Some people say yes, others say no.

Please use more convincing evidence? Don't be influenced by western historians. Are China people (Zhou) really descendants of Sumerians? Then why didn't they keep their own customs and habits? Besides, the evolution of language and writing is the best proof, and they are not in the same strain at all. I think the ancestors of Chinese people came to the west (probably, Chinese people are more interested in this direction in the west, such as: western bliss (holy land), the Queen Mother of the West (Notre Dame de China), Kunlun (maybe not the present Kunlun Mountain, maybe in the area from Qilian Mountain to Loess Plateau), and the founder of Taoism in China. China people may have nothing to do with any race in the world. I estimate that China people's genes are different from other races, and they are independent systems. .

The research on genetic variation involving scientists all over the world shows that the ancestors of China people originated in East Africa, and the Han people are of the same origin as Tibetan and Miao ethnic minorities.

Core tips

Scientists from many countries in the world are cooperating to complete a huge human root-seeking project, hoping to draw a "human migration map" by studying the variation of human genes.

Research by scientists in China shows that the ancestors of China people originated in East Africa and entered China through South Asia. This South Asian ancestor gradually differentiated into various ethnic groups after many migrations and genetic mutations in the body.

According to scientists, through the analysis of personal DNA samples, everyone in China can know his own story and find his own origin.

Who Are We? Where do we come from?

"This historical information is hidden in the molecular structure of our DNA," AARON Li said. This doctoral student from the School of Life Sciences of Fudan University is keen to collect DNA samples from various ethnic branches, focusing on the relationship between ethnic groups in southern China.

AARON Li grew up in Fengxian, a suburb of Shanghai. By detecting her Y chromosome and mitochondria, she found that they were from Fujian, Guangdong. More than 20,000 years ago, these DNA types were active in the Beibu Gulf in Southeast Asia. When AARON Li flies out of the novel, his pronunciation is "bóng", which is very similar to the Dong language "Ben".

For a long time, he always thought it was Fengxian dialect. Through DNA test, Li Huicai knew that some of his words came from an ancient Austrian language. The ancestor of this language family was formed in the southern Beibu Gulf more than 20,000 years ago.

Scientists have been trying to use DNA analysis and computer technology to study human history, so as to determine the formation process of human race and human society. This work has never stopped. At present, a huge human root-seeking plan is being launched on a global scale. Xinhua News Agency reported on April 18 that in order to fully understand the origin and migration of human beings and the formation of thousands of languages, in the next few years, scientists from China will cooperate with scientists from the United States and other countries to draw a "human migration map" by studying genetic variation, thus filling the gaps in human history.

This five-year project is called "Genetic Geographic Map Project of Human Migration". This project will be completed by experts from 10 laboratories and universities in China, Russian, Indian and Brazil. Scientists will collect 654.38 million+DNA samples from different races around the world for analysis.

Professor Li Jing, director of the Center for Modern Human Biology of Fudan University, and his team are responsible for population research in East and Southeast Asia, including population migration, the generation and differentiation of nationalities and languages, and gene exchange between people.

"The focus of our research this time will be to map the migration of ancestors in China, so as to explore the unknown problems in many evolutionary links such as our nation and language. "Professor Li Jing said that about 20,000 DNA samples should be collected this time. Everyone in China can know his own story.

Beijingers are not our ancestors.

"Who are our ancestors?" The authoritative education of junior high school textbooks is that modern people in China evolved from Beijingers who lived 400,000 years ago. The theoretical basis of this statement is the multi-regional origin theory of human beings, which holds that modern people in Europe, Asia and Africa all evolved from local apes.

Professor Li Jing's laboratory assistant, Qian Ji, said that modern people are a single species, but the apes in different places are very different and belong to different species, and not all of them have evolved into modern people. Only the ape-man in East Africa embarked on the road of evolution to modern people. Therefore, Beijing Australopithecus can't be our ancestors.

