. Grafting, the propagation of Rhododendron occidentalis is widely used, often with twigs splitting, and the grafting time is not limited. The rootstock is mostly two-year-old Rhododendron, and the survival rate is over 90%. Wild rhododendrons and cultivated varieties from Mao Juan, Dong Juan and Xia Juan can be potted or planted in the shade. Xi Juan is potted all over the country, and the cultivated soil is mostly black mountain soil. Culture soil made of peat soil, Huangshan soil, humus soil, pine leaf soil, cinder and sawdust can be used as long as the pH value is between 5.5 and 7. O, good drainage, rich in humus. Pot filling is usually carried out in April or June 165438+ 10. Rhododendron roots expand slowly, so it is advisable to use 3-inch pots for 1 ~ 2 years, 4-inch pots for 3 ~ 4 years, change pots 1 time every 3 ~ 5 years, and trim roots at the same time. Water, according to the weather, plant size. Pot soil is dry and wet, which needs to be mastered flexibly. The water quality should be alkaline. When tap water is used, it is best to store 1 ~ 2 months in the water tank. Going out in mid-April is at the peak of growth, and the water demand is large; During the rainy season, water should be prevented; In the high temperature season from July to August, the evaporation is large, so it should be watered with the sun, and water should be sprayed on the ground and leaves at noon and night to cool down; 165438+1entered the room in early October. If there is heating in the room, the growth is still vigorous and the water demand is still large, especially when flowering and topping. If it is not heated indoors and grows slowly, it can be watered once every 3 to 5 days. Be thin, be fat and be diligent. For 2-4-year-old seedlings, in order to accelerate the formation of plants, the formation of new branches is often promoted by coring and bud picking. After the plant is formed, the diseased branches, weak branches and overlapping branches are mainly cut off, and thinning is the main method. Key points of propagation: sowing, cutting, grafting and layering can be used for propagation.
Maintenance points
1. environmental conditions: it is best to cultivate azaleas indoors and indoors. Use indoor environment in winter. In the Yangtze River valley, as long as there are certain lighting and ventilation conditions indoors, there is generally no need for heating. The northern winter is extremely cold and dry, so it is suitable for cultivation in a greenhouse with moderate temperature (about 15℃). Outdoor venues, used in summer and autumn, with mud as the best, avoid cement. The site should be spacious, ventilated and cool, and a shade shed should be built on it, covered with reed curtain or natural shade, and the light transmittance should be about 30%. It is forbidden to bask in the sun at night and spray a new high-fat film on the surface of plants, which can prevent the infection of germs, improve the ability to resist natural disasters, improve the intensity of photosynthesis and protect the vigorous growth of rice seedlings. 2. Potted soil requirements: Rhododendron likes loose, porous, well-drained, humus-rich acidic soil with PH value of 5.0-6.0. If clay or alkaline soil is used, it is difficult to survive. Especially Xia Juan and Yang Juan, they must be mountain soil. Mountain soil needs to be improved. At present, three kinds of cultivated soil are usually used. (1) It is prepared by mixing 7 parts of mountain soil, 1 part of dry moss sheet, 2 parts of dry humus soil and 1 part of dry fertilizer. (2) Stack 3 parts of mountain bark soil (topsoil), 3 parts of horse manure, 3 parts of deciduous weeds and 1 part of human manure in layers, and sieve after 1-2 years. (3) Mix 3 parts of mountain soil, 3 parts of humus soil, 4 parts of garden soil and 2 parts of sandy soil, and add 50g of sesame sauce residue and bone meal to each pot. Third, the choice of flowerpots: flowerpots for planting azaleas can generally choose pottery pots and purple sand pots according to their uses. The clay basin has good ventilation and water permeability, and there is Jindalai.
