Pear tree is a tall tree with vigorous growth and long life. Pear trees have strong dryness, upright branches, obvious advantages at the top, strong germination and weak branching ability, and 3 ~ 4 long branches can grow on one branch. Others are medium and short branches with obvious bedding. When young, the branches often stand upright and the crown is tightly conical. With the increase of grades, it gradually opens into a round head or a natural semicircle.
Pear trees began to bear fruit later, but proper control of top dominance and opening angle, light cutting and long release, and strengthening soil fertilizer and water management can promote the transformation of branches to fruiting branches and achieve the goal of early fruiting. Pear trees are mainly borne by axillary flower buds of short fruit branches, but the fruiting ability of axillary flower buds is worse than that of short fruit branches, and the fruit is also small, so attention should be paid to the cultivation of short fruit branches when pruning.
Ideas are born, so they are metaphors of ideas;
Cherry habit
1. Cherry is not only rosy and beautiful, but also plays a role in beautifying women and preventing gynecological diseases.
Cherry has been called "beauty fruit" since ancient times. Ancient Chinese medicine books say that it can "moisturize the skin" and "make people look good and beautify". Eating regularly can make the skin smoother and more moist. This is mainly because the iron content in cherries is extremely rich. The iron content per hundred grams of pulp is 6 times that of strawberry, 0/0 times that of jujube, 0/3 times that of hawthorn and 20 times that of apple, ranking first among all kinds of fruits. Therefore, eating more cherries can not only alleviate anemia, but also treat a series of gynecological diseases caused by it.
Chinese medicine believes that cherries have great medicinal value. You can take medicine all over your body. Fresh fruit has the effects of sweating, benefiting qi, expelling wind and penetrating rash, and is suitable for dietotherapy of numbness of limbs and rheumatic waist and leg diseases.
4. When buying cherries, choose cherries with pedicels, bright colors and full skins. If you can't finish eating at that time, it's best to put it in a cold storage condition of-1℃.
Cherry is good, but be careful not to eat too much. Because it contains not only iron, but also a certain amount of cyanoside, if eaten too much, it will cause iron poisoning or cyanide poisoning. Once you feel unwell after eating too many cherries, you can use sugarcane juice to clear away heat and detoxify.
6. Cherry is warm, and people with fever and cough should not eat it.
7. Cherry has a particularly high iron content, ranking first among all kinds of fruits. Eating cherries regularly can supplement the human body's demand for iron, promote the regeneration of hemoglobin, not only prevent iron deficiency anemia, but also enhance physical fitness, brain and intelligence. Cherry is rich in nutrition, has the effects of regulating middle energizer, invigorating spleen and regulating stomach, expelling wind and removing dampness, and is beneficial to anorexia, dyspepsia, rheumatism and body pain. Regular consumption of cherries can help beauty beauty, make skin ruddy and fair, and eliminate wrinkles and spots.
8. Cherry pulp can remove toxins and unclean body fluids, so it has a considerable auxiliary effect on kidney detoxification, and also has a mild laxative effect.
9. Delicious cherries contain more vitamin C, which is 38 times that of a lemon. Moreover, cherries contain thiamine, which can promote the decomposition of reactive oxygen species, not only whiten the skin, but also relieve fatigue and shoulder pain. You should drink more juice containing cherries.
10. Drinking cherry wine in moderation can promote blood circulation and moisturize the skin. Cherry leaves also have the functions of warming stomach, stopping bleeding and detoxifying.
(1) Selection of terrain and slope of plum trees
Plum trees have strong adaptability and are not strict with planting sites. They can be planted in hills, plains, beaches and mountains. However, in order to achieve the goal of high quality and high yield of plum trees, the choice of planting location is also very important.
First, the choice of terrain.
