Nowadays, many people refer to CV (full name is Latin currency vitae) and Resume as "resumes". In fact, strictly speaking, CV should be a "resume", and a resume is a resume. Resume mainly puts personal basic information and experience on it, and has no deep requirements for content. When applying for an undergraduate course, it is usually a resume. CV emphasizes relevant academic research, education or scientific research experience, and is generally used to apply for graduate students.
Personal statement actually requires students to describe their personal background, the purpose of application, and the major and design direction they are interested in.
Take parsons' clerical requirements as an example: parsons-essay roughly wants students to describe why they want to apply for a new school (Parsons is also included) and why they think they are suitable for application. And why you applied for Parsons, this major and this project.
Letter of recommendation is not mandatory for every school. For example, Rhode Island says it doesn't need it, but basically everyone will prepare it, so it is still equivalent to need it.