Contents 1 Pinyin 2 English reference 3 Overview 4 Pinyin name 5 Alias ??of pistachio 6 Source 7 Origin of pistachio 8 Harvesting and preliminary processing of pistachio 9 Pistachio The original plant form 10 The origin of pistachio 11 The cultivation of pistachio 12 The crude drug properties of pistachio 12.1 Character identification 12.2 Microscopic identification 13 The nature and flavor of pistachio 14 The efficacy and indications of pistachio 15 The usage and dosage of pistachio are attached: 1 Pinyin of pistachio 1 in ancient books
ā yuè hún zǐ 2 English reference
pistache [21st Century Bilingual Science and Technology Dictionary] < /p>
Pistacia vera L. [21st Century Bilingual Science and Technology Dictionary] 3 Overview
Pistachio is the fruit of Pistacia vera L., a plant of the Anacardiaceae family. The fruit is oval or broadly oval, slightly flat, 1.32.2cm long, about 1cm wide, brown to purple-red, with a pointed apex and a truncated base. There are traces of the fruit stalk, and there are longitudinal and slightly twisted rib stripes on the surface. Intermittent point-like protrusions, the peel is easy to crack; the core is 1.22cm long, oval or elliptical, with a pointed apex, smooth, grayish white, and the shell is hard and about 1mm thick. The epidermis of the seed is grey-brown or purple-red, and the hilum at the base is in the shape of a rectangular scar. The scar is about 3mm long and the inside is green to light green. The smell is slight and the taste is slightly sweet and fragrant.
Pistachio is pungent in taste and warm in nature. It has the effects of warming the kidneys and warming the spleen. It is mainly used to treat kidney deficiency and cold waist, impotence, spleen deficiency and cold dysentery.
4 Pinyin name
ā Yuè Hún Zǐ 5 Alias ??of Pistachio
Hu Bangzi, Wumingzi. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 6 Sources
Pistachio was first recorded in "Supplementary Materials of Materia Medica", where it says: "Pistachio... is born in various tribes in the Western Kingdom. It is said that it is the same tree as Hu Zhenzi, and it is one year old. "Bangzi" is also recorded in "Compendium of Materia Medica", which quotes "Haiyao Materia Medica" as saying: "According to Xu Biao's "Nanzhou Ji", it says: Wumingzi grows in the Lingnan Valley, and it actually looks like a hazelnut, so it is called Wumingzi. , the Persian family calls it pistachio." It is also recorded in "Compendium of Materia Medica". ("Chinese Materia Medica") 7 The origin of pistachio
Pistachio is the fruit of Pistacia vera L., an Anacardiaceae plant. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 8 Harvesting and preliminary processing of pistachios
Harvest mature fruits from July to August and dry them for later use. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 9 The original plant form of pistachio
Pistachio is a small deciduous tree, 57m high. Branchlets are stout, cylindrical, with stripes and lenticels, puberulent or nearly glabrous; young branches are often hairy. Odd-pinnate compound leaves are alternate, usually with 3 leaflets, rarely 5 leaflets; the petiole is flat above, wingless or narrowly winged; the leaflets are sessile or almost sessile, and the leaves are ovate or broadly elliptical, 410cm long and 2.56.5cm wide. , the terminal leaflet is larger, the apex is blunt or acute, with a small tip, the base is broadly wedge-shaped, round or truncate, the base of the lateral leaflets is often asymmetrical, entire, the upper surface of the leaf is hairless, and the lower surface of the leaf is sparsely soft. Hair, leathery. The flowers are dioecious; the panicle is 410cm long, the inflorescence axis and branches are pubescent and striped, the male inflorescence is broad and dense; the male flower has a perianth of 35 cm, oblong, varying sizes, and 56 stamens; the female flower has a perianth of 35 cm, long Round, membranous, with curled eyelashes on the edge; ovary is sessile, oblong, about 1mm long, and style is about 0.5mm long. The drupe is oval or oblong. The fruit stalk is about 3cm long. The fruit is larger, about 2cm long and 1cm wide. The apex is sharp and has a thin tip. It is yellow-green to pink when mature. The flowering period is 35 months and the fruiting period is 78 months. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 10 The origin of pistachio
Pistachio is produced in Syria, Iraq, Iran, the southwest of the former Soviet Union and southern Europe, and is cultivated in Xinjiang, my country. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 11 Cultivation of Pistachio
Pistachio is a perennial deciduous fruit tree and small tree of the genus Pistacia of the Anacardiaceae family. The scientific name is Pistacia vera L.
Wild species originate from the mountainous areas of Central Asia and West Asia. It was first cultivated in West Asia 3,500 years ago, in Central Asia 2,000 years ago, and in Europe it was first cultivated 1,500 years ago in Italy. At present, the world's main producing countries include Türkiye, Iran, Afghanistan, Greece, Syria and other countries.
Pistachio was introduced from Persia (Iran) in the Tang Dynasty of China and has been cultivated for about 1,300 years. It is cultivated in Kashgar, Xinjiang.
The tree is 36m tall. The tree is open and has a crown diameter of 36m. The bark is dark gray and rough. Branchlets are smooth, reddish brown.
Odd-pinnate compound leaves, with 35 leaflets; leaflets are oval, 510cm long, leaves are thick, entire, hairless, dioecious; male flowers have 12 sepals, 35 stamens; female flowers have an ovary with 25 sepals and 1 ovule. The nuts are oval or oblong, and the seeds are light green or creamy yellow. They contain a lot of oil and are the edible parts.
