planting, use pumalin instead of pruning to promote branch germination. Pruning measures should not be taken in the first year. If the growth is vigorous, the branches can be pulled at an angle of 45 in the first year or the second year to control the tree vigor and promote flower bud differentiation. The central trunk will continue to grow in a short time, reduce pruning, promote the branches to form a good angle, which is conducive to early fruiting and higher yield.
At the end of the first year, the tree has 4 ~ 6 main branches, and other branches that grow horizontally are reserved. In the second year, the bases of 4 ~ 6 main branches were treated with chemicals to promote the germination of secondary branches, rather than retracting the main branches or draining the central branches. At the end of the second year, the tree formed 10 ~ 12 secondary branches and formed flower buds to prepare for the coming year. In the third year, the tree structure has been formed and has achieved considerable output. At the end of the third year, the net was dismantled, and the output in the fourth year was even greater. (4) Main Tree-like and Plastic Techniques in Australia There are four tree-like structures for planting sweet cherries in Australia: Tatura Trellis, Open Tatura, Central Leader and Aussie Bush.
① Tatura grid structure: Tatura grid structure is tree-shaped, that is, V-shaped, with suitable density of 1.50m and row spacing of 4.50 ~ 5.50m There are two main branches and branches, which are distributed in opposite directions between rows. The V-shaped angle changes with the distance, and the V-shaped angle is 60 when the line spacing is 5.00 meters or 5.50 meters. When the row spacing is 4.50m, the V-shaped angle is 50 or 45, and the tree height should be controlled at 60% of the row spacing. The technical points of plastic surgery are as follows:
The first year: the stem height is 40cm；; Carve buds or smear troops to promote germination; Protect branches from pests and diseases, and protect trunks from herbicides; Tie the main branch with a string through the grid; Allow the branches to grow to 1.50 ~ 2.00 meters; Select two main branches with equal size; In summer, the lateral branches are thinned to promote the growth of the main branches.
The second year: promote the formation of fruiting branches. Main measures: before germination 10 ~ 14 days (before bud expansion), apply cytokines on the main branches to promote bud germination; Circular cutting 180 above the bud with a circular knife, reaching the xylem directly to promote germination (spraying Kocide for sterilization at any time); Remove 4 ~ 5 shoots from the top of the main branch to control the top advantage; Sparse the internal branches, and leave 10 mm short piles to sparse the competitive branches of the extension branches of the main branches; Open a vigorous new sharp corner with wooden clothes; Keep the ratio of main branch to branch diameter 3 ∶1; Strong branches are twisted flat; Dry the trees properly. Make each main branch form 15 ~ 25 side branches with good branch length, number and incident angle.
The third year: continue to promote the germination of side branches in the blind area of the main trunk, sprout and smear cytokines; When the bud germinates; Pruning to control the tree potential when the lateral branches grow vigorously; Summer branch opening angle; At the end of the third year, a large number of fruiting branches formed on the scaffold.
The fourth year: keep trees with good growth space. Because the fruit branches fall, use plastic rope to tie the fruit branches to the bracket and arrange the growth space reasonably. The vigorous branches that grow sparsely in the hole, keep the branches with low growth position in the hole and open the crown. Sparse branches keep ventilation and light transmission; Control the height of the tree. When the row spacing is 5m, the height shall not exceed 3m.
The general principle of plastic technology: forming short fruit branches and maintaining tree structure are beneficial to ventilation and light transmission of crown. Summer pruning; After the fruit is harvested, control the tree potential.
② Happy Tatula shape: Happy Tatula shape is planted in wide and narrow rows, and every two rows of trees form a V-shape, and each tree is a main branch. The included angle plane between the tree body and the ground is 45, the spacing between narrow rows is 0.50m, the spacing between rows is 1.50m, the V-shape angle is 35, the spacing between wide rows is 4.00m, and the tree height is 2.70m (the row spacing is 0.75m). Main characteristics: high-density cultivation is beneficial to early fruiting; After the tree is planted, it does not need to be fixed; Forming branches in the first year to promote flowering; Happy V-shape is beneficial to the light transmission of trees; Tree structure is beneficial to summer pruning and fruit harvesting.
Plastic technology: in the first year of planting, medium seedlings (1.5 ~ 1.8m) are suitable. After planting, leave 25mm of all branches for thinning. Other grid structures similar to Tatura. The length of the lower fruiting branch of the tree is 30 cm, and the upper fruiting branch is 15 cm. Keeping the fruiting branches short is beneficial to the light transmission of the tree.
③ The shape of the central trunk: 20 ~ 25 main branches are evenly distributed on the central trunk in a spiral shape, with the lower main branches of the central trunk growing upward, the middle main branches growing horizontally and the top main branches slightly downward. The suitable plant spacing is 2.0 ~ 2.5m× 4.5m, and the tree height is 3.6m (80% of the row spacing).
Plastic technology: select seedlings with the same size (height 1.3 ~ 2m) and plant them without airing, leaving 25mm short piles for thinning; Using simple scaffold to assist the vertical growth of plants, the column spacing is15m, and the tree body is fixed at1.2m from the ground. Take measures such as smearing cytokinin, carving buds at the top and thinning tender shoots to promote branching; All branches below 50 cm from the ground on the central trunk are thinned out. Note: when the branches grow to about 20 cm, use toothpicks or wooden clothes clips to open the corners; When the branches at the base of the central trunk grow to 60 cm, the water control will inhibit the growth; In the first year, multiple main branches can be formed, and the height of the tree is 2.6 meters. In the second year, the tree structure was completed to promote the growth of the extension part of the main branch, and the main branch extended uniaxial, and the length was controlled at 90 cm. When the tree reaches the required height, the branches are lengthened by pruning in summer drought control center to keep uniaxial elongation and tree balance.
(4) Australian clump-branch shape: it consists of a trunk and four vertically growing main branches, and the horizontally growing bearing branches are evenly distributed on the main branches and grow outward. There is no central leadership and no support system. The suitable plant spacing is 2.5m× 4.5m ..
Plastic technology: planting medium-sized seedlings (with a large number of buds at the lower part), and fixing the stem at 30 cm; When the new branches are 30 cm long, four new branches are selected as the main branches for cultivation, and other branches are left with short piles for thinning; Standing bamboo poles protect the growth of main branches and make them grow upright to the maximum extent. After the first year, the tree body is about 2.0 meters. In the second year, branches were promoted, and fruiting branches were cultivated by supporting branches, removing cores, twisting tips, drought and other measures, so that a large number of fruiting branches were formed in each main branch. The tree is about 2.7 meters high and 2.5 meters wide. (5) North America The main tree structures used in North America are multi-branch natural shape, Vogel central leadership trunk shape and Spanish cluster tree shape. In addition, Zahn spindle and Solaxe systems are also widely used in orchards.
Scarp: the plant spacing is 3.5 ~ 4.5m× 5.5 ~ 7m. The height of the stem is 40 ~ 60 cm, forming four vertically growing main branches. Each main branch has a bearing branch group. Fruit branches are often updated, and the age of short fruit branches is no more than 5 years. Open the branch corner with a toothpick and a clothes peg.