Su Bing, a researcher at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, found a fault that can not be ignored after consulting the age of existing fossils in China. No human fossils were unearthed from this fault from about 654.38 million years ago to 40,000 years ago. It is speculated that Homo erectus and Homo sapiens living in East Asia died out in the last ice age because of the bad climate. Modern people migrated from Wan Li, not far from Africa.

However, there are still scientists who support the theory of multi-regional origin. Academician Wu Xinzhi of vertebrate paleontology Institute of Anthropology, China Academy of Sciences carefully compared the skeletal characteristics of Peking man, Neanderthal man and modern man, and found that 70% of China people's skulls have three characteristics consistent with those of Peking man. So he still thinks that Beijingers may be the ancestors of China people. However, when his student Liu Wu visited Africa, he found that 30% of East Africans were also consistent with Beijingers in these three skull features.

From 65438 to 0998, scientists in China realized the importance of DNA genetic code. On those double helix DNA chains, there are four colors of balls, namely red, yellow, blue and green. A, T, C and G are in charge of the whole human migration and development history.

According to scientific explanation, each ball is a nucleotide unit. The so-called gene is that these balls are connected together in a certain order and have corresponding genetic information. It has strong functionality and controls the skin color, shape and health of human beings. For example, human hypertension is controlled by hundreds of genes. Their order cannot be changed casually. If it changes, it will affect the physical condition.

But the sequence of some beads is not functional, and their properties are like fillers in DNA molecules. Their arrangement is free. They will change freely after thousands of years, such as C, which is not affected by any external factors and does not bear the pressure of natural selection. Their changes will not affect health. It is these gene mutations that record the historical information of human migration.

Chu Jiayou, a researcher at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, focused on a special DNA sequence called microsatellite, which is a recognized genetic marker. There are short repeats in DNA arrangement, such as TGTGT-GTG, and the letters and times of repetition can be inherited. The original position of G may be changed to A or repeated for 9 times when it is passed on to future generations, and it suddenly becomes repeated 10 times in future generations. According to this principle, Chu Jiayou analyzed 28 East Asians and figured out that the origin time of modern people in China would not be earlier than 50,000 years.

Some people think that Chu Jiayou's sample size is too small to be convincing. In 200 1 year, Ke Yuehai, a student of Jinli University, and his research team conducted a large-scale genetic analysis on the East Asian population, mainly from China. He entered the world of Y chromosome. They are handed down from generation to generation, and their "personality" is stable. Generally, one or two gene loci will change after dozens of generations. The structure of these gene mutation sites is like a tree, and it is this gene tree that records the path of human diffusion to different parts of the earth in different periods.

Ke Yuehai * * * analyzed 27 male individuals 12 127, and found that a certain point on YAP, M 130 and M89 of those Y chromosomes would be mutated. They are three branches of the gene tree. They converge on a root named M 168. This M 168 is the mutation site in Africans. In other words, China people are related to Africans living in East Africa.

Ke Yuehai said that there are not many effective populations of Y chromosome in China, and there are not many kinds. This 12000 sample covers almost all chromosome types of China people. This can fully prove that the population of East Asia, mainly Chinese, originated in Africa.

The real Adam and Eve

Spencer Wells, a human genome scientist who leads the "Genetic Geographic Map of Human Migration" project, said, "We all belong to the same ancestor, but as time goes by, we are separated." He believes that all modern people in the world, whether Asians, Americans or Europeans, evolved from Homo erectus in East Africa. They began to spread around the world 50,000-654.38+ten thousand years ago.

Starting from DNA, the study of human beings has gradually transcended the cultural level, and people are learning to find the lost history from their own bodies. In the late 1980s, a strange branch of anthropology-molecular anthropology was born. It has shown shocking power since its birth. It not only makes the theory of African origin clear and credible, but also helps molecular anthropologists find Adam and Eve in Africa.

1987, Rebecca Cann of the University of Hawaii deciphered the mitochondrial DNA of women all over the world and found that all the mitochondrial DNA of modern women came from a woman living in Africa, about 15000 years ago.