Plum tree is one of the tree species with drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, cold resistance, high temperature and high humidity resistance and relative barren resistance. Planting plum trees in a relatively flat area is conducive to mechanized operation and convenient transportation. The terrain is flat, the trees grow vigorously, the roots are deep and the yield is high. However, ventilation, sunshine and drainage are often not as good as hills and mountains, and the fruit quality is not as good as hills and mountains. Generally speaking, gentle slope land and sandy beach land have good drainage and ventilation, which is beneficial to the growth of plum trees and is a good base for developing fresh food and processing plum. However, the sandy land has low organic matter content, poor soil and poor water and fertilizer conservation ability. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt corresponding cultivation techniques to obtain better quality fruits. The groundwater level in low-lying areas is generally high, especially in areas with heavy rainfall, the soil water content increases and the drainage is not smooth, which often produces hydrogen sulfide and other substances that are toxic to fruit trees, and the root system of plum trees is prone to poisoning and death. At the same time, the low terrain and poor ventilation are easy to cause cold air deposition, and the flowering period of plum trees is easily affected by late frost, and the yield is unstable. Therefore, it is not appropriate to establish plum gardens in low-lying areas.
Second, the choice of slope direction
Generally, plum gardens can be built in mountainous areas with thick soil layers, but attention should be paid to the slope direction and slope when cultivating. The characteristics of each slope direction are: the south slope is warmer than the north slope, the temperature of the south slope rises rapidly in spring, and the sunshine is sufficient. Therefore, the phenology starts early, the fruit ripens early, and the color and quality are good. However, due to the early phenology, flowers and young fruits are easily affected by late frost, and the soil moisture evaporation on the south slope is large, which is prone to drought. The water and fertilizer conservation ability of the northern slope is stronger than that of the southern slope, and the phenological period starts later, and the harm caused by frost in the later stage is lighter or avoidable. At the same time, the fruit ripens later, which can prolong the supply period of fresh fruit, but the flavor and color of the fruit on the north slope are not as good as that on the south slope. The advantages of the east and west slopes are close to those of the north and south slopes. Slope also has a certain influence on the growth of plum trees. Generally, the slope of 5 ~ 20 degrees is a good place to develop plum trees. If the slope is too large, the water will be easily lost, dried and the soil layer will be barren. Plum tree is the most adaptable tree species. As long as there are good soil and water conservation measures, plum trees can also be developed in areas with large slopes.
(2) Planting density
Plum trees are young trees, which grow fast and form early. Most varieties have high yield in the early stage, long economic life (under good management) and can be planted closely. However, the determination of planting density in different regions and different topographic conditions should be comprehensively considered according to the growth characteristics of planting varieties, rootstock types, local soil, climate and other conditions and management level. Generally, the planting density can be higher in areas with flat terrain, thick soil layer, high soil fertility, warm climate and good conditions. The plant spacing can be 3m× 4m or 3m× 5m, and 675-840 plants can be planted per hectare. High-density cultivation can also be carried out, and the row spacing 1.5 m× 2.5 m, when it is 6-8 years old, is interlaced or separated, so as to increase the yield per unit area in the early stage and improve the soil utilization rate. In mountainous areas, flood plains, areas with poor fertility and little rainfall, the planting density is relatively small, and the spacing between plants is 2m× 3m or 2m× 4m, with 1245- 1665 plants per hectare. In areas with high level of mechanized management, strip cultivation can also be adopted. The plant spacing is 1.5-2m× 4m, and 1665 plants are planted per hectare.
(3) Key points of cultivation techniques of Prunus mume.
First, the whole garden is intensively cultivated.
Before the garden is built, the whole garden will be deeply ploughed to improve the soil with a depth of 20 -30 cm.
Second, big hole planting
Dig a big hole with a depth of 80 cm and a width of 100 cm according to the row spacing of 3 × 4 meters. When digging a pit, topsoil and necessary soil must be piled up on both sides for later use. When planting in winter, first mix the topsoil with decomposed manure, garbage and phosphate fertilizer. Then backfill to the upper floor. Gently lift the seedlings to make their roots stretch, then cover the soil and compact them, and water them with rooting water. After that, water is poured every two weeks, and three times in a row can ensure survival.