Conducive to root growth, this pot is used for production unit cultivation. Molded azaleas, especially those that have been molded, are generally planted in elegant purple sand pots for indoor and outdoor display. The teapot is exquisite in texture, rich in color and beautiful in shape, which can increase the ornamental value. The permeability of purple sand basin is not as good as that of clay basin. When planting, broken tiles (old tiles) should be placed around the basin wall to facilitate drainage. The size of the flowerpot depends on the age of the plant. Generally, 4-6-year-old plants use 5-inch pots; 6-inch pots for 7- 10 annual plants; 1 1- 15 8-inch pot for reproductive plants. Fourth, improve water quality: it is best to use rainwater for watering azaleas, followed by river water and pond water. If tap water is used, it should be stored for 1-2 days to allow chlorine gas to volatilize before use. When it is used, 0.2% ferrous sulfate is added, and it is poured every 7- 10 days in the growing season, and it is frequently used to ensure that the soil is acidic. Five, fertilizer and water management: azaleas like wet, not too dry. More water is especially needed during flowering. In winter, azaleas have entered the dormant period, and the water demand is not much. Generally, water should be poured 1 time every 4-5 days, and around noon on sunny and warm days. According to the dryness of the basin soil, appropriate amount of water can be applied. In March, the roots of rhododendron germinated and the water demand increased. The growth and development of summer rhododendron is a little late, and the watering amount is less than that of spring rhododendron. Generally, water every two days in the afternoon 1 time. From April to June, azaleas bloom one after another, and the branches and leaves begin to sprout, which requires a lot of water. Generally, water 1 time every morning and evening. In the hot and dry season from July to early September, water 1 time in the morning and evening, and the amount of water should not be too much. At noon, spray water on the leaves and the ground to maintain a humid environment. From mid-September to165438+1October, the weather gradually turns cold, which is the adaptive period for the growth of rhododendrons. In order to prevent the autumn shoots from pulling out and enhance the cold resistance in winter, the watering amount should be reduced appropriately. Generally, water 1 time every other morning to keep it moist. Rhododendron prefers fertilizer. Generally, water with decomposed cake fertilizer, fish meal, broad bean or Chinese milk vetch, and human excrement and urine are prohibited. Apply 1 thin fertilizer every 10 day, with the concentration of 15%, and apply * * * 2-3 times, so as to promote the old leaves to turn green and sprout new roots. Fertilize 5-6 times from mid-May to early July to promote the growth of branches and leaves after flowers wither. If it rains continuously, dry fertilizer can be applied. Before entering the house, before the azalea growth is about to stop, it should be fertilized 1-2 times and sprayed with a new high-fat film to keep fertilizer and moisture. 6. Outdoor shading: it is advisable to see more sunshine before going out and flowering; At noon in flowering period, it should be shaded for a short time, with a light transmittance of 60%; Jindalai 6 o'clock
The rainy season from May to early July is the flowering and branching period of azaleas, so we should see as much sunshine as possible. However, in the case of strong sunshine, it should be shaded from 9: 00 am to 4: 00 pm to avoid burning new leaves. From mid-July to early September, we should shade the sun from 8 am to 5 pm every day to prevent the sun from exposure. In the autumn growing season after September, the shading time can be shortened. Generally, it can be shaded from 10 to 4 pm, and it is advisable to see more sunshine after 10. Cut off long branches, weak branches, deformed branches and damaged branches after plastic surgery. Seven, shaping and pruning: Rhododendron grows slowly, generally let it grow naturally. Only after flowering and shaping, cut off long branches, weak branches, deformed branches and damaged branches. After pruning, apply a layer of callus antiseptic film on the wound to make it heal quickly. Pest control Pest control: During the damage period, military mixed insects (also known as Wang Guan bugs) were sprayed with 40% dimethoate 1500 times, 1 times, once every 7 days, for 3 consecutive times. The control methods of leaf roller in terminal bud stage mainly rely on manual capture and killing, and larvae or pupae can also be killed by spraying 40% dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate or 1500 times dichlorvos. Dicofol solution 1000 times can control red spider. Using 1500 times dimethoate or dichlorvos can control the cobia. The most common disease is brown spot, which can be controlled with 800 times of Tobezin or Bordeaux solution. ....