Mitochondria exist in cytoplasm and are the "energy factory" of cells. They contain a small amount of genetic material-DNA. Everyone's mitochondria come from their mothers, so mitochondria are an important tool to study human evolution from the perspective of maternal inheritance, just as Y chromosome is a tool to study paternal inheritance.

Subsequently, molecular anthropologists successfully deciphered the Y chromosome of male genetic code again. Through research, they come to the conclusion that all modern people have the same father, and he should have lived in East Africa about10.5 million years ago.

"The genetic code in DNA made Adam and Eve leave the mythical world and become African people with flesh and blood.

They became the ancestors of all people, including China people. "AARON Li, a doctoral student at Fudan University's School of Life Sciences, said.

AARON Li explained. About 6.5438+0.5 million years ago, East Africa divided into many races and tribes, including the ancestors of the present four races: black, brown, yellow and white. M 168 on Y chromosome is a very old mutation site found at present, which occurred about 65438+ million years ago when humans left Africa. It is with this ancient variation that those brown and yellow people began to spread to the world. All modern people except Africa have mutations at this site.

654.38 million years ago, the earth was in the ice age, and most of the land was covered by glaciers. The whole sea level is about 120 meters lower than it is now, and a lot of seabed is exposed on the ground. In East Africa, tribes crowded in this hot land, grabbing limited food. Perhaps ethnic cleansing incidents like Rwanda are frequent, and some people start to leave Africa.

"Tens of thousands of years later, two types of mutations, M 130 and M89, appeared on the basis of Y chromosome gene mutation. The former happened 80,000 years ago, and the latter happened 45,000 years ago. Humans entered Eurasia through North Africa. " AARON Li said that brown people appeared first. They mainly live by fishing at the seaside and pick up high-protein food on the beach. They walked along the Indian Ocean coast with Paleolithic tools, pointing to Mu Cha. 50,000 years ago, they occupied land and islands in South Asia and Southeast Asia. In the following tens of thousands of years, the endless fishing and foraging life led them all the way along the endless coastline to East Asia, and then probably crossed the Bering Strait to North America and South America.

The yellow race left Africa nearly 50 thousand years later than the yellow race.

But they spread quickly. It took them only 1/5 to reach Southeast Asia. Among12,000 China people sampled by Ke Yuehai,165,438+065,438+0 samples were mutated in M89. This mutation mark was formed when the yellow race arrived in Southeast Asia. They have been doing activities here for a long time, and then they will enter China to divide the existing Han nationality.

Chinese-Tibetan homology

It's hard to believe that Han people and Tibetans are of the same origin, no matter in appearance or culture, but molecular anthropologists are convinced.

It was some linguists in China who first proposed the homology between Chinese and Tibetan. At first, it was thought that the Dong-Dai language in the south was the closest to Chinese, and later it was found that Tibetan language was the closest to Chinese.

The pronunciations of most numbers in Tibetan can be found in dialects in southeastern China, and their meanings are the same.

There is not a general correspondence between Tibetan and Chinese, but a systematic one-to-one correspondence. Linguistically speaking, the Han and Tibetan nationalities show an unusual relationship.

Su Bing, a researcher at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, found evidence of homology between China and Tibet in the DNA of 1996. He found that Han people and Tibetans had the same mutation in M 122 and its branch M 134. Through the principal component analysis of Y chromosome, Su Bing found that the mutation frequency of Tibetans is the closest to that of Han nationality, which means that among many ethnic groups in Tibetan-Burmese language family, Tibetans are the closest to Han nationality. They differentiated about 5000 years ago.

Professor Li Jing's laboratory assistant, Qian Ji, said that in fact, it is relatively mature for China to use DNA to analyze the migration routes of its ancestors. Chu Jiayou from Yunnan Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fu and Li Pu from Harbin Medical University, and Xu from Institute of Cytogenetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences are all doing research in this field. As long as their scattered routes are pieced together, it will be a complete migration route for China people. As far as the current research results are concerned, the 56 ethnic groups in China and the ethnic groups in East Asia and Southeast Asia are all differentiated by the ancestors of South Asian language family, because they all have the mutation of M 122.