Third, strengthen management.
1, soil, fertilizer and water management
Soil management can improve soil fertility and increase yield by reasonably interplanting dwarf crops (beans, vegetables or medicinal plants) and planting green manure. Fertilizer management is mainly to master the time, quantity and types of fertilization. The base fertilizer is generally slow-acting organic fertilizer, which is carried out one month after the fruit is harvested; Topdressing is mainly available fertilizer, which is generally divided into three topdressing times: the topdressing time before flowering is from late February to early March; Fruit-keeping fertilizer is in late April, when flowers wither and fruits set; Top dressing in the hard core stage was in mid-May, when the fruit expanded rapidly and the stone began to harden. The amount of fertilization is determined by the age, growth potential and fruit yield of the tree. The fertilization method adopts furrow fertilization, digging a furrow with a width of 50 cm and a depth of 80 cm around the crown, burying wheat straw and corn straw, and applying manure. Water management mainly includes watering once in early spring drought (February-March) to facilitate the germination of branches and buds, and watering once in late June. Pay attention to drainage in rainy days.
2, plastic pruning management
According to the growth and fruiting habits of plum trees, natural happiness and trunk evacuation layering are mainly adopted.
Natural happiness: after the survival of planting, the stem is fixed at 50 -60 cm in spring. When the stem is fixed, when the new branches growing from the scissors grow to more than 30 cm, 3-4 healthy and evenly distributed new branches are selected as the main branches for cultivation. The rest of the branches are thinned with vigorous production and cored with medium growth. When pruning in winter, the main branch should be shortened by about 60 cm. In the spring of the following year, the strong branch with positive direction and large opening angle was selected as the extension branch of the main branch, and two lateral branches were cultivated respectively. The remaining branches are properly controlled. When pruning in winter, the extension branches of the main branches are chopped about 60 cm. In the third year, continue to cultivate the main branch extension branches according to the above methods, and cultivate 2-3 lateral branches to basically form a high-yield tree.
Layered drainage: after survival, cut off 50 -60 cm in spring, grow new shoots from the incision, select healthy and upright branches as the upper drainage extension branches, and then select three branches with strong growth, uniform distribution and large opening angle as the three main branches of the first layer. For the rest of the branches, thinning should be carried out when the growth is vigorous, and coring should be carried out when the growth is medium. When pruning in winter, the three main branches of each layer are cut short by 50 cm, and the main extension branches are cut by 60 cm. In the spring of the following year, 1 upright and robust branches were selected from the upper part to continue to be the main extension branches, and then two branches that grew well and did not overlap with the distribution of the main branches in the first layer were selected as the main branches in the second layer. 1-2 evenly distributed side branches were cultivated on the three branches in the first layer, and the rest branches grew moderately without cutting, with strong growth potential. In the third and fourth years, one main branch of the third and fourth layers was cultivated according to the above method, and the whole tree was basically shaped.
Fourth, pest control.
The prevention and control of plum tree diseases and insect pests mostly adopt manual control, physical control, chemical control and biological control. Through reasonable fertilization, irrigation and pruning, the tree vigor is enhanced and the stress resistance of fruit trees is improved. It can also be controlled by manual methods, such as catching insects and removing garbage. Physical control is based on the biological characteristics of pests, using sweet and sour liquid to trap and kill adults, using straw rope to wrap the trunk to kill eggs, and also using black light to trap and kill adults. Chemical control is the main method to control fruit tree diseases and insect pests. Biological control is to eliminate pests by using their natural enemies.
The main pests of plum trees are: borer, flat thorn moth, yellow-brown caterpillar and scale insect. The main diseases are: plum gummosis, plum bacterial perforation and plum spot disease.
Commonly used pesticides for plum trees: pesticides include omethoate, phoxim, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, malathion and methamidophos. Fungicides include thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, zineb, Dixon, Bordeaux solution, white paint, etc.