Bonsai making
Rhododendron can be propagated by layering, cutting, branching and grafting. Bonsai can also be made of old rhododendron piles that have grown for many years and have simple roots. Most of them should be excavated and transplanted before the flowers wither in late autumn and early winter or spring. When transplanting, they should bring more soil, trim the trunk and taproot properly, cut off the branches that affect the shape, and leave more lateral roots and fibrous roots. For larger branches, check carefully to ensure that the shape is not needed before removal. First plant it in a soil basin or underground for green cultivation, and the soil should be sandy soil with good drainage. After planting the piles dug in late autumn and early winter, bury them all with sand, leaving only a few branches exposed. Jindalai
After watering, cover with plastic bags for heat preservation and moisture retention; Piles dug in spring should also be buried in the soil for 2/3. After planting, keep the soil moist without watering, and then gradually remove the sand from the trunk after the plants germinate. During blank cultivation, leaves and trunks should be sprayed with water frequently to increase air humidity, but the roots should not be too wet, especially to avoid water accumulation, otherwise it will cause rotten roots. Pay attention to shading in summer to prevent sun exposure. Rhododendron can be made into various forms of bonsai, such as straight dry type, inclined dry type, curved dry type, double dry type, multi-dry type, exposed root type, cliff type, attached stone type, flood and drought type and so on. Seedlings propagated by cutting, layering and other methods can be shaped year by year after 3-4 years of growth, and the modeling time is mostly before spring germination or summer and autumn growing season. Pruning is the main thing, winding is the auxiliary thing. When modeling, we should follow the principle of coarse first and fine later, properly wrap the trunk and main branches, and trim other branches for modeling. Because the branches of rhododendron are fragile and easy to break, be careful when operating. In the growing season, if a branch breaks, you can put yellow mud on the wound and wrap it with plastic film, which will soon heal and recover. However, the old azalea pile should be shaped by pruning, but some branches can also be properly tied. In order to improve the ornamental value, Mao Dujuan Laodui, which has grown for many years and has strong branches and beautiful appearance, can be used as rootstock, and excellent varieties of Rhododendron can be used as scions for grafting through docking or cutting. According to the situation of the stump, you can gradually remove part of the soil and lift the roots out of the ground, so that the roots are exposed in the air, which is simple and energetic. Rhododendron likes warm and humid semi-cloudy environment and needs good ventilation. Usually it can be maintained under strong light, and it should be shaded in summer and early autumn to avoid exposure to the hot sun. Otherwise, the strong light will burn the leaves, but it should not be too shaded, so as to avoid the plants growing white and affecting flowering. It can be maintained in a cool shed or shade. Keep the soil moist during the growing period, but don't accumulate water. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season. When the air is dry, sprinkle water on plants and the surrounding ground to increase the air humidity and prevent the leaves from drying up. You can also cover the surface of the pot soil with a layer of soft grass to prevent the fine fibrous roots on the surface of the pot soil from being burned by the hot sun. Apply decomposed dilute liquid fertilizer every 15 days. In order to prevent yellowing, a small amount of black alum can be added to the fertilizer solution to make the leaves dark green and bright in color. Adding 1 ~ 2 times of phosphate fertilizer such as bone meal and calcium superphosphate in bud stage can promote the flowers to be large and colorful. Move indoors to the sunny place in winter, keep the soil above 0℃ from freezing, and control watering to make the basin soil slightly moist. Prune once a year after flowering, cut off pests and diseases, dead branches, cross branches, overlapping branches, weak branches and long branches, and cut off short branches appropriately, so as to make the plant beautiful in appearance and reasonable in branch distribution, strengthen ventilation and light transmission in the inner room, which is beneficial to plant growth. In spring or late autumn, the basin should be turned once every two years, and the basin soil should be rich in humus, fertile and loose slightly acidic sandy soil. Function of plant dyes: As a foil for flowers, the function of branches and leaves of rhododendron has not been paid attention to. It is actually a natural dye. Uses: branches and leaves. In the domestic environment, potted azaleas are better. It is appropriate to choose early spring or late autumn as the time to go to the basin. Rhododendron roots expand slowly, so it is advisable to use 3-inch pots for 1 ~ 2 years, 4-inch pots for 3 ~ 4 years, change pots 1 time every 3 ~ 5 years, and trim roots at the same time. Water, according to the specific situation of flexible grasp. When the temperature is low, there is little water; In high school, you should water while drying, but you must not accumulate water. Fertilization should be thin and diligent. For 2 ~ 4-year-old seedlings, in order to accelerate the formation of plants, the methods of coring and bud picking are often used to promote the growth of new branches; After the plant is formed, the diseased branches, weak branches and overlapping branches are mainly cut off, and thinning is the main method.