The mutation of M 122 occurred about 30,000 years ago, when many mountains in China were covered with snow all year round. Except for a few brown people living in the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valley, more places are empty. At this time, in the area of Myanmar in Southeast Asia, the tribes of the yellow race have gained some power, and the brown race has been shrinking southward.

"When the glaciers in China continued to melt, a South Asian population with M 122 mutation began to enter China." AARON Li said that at present, there are three differentiation routes for South Asian ancestors after they entered China, and * * * has two entrances, one in Yunnan and the other in the Pearl River Basin.

One of them trudged north along the west side of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and finally reached the Hetao area, a basin in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River 1 10,000 years ago. The ancestors of these Sino-Tibetan languages are also called Qian Qiang by later generations, and they are the common ancestors of the Sino-Tibetan people.

This South Asian ancestor set out with a round head. Because of thalassemia gene, he had a big nose and thick lips. But they came to Gansu from Yunnan along rivers and valleys, and their bodies also changed. After arriving at the plateau, people with thalassemia genes are no longer affected by malaria and hypoxia, so it is not easy for them to survive. So the people who survived, their faces became very long, their lines and edges became stiff, like a knife.

During the Long March, the language they used also changed. There is a theory that this is a change brought by word of mouth. The listener thinks you are saying another word, and when you repeat it, it becomes another voice.

AARON Li said that, more importantly, after the migration of 1000 years, a new mutation, M 134, was born in their bodies. So until five or six thousand years ago, the DNA inside the human body began to "restless" again. At that time, due to the emergence of millet agriculture, the Neolithic culture appeared. The increase in population makes it necessary for this group to expand its new residence. The Sino-Tibetan language family began to divide.

A subgroup has a mutation of M 1 17 on the basis of M 134. They took this mutation to the east and didn't stop until the Weihe River basin. They mastered agricultural civilization and began to make a living by farming. This group is China people, that is, Han people. "M 1 17 is an ancient gene mutation in the Han population," AARON Li said.

Another branch is called the Tibeto-Burman language family. They left the Yellow River basin, migrated to the west and south, and finally settled in the north and south of the Himalayas.

In the process of migration, this group is like a constantly dividing cell, which is divided into Tibetan, Qiang, Yi, Jingpo and Tujia.

China people honed a warrior in the Weihe River Basin. They occupied Guanzhong and accumulated the strength to unify China. Part of Chinese went out of Tongguan and was influenced by Longshan culture and Miao Yao culture of Yi people, forming Qi dialect group and Chu dialect group respectively.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, divided China was unified, and the Han nationality really formed a whole consciousness from the cultural level of language and writing to the monetary unit of measurement. Coupled with the strong centralized rule, the Han nationality has never been divided. Cultural strength makes the Han nationality like a drop of thick ink on the Chinese territory, and they quickly penetrate around with the mutation of M 1 17.

Vague Southern National Identity

After research, AARON Li found that while the ancestors of South Asia formed Sino-Tibetan language system on the west side of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, they separated a group of ancestors of South Asia who migrated to the southeast and bypassed the mountains of Laos. 654.38+ ten thousand years ago, the southern Beibu Gulf formed the ancestor of the Austro-Thai language family. The yellow race entered China from Vietnam and Guangxi with the mutation of M 1 19, and walked northeast along the coastline, forming Baiyue nationality.

AARON Li himself belongs to the Aotai language family, which was discovered by accident when he was studying DNA samples of different ethnic branches.

The doctoral student didn't know his exact nationality before his sophomore year. When he registered, he would fill in the column of Han nationality, but since he was a child, he found that although he lived in Fengxian, Shanghai, his cultural habits were very different from those of Han people around him. His great-grandparents have their own dark blue national costumes. They have their own festivals. On April 18 of the lunar calendar, they will splash water for the New Year. On September 18 of the lunar calendar, they will catch all the fish raised in the fish pond, cut them into sections, divide them into piles and distribute them to all households equally. They have an innate sense of superiority and will not marry others.