The main root goes deep into the soil below 4m, and the horizontal roots often exceed the crown. There is an obvious main trunk, no *** trunk, the trunk is happy, divided into main branches, side branches and fruit-bearing trees. It has a long lifespan. There are 700-year-old trees in Iran, and its fruit can last for 350,400 years.
In Kashgar, Xinjiang, buds sprout in early April, bloom in mid-April, and mature early in August. Early-maturing varieties take about 110 days, and late-maturing varieties take about 130 days. The reproductive period is about 180-210 days.
Pistachio is an arid subtropical tree species that can grow well in areas with an annual precipitation of 200-400mm and a relative air humidity of 50%. The growing season requires an average temperature of 2426°C and can tolerate high temperatures of 43.8°C. It can tolerate low temperatures of 30°C in winter, but Mediterranean species have weak cold tolerance and will suffer freezing damage at 9°C. It has strong adaptability, likes light, and is suitable for growing in sunny mountainous areas with an altitude of 600-1200m. The root system is intolerant of moisture, afraid of water accumulation, and can tolerate 0.2% soil salt.
There are about 30 species of Pistacia genus, and 2 species are native to China, namely Pistacia chinensis and Pistacia chinensis, which can be used as pistachio rootstocks. There is only one species of pistachio whose fruit is edible. There are two main types of Xinjiang pistachios. ① Round fruit type, ② Long fruit type.
Pistachio is not easy to survive when transplanted. Plant it by direct seeding or use nutrient pots to raise seedlings. Before sowing, seeds need to be soaked and stratified. The treatment temperature is 4℃ and it takes 6 weeks. The sowing garden is plowed deeply and leveled and then ridges are built. The ridge spacing is 45m and the ridge height is 30cm. Holes are dug on the ridge slope for sowing. The spacing between the holes is 3m. 23 grains are sown in each hole and the soil is covered with 5cm. It can be propagated by grafting. In addition to the rootstocks of Pistacia chinensis and Pistacia chinensis, you can also use Pistacia chinensis and Pistacia chinensis, which are more resistant to nematodes, but this rootstock is not resistant to nematodes.
Male and female trees need to be allocated reasonably, with a suitable ratio of 10:1. After flowering and fruiting, excess male trees will be grafted and replaced with new ones in proportion. There are two grafting methods: bark grafting in spring and T-shaped bud grafting in summer.
Pistachio sprouts many side branches from the seedling stage, which extend laterally to form low groves. Shaping starts from saplings, selecting branches in different directions around the main trunk as main branches, and short-cutting thin branches and bent branches to fill the gaps between main branches. Retraction pruning is performed during the fruiting period.
Pistachio seed kernels contain 5468% oil, and their unsaturated fatty acids are as high as 90%, carbohydrates 913%, protein 2025%, inorganic salts 2.53.3%, vitamins A, B, etc., the kernels can It can be eaten fresh, fried or candied. It is also an excellent ingredient for making cakes and refreshing drinks. The peel and seeds can be used as medicine. 12 Crude drug properties of pistachio 12.1 Character identification
The fruit is oval or broadly oval, slightly flat, 1.32.2cm long, about 1cm wide, brown to purple-red, with a pointed apex and a truncated base. shape, with remnants of the fruit stalk, slightly twisted longitudinal stripes and intermittent point-like protrusions on the surface, and the peel is easy to crack; the core is 1.22cm long, oval or elliptical, with a pointed apex, smooth, off-white, and The shell is hard and about 1mm thick. The epidermis of the seed is grey-brown or purple-red, and the hilum at the base is in the shape of a rectangular scar. The scar is about 3mm long and the inside is green to light green. The smell is slight and the taste is slightly sweet and fragrant. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 12.2 Microscopic identification
Seed cross-section: 1 row of seed coat cells, tangentially extended into a rectangular shape; 12 rows of giant cells at the bottom; decadent parenchyma cells are often damaged and blurred, and Scattered threaded vessels, about 10 μm in diameter, polygonal cotyledon cells, containing oil droplets and aleurone grains. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 13 The nature and flavor of pistachio
Pistachio has a pungent taste and is warm in nature. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 14 Efficacy and Indications of Pistachio
Pistachio has the effect of warming the kidneys and spleen. Mainly used for kidney deficiency, cold waist, impotence, spleen deficiency and cold dysentery. ("Chinese Materia Medica") 15 Usage and dosage of pistachio
Oral administration: decoction, 9~15g. ("Chinese Materia Medica") Pistachio in the ancient book "Compendium of Materia Medica": [Volume 30 of Fruit Part 2] Pistachio
Supplements"), Wumingzi ("Haiyao" 》). Ji Xie Zangqi said: Pistachio is born in various Western countries, and it grows on the same tree as Hu Zhenzi. One-year-old Hu Zhenzi, two-year-old Ayue... "Compendium of Materia Medica": [Indications for the treatment of all diseases in the third volume] Blood in the urine
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Mountain cherry (Zhutao Yingdou Maiying plum peach) pomelo (pot orange Zhuluantiao smelly orange) pistachio (Hu hazelnut nameless) hazel (ki) mole ( Moloka fruit (Emblica officinalis)... "Compendium of Materia Medica": [Indications for treating all kinds of diseases in the third volume] Low back pain
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) Eucommia ulmoides (kidney deficiency and cold... "Compendium of Materia Medica": [Indications for treating all diseases in Volume 3] Qiangzhong