Variety introduction
Rhododendron, also known as Rhododendron by the masses, refers to all kinds of red rhododendron, describing its bright red brilliance to make the mountains red. Actually, Jindalai
What kind of azaleas are red? At present, there is only one species (including many cultivated varieties) in plant taxonomy. There are nearly 300 species in China and Yunnan. China is the birthplace of rhododendron, and Yunnan is its distribution center. Rhododendron azalea is a common rhododendron, which is named after it blooms all over the mountains. It is distributed in the mountainous areas above 500 meters above sea level such as Xijiang, Fenghuang Mountain, Zhuangkou and Lanshan in Huichang County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province. Yingshanhong is known as "the king of woody flowers". Scholars at all times and all over the world wrote many beautiful poems praising Yingshanhong, such as a poem by Yang Wanli in the Song Dynasty, "Why don't you watch the spring breeze in the famous garden?" Every day, Jinjiang is like a brocade, and Qingxi shines on the mountains. "Praise the simple and tenacious vitality of Yingshanhong. Climb the lush Yantou Mountain, and you will see the flaming azaleas steaming among the green hills and trees, in clusters, blooming so warmly and beautifully. Flowers are like red agate, standing upright in the wind, delicate and charming, with dense petals. The petals are very close, very close, attracting countless bee discs to fly around. Every flower is ethereal and subtle, picturesque and beautiful, which makes people linger. Rhododendrons are mostly shrubs and small trees, one or two meters high. For ten days, Rhododendron and Rhododendron purpurea flowers crawled on the rocky ground, only a few centimeters high. There are dozens of feet of azaleas and thousands of flowers. The top of the azalea is an umbrella-shaped tidbit, which consists of several bell-shaped or funnel-shaped flowers, just like a full hydrangea. Most leaves are leathery. They are as big as a batch of handles and as small as nails. There is also a rhododendron with sharp leaves, more than 70 cm long and 20 cm wide. The fruit is a capsule and the seeds are as fine as dust. Sowing must be carefully managed before seedlings can be unearthed. Rhododendron grows in the mountains, Zhongshan, low mountains and fields at an altitude of 800-4500 meters in Yunnan, with the most abundant species in the mountainous areas of western Yunnan. Especially in the alpine wetlands. Many kinds of evergreen rhododendrons, such as yellow rhododendron, Rhododendron glabra, Rhododendron globosa and Rhododendron latifolia, often form dense rhododendron flowers and pure forests, and there is a "sea of flowers" spectacle of rhododendrons from 10 to 20 kilometers. The flowering period of azaleas varies with climate and varieties. The warm areas in the low mountains are mostly open in February-March, the cool areas in the middle mountains are mostly open in April-June, and the cool areas in the high mountains are mostly open in July-August. Because of its kind, Jindalai
The ecological environment is diverse, widely distributed, complex and diverse, and the posture and charm of rhododendron flowers are also diverse: some branches are sparse, and some branches are dry; Some are lush, handsome and tall, and some are vigorous and quaint. Its patterns and colors are even more colorful: crimson like fire, golden yellow, crystal blue like treasure, or with spots or stripes, pink, magenta, orange, lavender, yellow with red, red with white, white with green, which is really ever-changing and spectacular. Some have heavy make-up, gorgeous clothes, some have light white, some have red lips and white teeth, and some have refreshing fragrance. They really have their own charm and grace. Because of the important value of rhododendron in gardens, China's rich rhododendron resources have been coveted by western countries. As early as the beginning of19th century, they sent people to Yunnan many times to collect specimens and seeds, which cost a lot. Today, hundreds of azaleas boasted by the Royal Botanical Garden have been collected and cultivated in Yunnan and have already grown into forests. When the buds are in full bloom, English women and men are touching. 19 19, British collector frith accidentally discovered the "cuckoo giant"-Rhododendron dendrobii on the west slope of Gaoligong Mountain in Tengchong, Yunnan. Greed drove him to hire a coolie, settle down, raise an axe, cut down the 280-year-old rhododendron which is 25 meters high, 87 centimeters high, and brought back a disc-shaped wood specimen, which is still displayed in the British Museum in London. But 63 years later, in February of 198 1, scientists discovered the highest and largest azalea king known in the world. According to further investigation by Tengchong Forestry Bureau, there are still 12 rhododendrons with DBH above 1 m, the largest of which is 1, with a height of 25m, a diameter of 3.07m and a tree age of over 500 years. The inflorescence of Rhododendron grandiflora is a very beautiful flower cluster, water red. Each inflorescence consists of 20 ~ 24 bell-shaped flowers, with a length of 6 cm-8 cm, a diameter of 6 cm and a inflorescence diameter of 25 cm. This indomitable tree-Rhododendron, with its lush canopy and brilliant flowers like clouds, is the pride of Yunnan and the pride of the motherland! Rhododendron flavum contains toxins, which can cause vomiting, dyspnea, numbness of limbs and other symptoms after poisoning.