At that time, the elders told AARON Li that they were aborigines.

Until AARON Li went to Yunnan to sample the Dai people, he suddenly found that he could almost understand the Dai language. When communicating with the Shui people, AARON Li was even more surprised. He can even understand the whispers and private conversations there. After returning to Shanghai, he drew blood for himself and found that the Dai people, the Shui people and himself all had the mutation of M 1 19.

The ethnic group with M 1 19 mutation is also called Baiyue ethnic group in ethnology, and its historical coverage ranges from the toe of northern Vietnam to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. During thousands of years of differentiation, Li, Dong, Shui, Mulao, Gelao, Gaoshan, Zhuang and Dai have emerged. These ethnic groups have strong consistency in language and culture, so they are also collectively called Yue people. "You see, my brow bone bends down a lot, which is a remarkable feature of the Australian-Thai language family." AARON Li said.

Last year, Li Hui and his research team conducted a survey in Shanghai to see whether the Wu people and the Yue people belong to the same ethnic group or completely belong to two ethnic groups. There used to be a view in linguistics that they belonged to the same nation because their languages could communicate with each other.

Through research, it is found that they are completely two different nationalities. Seven or eight thousand years ago, Vietnamese developed in Songjiang, Shanghai. Wu people did not enter Shanghai until 3000 years ago. "There are a large number of M 1 19 mutations in all ethnic groups. Wu people are relatively rare, and more are M7 mutations, which are differentiated from Miao and Yao languages. " At the beginning, after the ancestors of South Asia entered China from the noble west side of Yunnan and Guizhou, another group separated from the Han and Tibetan nationalities and descended along the Yangtze River. At this time, the mutation of M7 occurred on the basis of M 134 in their DNA chain.

These people formed the Miao and Yao language family in Dongting area. Wu people were formed after people moved eastward and the Han people in the south assimilated, so their genetic structure changes are numerous and complicated.

Southeast Asia is a center of ethnic differentiation.

Professor Li Jing's laboratory assistant, Qian Ji, said that at present, the research on the migration path of China people involved in the Genetic Geographic Atlas of Human Migration is quite clear, and now it only needs to be sorted out and supplemented.

For example, some studies have found that when the Aotai language system was formed more than 20,000 years ago, a tribe ran up the coastline. There are almost no signs of stagnation along the way. They ran all the way to the West Liaohe River Basin and then stopped. They are the core of Altaic language family. Later, the barbarians went up, and so did the people of China, which was a great integration. Form a prosperous culture. This is the place where China first entered the Neolithic culture.

Later, the ancestors of Altaic language family moved to the surrounding areas, divided into Mongolia and Turkic to the west, entered Korea and Japan to the east, and crossed the Bering Strait to America to the north. "DNA sampling in this area is relatively weak. These will be improved in this genetic geographic map project. We will pay more attention to the study of Southeast Asia. " AARON Li is contacting some famous ethnologists in China to discuss how to determine the sampling location and path. "Southeast Asia is a region where all ethnic groups meet. * * * There are nearly 2,000 ethnic groups, and a quarter of the ethnic groups in the world are in Southeast Asia. Because Africans arrived in Southeast Asia very early and have been divided here for a long time, Southeast Asia is a center of ethnic differentiation. Almost every island has a nation, and climbing a mountain is a nation. " According to AARON Li's idea, the research should start from Laos and Myanmar, because there are very old tribes there.

AARON Li said: "The yellow people who migrated from Africa first arrived in Myanmar, where they formed the South Asian language family. At present, there are few samples about South Asian language families, and the research work in this field is very slow. The focus of this project will be Laos and Myanmar. After all, the ancestors of South Asia are the same as those of East Asia. The genetic structure of this part of the population is clarified and will make great contributions to the entire history of human migration. "